Essay About The New Trade Theory

Essay about The New Trade Theory
New Trade Theory
The new trade theory began to emerge in the 1970s when a number of economists pointed out that
the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international
trade (Wickramasekera, Cronk & Hill 2013). This theory is based on two major concepts that are
economies of scale and first–mover advantage. To elaborate: "Economies of scale are unit cost
reductions associated with a large scale of output" as it is able to spread over the fixed costs over a
large volume of quantity (Wickramasekera, Cronk & Hill 2013 p90). "First–mover advantages are
the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry and the ability to
capture scale economies ahead of later ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further more, with other benefits such as low costs in research and development, strong clinical
research capabilities, and low sovereign risk, Australia is advancing as one of the most prominent
players in the pharmaceutical industry (Productivity Commission 2003). Australia's population
represents 0.3% of the world's population and consumes around 1% of the total global
pharmaceutical sales. The industry generated a total revenue of $6.1 billion in the year 2002 (ALRC
2014).
The research and development of the pharmaceutical industry is very important as the industry relies
on it to develop new products to maintain and sustain the growth of the industry (ALRC 2014).
According to the Australian Government Law Reform Commission, every year, the total spending in
research and development in pharmaceutical industry, which includes drug discovery, pre–clinical
testing and clinical trials on drugs is around $300 million (ALRC 2014). Mergers and acquisitions
are intensifying in the global pharmaceutical industry, especially over the last 10 years. With factors
like exorbitant research and development costs, the relatively shorter product life cycles, and the
rarity of discovering a new life–changing drug acting as catalysts, leading pharmaceutical
companies now have more cause to step out and look for external collaboration. This results in an
increasing number of smaller biotechnology companies merging with bigger pharmaceutical
companies (The
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Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
http://www.blurtit.com/q200168.html http://www.blurtit.com/q200168.html Disney Theme Park to
India
Disney Theme Park to India
Abstract:
This report is aim to analyze profitable adventure of The Walt Disney Company to set up
Disneyland theme park in India. As one of main emerging markets in Asia, India might be the next
destination for The Walt Disney Company to target on. Therefore, this report uses a series of
marketing tools to demonstrate the macro–environment and micro–environment in India, such as
PESTEL, SWOT, Porter's Five Forces Model and Self Referencing Criteria. Based on this analysis,
the current situation of India shows an attractive prospect to Disney in terms of economic and
technological development, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social Analysis
The Indian society is divided into three classes: lower class, middle class and upper class (Driver
and Driver, 1987). According to Beteille (2001, cited in Mawdsley, 2004), the economy driver, as
well as the major consumer group in India is the middle class, which is driving the economy towards
success and development. Furthermore, referred to Misra (1961), the number of the middle class has
been increased explosively during the last decade and the characteristic in India is its diversity in
terms of language, religion and caste. In other words, India has the most diversity of middle class in
the world through calculation (ibid). To the constraints on growth and distribution of wealthy part,
firstly, the faster agricultural development can raise the overall rate of growth. Secondly, the
distribution of income in industry and agriculture can affect the growth rate through its effect on
demand and consequent have effect on industrial investment (Dutt and Rao, 1996).
As mentioned by the table in the American Marketing Association (2006), India has higher COL
(collectivism) scores, PDI (power distance) scores and LTO (long–term orientation) scores as well
as MAS (lower masculinity index) scores and UAV (uncertainty avoidance index) scores than the
United States, which

Disney Theme Park to India
Disney Theme Park to India Abstract: This report is aim to analyze profitable adventure of The Walt
Disney Company to set up Disneyland theme park in India. As one of main emerging markets in
Asia, India might be the next destination for The Walt Disney Company to target on. Therefore, this
report uses a series of marketing tools to demonstrate the macro–environment and micro–
environment in India, such as PESTEL, SWOT, Porter's Five Forces Model and Self Referencing
Criteria. Based on this analysis, the current situation of India shows an attractive prospect to Disney
in terms of economic and technological development, the diversification of culture, and the
acceptance of Disney products and services. Introduction: India with its ... Show more content on
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However, both the Country Profile (2005) and Business Asia (2010:10) highlight that although the
fundamental political keeps stable, the efficiency of political is low. The cause of this existed
problem is that the national parties weakened gradually while the regional parties which influenced
by the coalition government strongly (Business Asia, 2010:10). Current President is Pratibha Patil.
(BBC News, 2011). As a result, India began to conduct a relatively free liberal market reform.
Nonetheless, because of the interests of coalition government members are dissimilar, the speed of
market reform is limited (Business Asia, 2010:10). Economic Analysis India's economy is the fourth
largest GDP in terms of purchasing power parity (Gupta and Gupta, 2008:68). Table 1: The Growth
of GDP in India from 2003–2008 From 2003–2004 to 2006–2007, annual Real Growth Rate
increases from 8.4% to 9.7%. Because of the summer's credit–market crisis, the Indian GDP Growth
decrease to 9.0% from 2007 to 2008 and Indian government estimates GDP Growth for 2008–2009
is 7.1%. The decrease of GDP ascribes the global financial crisis which affects India primarily
through trade and capital outflows (The World Bank, 2008:16). On trade, exports are possible to
weaken and make its contribution to GDP growth may be drop sharply. However, during

The Medical Device And Pharmaceutical Industries
The medical device and pharmaceutical industries exert enormous global impact. Frost and Sullivan
estimated the 2011 medical device industry revenue at $102.1 billion for the U. S. market . The
European medical technology market has been estimated at €100 billion . According to a recent U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office Patent Technology Monitoring Team Report, 16,538 patents were
issued for medical devices or pharmaceuticals in 2012 . In the same year in Europe, more than
10,000 patent applications were filed with the European Patent Office in the field of medical
technology and/or pharmaceuticals. Innovations in the health technology fields surpassed all other
European patent applications . Additionally, the European medical technology industry employs
more than 575,000 people . Moreover, the European pharmaceutical industry employs 675,000
people . Comparatively, the US medical technology industry employs 520,000 people . Thus, the
medical technology industry is an important player in the European and US economies. It is not
surprising then, that when economies compete with ethical responsibilities, there will be
controversial observations. Notwithstanding the economic impact, medical devices and
pharmaceuticals are an integral part of the global social framework. Our modern society considers
health care as a right. Citizens of all nations desire health care treatments that reflect the latest
medical technologies. Thus, there is a complex triangular

The Patent Reform Act Of 1952
The Leahy–Smith America Invents Act, passed on September 16, 2011, was the most significant
reform to the patent system in the United States since the Patent Act of 1952, which redefined the
patentability of patent to include being nonobvious in addition to new and useful (1). The
demanding need for patent reform had been discussed and debated frequently both within the
literature focusing on patent trolls and consistently in Congress with the introduction of many patent
reform acts that were never enacted: the Patent Reform Act of 2006 at the 109th Congress, the
Patent Reform Act of 2007 at the 110th Congress, and the Patent Reform Act of 2009 at the 111th
Congress (2–5). The enactment of the America Invents Act in 2011 after the failure of previous
reform attempts signifies its importance in addressing the pressing issues of the United States patent
system. The America Invents Acts specifically aimed to confront problems that were impeding
innovation: the ever–increasing expense of the patent process, the exploitation of the patent system
by patent trolls, and the unnecessary complexity and inefficiency of the patent process as a whole.
Although the process of obtaining a patent–patent prosecution–of minimal complexity costed on
average approximately $10,000, the most expensive part of the patent process was patent litigation–
the legal process for patent infringement (6). The average cost of patent litigation for a patent case
claiming $1 million to $25 million

Illegal Immigration Solution
Why do people desire to come to the U.S. to live illegally, from one place to the next, work in low
wages, never challenge to show off their face because they are afraid they would get caught and
deport? Why do people desire to leave their country, the area where they grew up, know language,
culture, and have their families there? People leave their country of origin, come to a completely
different place, live illegally because back to their native land, they cannot make a living. People
come to the U.S. to hope for a better living conditions, or basically only a survival chance.
Immigration means to come to a foreign country for the purpose of job, permanently or both. Illegal
immigration happens when people actions are going against the guidelines required during or before
the immigration process. Moreover, illegal immigration is a tremendous problem that is prevalent
nowadays. The U.S Government has been trying to find a solution to this issue for the past years.
The United States approved the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986, which allowed the
Government to punish American companies that consciously employed illegal immigrants.
(Nadadur, 1037). The Control Act has been unsuccessful in controlling illegal immigration.
Immigrants are a vital part of the U.S., workers contribute to its overall productivity growth, and
advancement. Without immigration the U.S workers would begin to decrease, because immigration
increases the size of the workforce. It also changes

Employment Tribunal Essay example
Analysis of Employment Tribunals: Is It Fit for Purpose?
"Employment tribunals were established under the Industrial Training Act 1964. They were
previously referred to as Industrial Tribunals, but their name was changed by s1 of the Employment
Rights (Dispute Resolution) Act 1998, which took effect on 1 August 1998"(J.Nairns,2011,p.6).
Now, HM Courts & Tribunals Service which is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice,
supervise employment tribunals. Employment tribunals are constituted on the basis of region. In
England and Wales, there are 11 regional offices of the Employment Tribunals(ROETs). There is
Regional Office in each region ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it can hear almost every employment law matter since its jurisdiction increased. Before
1994, Employment Tribunals could only hear statutory claims while after the Employment Tribunals
Extension of Jurisdiction (England and Wales) Order 1994, Employment Tribunals' role has
drastically changed that they can now hear common law claims(Richard Kinder,1999). But there are
some law matters of common law they cannot cope with like matters relating to moral tights and
copyright, patents, designs rights, trade marks; breach of restraint of trade covenants; breach of
confidence; breach of a contract terms requiring the employer to provide for the employee;
personnel injury claims. From this regard, certain employment matters still have to be tackled in the
civil courts. Since judges and solicitors don' t need to wear wigs at employment tribunals, cases
needn't to be open to public under some circumstances and employment tribunals meant to be cheap,
speedy and informal, but they are not informal, actually, they are becoming increasingly legalistic.
As the complexity and magnitude of employment law keeps increasing, the workload of
employment tribunals increases, lawyers are now needed, thus the employment tribunals are no
longer as cheap and informal as before. "As to informality, anyone going to an employment tribunal
expecting a cosy chat can think again, despite the injunction in the regulation that tribunals should
seek to avoid

Health Care Reform: The New Definition of Socialism Essay
Health Care Reform: The New Definition of Socialism. "In 2007 nearly fifty–million Americans did
not have health insurance, while another twenty–five million were underinsured". (Health CS). The
United States one of the most powerful countries in the world where a national health care system is
nonexistent because there is no financial accountability. Politics, money and bureaucracy have left
Americans with doubt, confusion and the worries on how to pay for health coverage. United States
should have a national healthcare plan because it will cut down on cost be more efficient and make
doctors more financially responsible when it comes to spending money. Of the people I questioned
thirty percent said that the health care premiums are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Michael Morre.2007. Really was an eye opener for me about Untied States health care and why is it
so far behind. Countries' like Canada, France and Cuba have had national health care plans for years
and faced the same economic woes as United States or even worse. Cost and money play a big part
in health care if they cannot make a profit why change the process even though it is the right thing to
do. Also government ran health care system can be just as efficient as private paying system. The
health care system in the United States has submerged in bureaucratic red tape where money has
taken place over humanity (Moore, Sicko). The healthcare system in United States is tied up with
politics and propaganda that puts a choke hold on the whole process. It was sickening to see the 911
responders after the twin towers incident were going to another country to receive medical
treatment. They actually traveled to Cuba to seek medical treatment because the insurance
companies wouldn't cover their claims and drop their coverage. Cuba has one of the most respected
health care systems in the world the ratio is one doctor per Two Hundred citizens. The United States
ratio is one doctor per Four Hundred citizens. Annually Cuba graduates about four thousand doctors
a year out of its twenty one medical schools (Health Cuba). How could a country so rich in
resources turn its back on American people who make this country strong?

U.s. R And D Industrial Policy
U.S. R&D Industrial Policy While the United States touts free market policies as main guiding
principles, U.S. policy makers have actively used research and development (R&D) industrial
policies to maintain and grow the U.S. economy. There are two types of R&D, also known as
research and experimentation (R&E), funding models; one is direct federal research dollars given to
industry, typically for basic research, and the other in the use of tax credits for R&D activities. Tax
credit policies began in 1981 as part of the Economic Recovery Tax Act (Talley, 2011). The U.S. has
long funded R&D, however this funding has steadily decreased with the total in 1976 of just over
1.2% of GDP with dropping below .8% of GDP in 2014 (AAAS, 2014a). As of 2013, South Korea,
Finland, Japan, Taiwan, and Germany all outspend the U.S. on direct R&D funding relative to GDP
(AAAS, 2014b). The IMF and OECD indicate that R&D tax credits are a main growth strategy for
the G–20 nations (IMF, 2014). This research topics explores how the United States domestic
industrial policies supporting research and development influence business and entrepreneurial
behaviors within the U.S., which industries has this benefited the most, overall societal impacts of
advancements in technology and automation, and finally how this supports comparative advantage
for the United States as well as implications for developing nations. The U.S. Congress has funded
the R&D tax credit on a continual

The Global Economy Of Apple Inc. Essay
The global economy at present is such that there is huge interdependence on economies. Both large
and small economies are heavily relying on each other. Unlike in the past where business and
society appeared to exist independently, there now appears to be a heavy integration between the
two. As a result, when one is affected, there is a ripple effect on the other. For instance, the stability
of any society will have a direct impact on the performance of business. This discussion has focused
on the increasingly complex relationship between business and society as seen through the lens of
the Apple Inc. Apple Inc. Credited for her immense contribution in the communication sector, Apple
Inc is one of the most successful communication gadgets company in the world. It has played an
immense role in setting the trend and pace for other industry players. The company has several
business strategies that have seen it scale to great heights (Cullen, 2013). Although Apple has been
in existence for many years, her upward trend began in the year 2007. This is when the company
produced the I–phone, a device of its kind at the time. There was no other company worldwide that
had produced a phone that could match the I–phone features. Although this is debatable, the concept
and idea of smart phones first originated with Apple Inc. I–phone was the first smart phone to be
devised. It was a device that could be distinguished from ordinary phones that were in production at
the time. One of the

An Encouragement for Small Businesses
Encouragement of Small Business
Introduction
The Congress has the authority to impose requirements for the federal procurement policies.
Through the acquisition process, the government procures goods and services from diverse players.
The process consists of three phases that are, acquisition planning and need recognition, contract
formation and contract administration. Federal acquisition regulation (FAR) regulates the activities
of the government in the procurement process. The system does not regulate the activities of the
private sectors, but it affects the operation of private firms incorporated into the federal government
by way of solicitation and reference of contracts. Congress, on the other hand, imposes requirements
on private sectors whereby, agencies of the government obtain goods and services from private
individuals or sectors. One of these authorities comes to be when congress exercises its mandate by
promoting subcontracting and contracting with small business entities (Columba, Gambacorta &
Mistrulli, 2010). Declaration of these measures by congress ensures that small business entity gets a
chance to contract with government agencies. Congress should aid, assist, protect, and counsel small
business entities to ensure their survival in the market. Congress mandate ensure that there is fair
competition in the procurement market within agencies and in ensuring that there is fair proportion
set aside for small enterprises. Small entities need not only be

LEG 440 Assignment 3: Socio-Economic Considerations...
Socio–economic considerations related to the federal procurement procedure a. The U.S. Federal
government features a main legal requirement to purchase supplies as well as services on a
competing and effective basis. Nevertheless, the U.S. Government has additionally applied via the
procurement procedure particular guidelines to promote socioeconomic goals. Programs happen to
be developed to supply elevated contracting possibilities to small–scale, small–disadvantaged,
women–owned–and–run small–scale, HUBZone small–scale, veteran–owned small–scale, and
service–disabled veteran–owned small–scale companies. Companies should also adhere to ancillary
specifications arising beneath numerous laws and also Executive Orders (A/OPE, 2011). b. The
biggest socioeconomic programs contain those which have been set up for small–scale companies.
Probably the most significant of small–scale company groups designated for preferences are small–
scale company issues and small–scale company issues owned and operated by socially and also
economically deprived people. Both kinds of companies happen to be given unique position in U.S.
Government contracting with the Small Company Act (15 U.S.C. 631 et seq.) (A/OPE, 2011). c. A
small company problem is described within the Small Company Act as 1 that is independently
operated and owned and that is not dominant in the area of operation (A/OPE, 2011). d. A small
company problem owned and also controlled by socially as well as economically

Paragraph 8 Of The U.s. Constitution
Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides the federal government with the power to issue
patents and copyrights in order "to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for
limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
Discoveries" (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8). A patent provides the inventor with an exclusive right to "use,
license or sell and invention," (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8), as such the product, service, process or design
becomes the personal property of the inventor(s).
The Patent Act of 1793 redefined the subject of a patent that remains in effect today. The Act reads,
"That when any person or persons, being a citizen or citizens of the United States, shall ... Show
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Proponents of patent reform largely focus on the cost of patent infringement litigation to the U.S.
economy and companies. While some argue that the type of patents issued should be limited in order
to uphold the intent of Article I, Section 8, others claim that standards for issuing patents should be
strengthened in order to reduce the number of costly patent infringement lawsuits. The cost of
litigation and standards for issuing a patent is the focus of the proceeding text and justification for
patent reform in the United States.
Patent Infringement Litigation. Nonpracticing companies are firms that do not create inventions,
rather buy patents in order to sell licenses to other organizations interested in utilizing or
commercializing the invention. Nonproducing companies like Bellevue, Washington–based
Intellectual Ventures, argue that licensing of patent rights supports innovation, as they are able to
broker access to companies and individuals that have the capacity to do something with the
intellectual property (e.g. develop or apply the technology in the marketplace). Nonproducing
companies aggressively defend their patents by filing patent infringement lawsuits in federal court
against companies or groups of companies that that they believe have infringed on their patents. The
focus on litigation is in fact a core component of these firms

Mba Spring2011 Merck Sample Group Project
DELAWARE STATE UNIVERSITY (MBA – Spring 2011) Strategic Management Case Study
Executive Summary: 3 Current Vision 4 Current Mission 4 Values 5 Current Strategies: 6
Developed Vision 7 Developed Mission 7 Reason for new mission 8 SWOT Analysis 9 External
opportunities: 9 External Threats: 10 Financial and Operating Performance Analysis 11 Close
Competitors 11 Ratio Analysis 11 Key Industry Ratios 14 Operating Profit margin 14 Net Profit
margin 14 Current Ratio 14 Return on Assets 15 Debt/Equity Ratio 15 Inventory Turnover Ratio 15
Revenue Growth 16 Market Share 16 Internal Strengths 16 Internal Weakness 20 External Factor
Evaluation Matrix 21 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We also work to improve animal health. All of our actions must be measured by our success in
achieving these goals. We value, above all, our ability to serve everyone who can benefit from the
appropriate use of our products and services, thereby providing lasting consumer satisfaction. We
are committed to the highest standards of ethics and integrity. We are responsible to our customers,
to Merck employees and their families, to the environments we inhabit, and to the societies we serve
worldwide. In discharging our responsibilities, we do not take professional or ethical shortcuts. We
are dedicated to the highest level of scientific excellence and commit our research to improving
human and animal health and the quality of life. We strive to identify the most critical needs of
consumers and customers, and we devote our resources to meeting those needs. We expect profits,
but only from work that satisfies customer needs and benefits humanity. This depends on
maintaining a financial position that invites investment in leading–edge research and that makes it
possible to effectively deliver the results of that research. Our ability to excel depends on

Why Are American Companies Become Too Large To Fail?
Are american companies becoming too large to fail? In todays economy that is one question that is
often asked. Throughout this paper companies will be examined and compared to their companies
regulation in the attempt to answer this question. First the big four banks including J.P Morgan
Chase and Co, Bank of America, Citigroup inc, and also Wells Fargo. After looking at the banks, the
regulations, and oversight towards them will be examined. The regulation and oversight are a few of
the reasons many American companies are too big to fail. The last two things that will be addressed
will be the Walmart corporation and the lawsuit of Metlife. J.P Morgan Chase, Bank of America,
Citigroup, and Wells Fargo are considered "The Big Four" banks ... Show more content on
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Since 2007, three of the four banks have grown larger. Wells Fargo alone has tripled in size. She
continues to tell people listening to Citigroup she agrees with them and the act should be torn to
pieces. As of January 27th, 2015, the stocks of these major banks appeared to be lower than the
usual. Together the four banks hold 8.2 trillion dollars in assets, that is roughly half of Americans
annual GDP. (Duggan, Wayne) Over the years the regulations and oversight of the banks seem to be
fraud in many Americans' eyes. "Operation Choke Point" has been put into action by The
Republican Party. This operation looks to stop fraud within the banking system, whether through
consumers or bankers themselves. Through the operation, regulators look for illegal activity in the
banks legal paperwork. The Republicans claimed the goal of this operation was to put gun sellers
and money lenders out of business, while the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) says
this is putting pressure on the banks to stop supporting these types of companies. FDIC also claimed
"Operation Choke Point" is through the justice department and separate from bank regulation. This
was used as a reassurance so banks do not release relations with actual businesses. FDIC has now
requested anytime a bank wants to terminate a consumer's bank account or decline a transaction, it
must be written in writing and discussed with the branch managers. When discussing

Fundamental Analysis of Pharmaceutical Stocks
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis is a technique that attempts to determine a security's value by focusing on
underlying factors that affect a company 's actual business and its future prospects. On a broader
scope, you can perform fundamental analysis on industries or the economy as a whole. The term
simply refers to the analysis of the economic well–being of a financial entity as opposed to only its
price movements.
Fundamental analysis serves to answer questions, such as:
Is the company's revenue growing? * Is it actually making a profit? * Is it in a strong–enough
position to beat out its competitors in the future? * Is it able to repay its debts? ... Show more
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2. The data which is useful for the fundamental analysis are lacking in this Project that are still in
negotiation or any kind of deal which is in–process. Thus, that is ignored by the study. 3. Due to lack
of experience and knowledge of the pharmaceutical industry it can't be said that the projection has
been made totally correct and accurate. 4. Today's stock market is totally running on the investor's
perceptions so the conclusion derived on the basis if fundamental analysis would not viable in long
run.
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
INTRODUCTION
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has come a long way from being almost non–existent in the
1970's to being one of the largest and most advanced Pharmaceutical industries in the world.
The domestic Pharmaceutical output has increased at a CAGR of 13.4.Currently the Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry is valued at $ 8 billion (approx).Globally the industry ranks 4th in terms of
volume and 13th in terms of value. It provides employment to millions and ensures that essential
drugs are available to the vast population of India at affordable prices.
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has attained wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug
manufacture and technology developed through a range of governmental incentives and the industry
has been declared a knowledge based industry. This Industry is a highly organized sector and is

Essay on The Progressive Era's Affect on Modern America
Where did some of modern America's issues originate from? The answer to that is the Progressive
Era. The Legislation of that era laid all of the groundwork for today, and much of it is still in public
debate today. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, three of the presidents from that era, all played roles in
the groundwork. These presidents passed acts, tariffs, and amendments that are still with us, and
debated today. The Progressive mind was run by the needs for reform. Reform was run mainly by
women, who started feminism; a term meaning freedom for full person development. Women
wanted to have the same rights as men. Women wanted the right to vote, and have some decision
making within our government, because they felt like they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
His goal was not to break up the trust, but to restrict them instead. To do this Roosevelt set low
tariffs to cause competition between American and foreign companies making similar products. This
was often referred to as "Trust–busting" because it forced them to lower prices to compete with the
foreign companies, thereby lowering profits, taking away power and slowly destroying the influence
that trusts have over government officials. Roosevelt also called for a stronger federal power,
another of his steps to help diminish the trusts. One trust that was causing trouble was a coal mining
company. They were mistreating and underpaying their workers, who worked long, hard, and in a
life threatening atmosphere. Roosevelt quickly settled that issue by threatening to have the United
States Armed Forces take over the company's operations. Roosevelt, to further help the American
people, passed the Pure Food and Drug Act. After reading the book The Jungle, President Roosevelt
along with congress agreed that something had to be done to protect consumers from disease, and
other potential life killers. "The Pure Food and Drug Act" of June 30, 1906 is a United States federal
law that provided for federal inspection of meat products, and forbade the manufacture, sale, or
transportation of adulterated food products or poisonous patent medicines. The Act arose due to
public education and

Mylan Pharmaceuticals Case Study
Since its creation, Mylan Pharmaceuticals has been in several legal battles and has faced a number
of ethical quandaries. These litigations have taken the company from a corporation "free of
problems" (Freudenheim, 1989) to a company who has been vilified for its extreme and insensitive
price hikes on life–saving medications. While the negative press has created a public that is less than
trusting, Mylan has maintained the company is still invested in providing high quality products for a
low cost because they "care about the people who are helped by what they do" (Mylan, 2017). In
1961, two United States Army buddies, Milan Puskar and Don Panoz, flipped a coin to see who
would name their budding company and who would serve as its first president. Milan
Pharmaceuticals began as a drug distribution company, which would purchase finished medicines
and then resell them to medical personnel and pharmacies. Five years later, Mylan Pharmaceuticals
received its first approval for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for their newly created
generic medicine: Penicillin G. In 1972, "Milan" was changed to "Mylan" to help the company's
stock stand out from other stocks beginning with the letter "M" after taking the company public.
Although created with a distribution philosophy in mind, Mylan Pharmaceuticals was producing
five generic antibiotics, which made up half of the 10 most prescribed generic medicines, by the end
of the 1970s and, by the beginning of the 1980s, Mylan

Intellectual Property Rights On Sino Us Economic And Trade...
In the 1990s, the two countries have since undergone three intense intellectual property disputes,
each to the brink of a trade war. Intellectual property issues in Sino–US economic and trade
relations in the 1990s to become one of the major outstanding issues. With the signing of the Sino–
US "memorandum of understanding on the protection of intellectual property rights" in 1992, and
the signing of two bilateral intellectual property agreements in February 1995, and June 1996, China
and the US intellectual property disputes have been eased.
China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), which greatly contributed to the development of
Sino–US economic and trade relations. In 2003, China became the third largest trading partner of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
International protection of the vital interests of the countries involved in the development of
enterprises, and the relationship between national intellectual property rights. In the late 1980s,
facing recession, the United States dropped its international competitiveness because its intellectual
property rights could not be protected in the world, that its biggest competition in the economic
resources and with the advantage of technology and invention, effective protection of intellectual
property rights is critical to the US economy overseas.
Therefore, the US spared no effort to initiate the GATT Uruguay Round negotiations n 1986, and
put intellectual property protection into the framework of the GATT, known as the "trade–related
intellectual property rights." With the signing of 1994 "Agreement on Trade–Related Intellectual
Property Rights" (TRIPs), the international multilateral mechanism to protect intellectual property
and international trade – the WTO closely together. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the
"Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act" in the conduct of unfair trade retaliation 301 adds a
"Special 301", and the intellectual property rights as an individual, do not protect US intellectual
property or intellectual property rights hinder US companies to enter their national markets to
investigate and impose trade sanctions. Thus, protection of intellectual property has

Policy Analysis : Analysis Of Influeutical Monopolies
Policy Analysis Employing big–scale medical patenting legislation to fight abusive pharmaceutical
monopolies (like discussed in the third perspective of the Literature Analysis and the second article
in the Media Analysis) is not a new trend. These powerful laws have been around since the late
1900s, starting with the prominent Bayh–Doyle Act of 1980 that allowed the government to exercise
"march–in rights". The next milestone bill was the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA) of
2011, or the "Patent Reform Act", which regulates patents of all industries and "represents the first
major legislative adjustment to the U.S. patent system in decades" (Dobson). This demonstrates the
symbolic purpose of this bill of bringing hope to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In these letters, the AMA frequently suggested why certain amendments of the 2011 act should fit
protocol and ___________.
Finally, the political stream of this act refers to party alliances on an issue and voices of oppositional
advocacy groups, like Gilead. Pertaining to this stream, the AIA act was a bi–partisan act passed
with an overwhelming majority. Both political parties, Democrats and Republicans, believed that
reform in the patent industry was important, because "this legislation [was] a key component for
both Democratic and Republican jobs agendas" (Press Release). This Obama–administered law
negatively affected the entire patenting industry and major oppositional advocacy groups, like
Gilead (as discussed in the CNN article in the Media Analysis), fought the change so that the "final"
determination may be reconsidered [14] and then still appealed in court" (Morales). This quotation
from Morales highlights the web of interactions between political parties and major oppositional
advocacy groups in the political stream to help shape policy.
Based on the roll out of this social condition, one can see that the target population is the group of
people affected by the bill. Despite diversified agendas of the three streams, all the activists and

The Criminal Practice & Justice System in India
Research Methodology: THE CRIMINAL PRACTICE & JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA
THE CRIMINAL PRACTICE & JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA
CONTENTS
Introduction and organisational context
The Department
The history of Bombay High Court
The History of Supreme court New Delhi
The Department's of Indin Criminal law
3.1. The Indian Penal Code
3.2. The Code of Criminal Procedure(CrPC) in India.
3.3. The Indian Evidence Act.
The debate issues in bombay high court – case laws
Aim, objectives and outputs
1.AIM – Murder; sec 300 to sec 307
2.Objectives – Bail; sec 436 to sec 450 2.1. Bailable offence 2.2. Non–bailable offence
Literature Review
3.1.Successes of Practice in Criminal Justice system.
3.2. The Failures of Practice in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is remarkable that, for about 60 years thereafter, the High Court managed to pull on with just 7
Judges, although with advancing years, the laws and the litigation both multiplied. There were no
indications that this limited Bench was found inadequate to cope with the work, till about 1919.
With the armistice at the termination of the First World War, there was sudden spurt of litigation in
the City of Bombay. The number of Suites filed on Original Side, which during War had dwindled
down to about 500 rose to about 7000, that the Prothonotary found it difficult to prepare daily
boards for 3 Judges. It was only then that an additional Judge was demanded and was grudgingly
granted . Bombay was lucky or unlucky in having at this crisis a Chief Justice of exceptional caliber,
Sir Norman Mcleod, who instead of multiplying Judges preferred to massacre suits and appeals.

The Charter of the High Court also made it the supreme and final court of appeal in all cases, civil
and criminal, decided by inferior courts, except such as possessed the requisite importance,
pecuniary or legal, demanding a further appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
Ever since the Constitution of the Privy Council as the Court of ultimate appeal from British India
by a Statuette of 1833, the bulk of its business was from Indian appeals; so much so that for Indian
appeals, a Judge or a lawyer of

Close The Border To Immigration
The United States should largely close the borders to immigration!
The "drug war" in northern Mexico is one gigantic bloodbath. The Mexican government says that as
many as 28,000 people have been slaughtered by the drug cartels since 2007. A very significant
percentage of those deaths have happened in areas right along the U.S. border, and yet our federal
government still sees no reason to get serious about border security (The Economic Collapse). Even
though Immigrants can help the economy with jobs that the united states citizens won't do or don't
know how to do, Close the borders in the united states because ISIS members can get in and take
over our government and we should help the people of the united states citizens the before
immigrants, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the National Venture Capital Association, immigrants have started 25 percent of public
U.S. companies that were backed by venture capital investors. This list includes Google, eBay,
Yahoo!, Sun Microsystems, and Intel. According to the Small Business Administration, immigrants
are 30 percent more likely to start a business in the United States than non–immigrants, and 18
percent of all small business owners in the United States are immigrants. Increased immigration to
the United States has increased the earnings of Americans with more than a high school degree.
Between 1990 and 2004, increased immigration was correlated with increasing earnings of
Americans by 0.7 percent and is expected to contribute to an increase of 1.8 percent over the long–
term, according to a study by the University of California at Davis. According to the Census Bureau,
despite making up only 16 percent of the resident population holding a bachelor's degree or higher,
immigrants represent 33 percent of engineers, 27 percent of mathematicians, statisticians, and
computer scientist, and 24 percent of physical scientists. Additionally, according to the Partnership
for a New American Economy, in 2011, foreign–born inventors were credited with contributing to
more than 75 percent of patents issued to the top 10 patent–producing universities. Comprehensive
immigration reform could support and create up

Innovation and Design Strategy
Samsung Electronics: Innovation and Design Strategy Introduction: The case study commences with
the integration of innovative design and brand management by Samsung Electronics which started a
new trend in the electronics industry. As discussed in the case, initially Samsung was not much
popular and lacked design identity but later it relocated itself by: * Improvement in the product
development processes * Increasing their investments in R&D and product design i.e.
R&D globalization. * By adopting right innovation strategies. * By mastering the less tangible,
more intuitive qualities of superior design. * By diversification of products and step by step or
continual improvement. * Implementing Global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Co–operation between the business partners throughout the supply chain * Firms ability in
exploring end penetrating into the new markets * Speed of innovation and product development.
Along with this Samsung also increased the investments in their R&D centers. After doing the
trend analysis for the Exhibit 3 which shows the Samsung R&D budget and percentage sales,
We arrive at the conclusion that the Samsung's R&D budget increased till the year 2007
linearly. But there is decline in the percentage of sales in the year 2007, which suggests that the
Samsung will need to rethink this strategy. There is an urgent need to optimize the cost related to
Samsung's R&D expenditure to prevent the decline of sales in future. Samsung globalized their
R&D network worldwide to develop technologies which can be commercialized in the future.
Basically the main idea behind the globalization of R&D network is to: * Focus on innovation
and generating new products for global market. * There is a huge scope of product improvement. *
This provides an access to the emerging markets. * Leverages the market opportunity for the firm.
User– Centric Design Philosophy Samsung's philosophy was to strike the balance between the
reasons and feelings. This was done by them with the rationalization of the design of product by
using geometric and technological parameters and enhancing the

Trips Have Been Adopted with a View to Encourage Fair...
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ECON 1102 REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS OF
THE WORD ECONOMY Trade–Related Intellectual Property Rights (Trips) Have Been Adopted
With A View To Encourage Fair Competition At The International Level, But Trips Rules Tilt The
Balance In Favour Of Imperfect Competition With Each Country And Exacerbates International
Inequalities. (Discussion With Reference To Pharmaceutical Industry) Name of Lecturer : Rajendran
K S Name of Student : Nilesh Singh Date of Submission : 6 May 2011 Table of Contents 1. |
Introduction | 3 | | 1.1 Main Objective of This Essay | 3 | 2. | Role of TRIPs in International Market |
3 | 3. | Why Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) is Important? | 4 | 4. | Reason ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover there is fear that strong implementation of IPRs will have adverse effect on life saving
drug prices and local industries. Implementation of strong IPRs law before and during the Uruguay
Round was strongly opposed by developing countries. Developing countries fear that
implementation of strong IPRs rules and regulation will disturb the strategies of providing new life
saving drugs and medicines at low cost. Drugs and essential medicines will not be easily available if
local firms do not specialize in the production of affordable generic versions of new drugs.
According to Mishra, V. (2001), stronger implementation of IPRs could lead to restrict the capacity
of local firms to produce generic products in domestic market as well as international market. There
are several reports and studies stating several disadvantages of imposing strictly IPRs rules and
regulations. According to Correa, C. (2000), emerging countries are going to suffer from tremendous
price increases and other costs. Strong implementation of IPRs will make some pharmaceutical
companies to be monopoly in some drugs. Due this monopoly in some good will make companies to
charge very high price which poor person cannot afford. With strong implementation of patent
protection in emerging countries, price rise will become regular feature not an accidental.
Companies will raise price without any reasons and life saving drugs will not be easily available to
common people. Now

Affordable Care Act ( Medicaid )
Introduction
Affordable care act is a law that was passed in March of 2010 to help decrease health care cost and
make it more affordable for all Americans. The affordable care act is set to decrease the number of
uninsured Americans, qualify more for Medicare and Medicaid, increase the quality of care,
promote prevention, extending funding for the children, and help with funding in the communities.
The goal for affordable care act is to have everyone insured, no matter what income class you are in.
The affordable care act is there to insure everyone so that prevention will increase. It will increase
by being able to get check ups and children being able to receive vaccination. If you are not able to
qualify for Medicare or Medicaid there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lack of cost control within the healthcare is also a con. The affordable care act is good for the
industry and will become better once everything is figured out.
In order to make insurance affordable to all there were extensive private health insurance regulatory
reforms, particularly in the small group and non–group markets, there were tax credits offered to the
smallest lowest–wage employers for the purchase of health insurance, there were reductions in cost–
sharing associated with recommended preventive care. For example if you signed up with a fitness
center you can get a 50% discount on your insurance. The market exchange was established for the
purchase of private coverage plus subsidies for the individual purchase of coverage and for the cost–
sharing of the modest income. "The affordable care act also expanded the eligibility for the
Medicaid program to all non–elderly with incomes up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level
($23,000 to $32,000 for a family of four in 2012) starting in 2014, which helped phase out the
Medicare prescription drug benefit coverage gap, a.k.a. the "doughnut hole"." To make sure that
everyone is complying with the rule of everyone needs to have healthcare coverage there was a
penalty set up for those that failed to comply. The penalty was if you did not have insurance by the
set date you will receive a tax penalty that you will have to pay when filling your taxes. There are
financial requirements that large– and medium sized

Advanced Topics in Patent Law
The Patent Reform Act
INTRODUCTION
The USPTO has been unable to keep up with its workload, resulting in major delays. There have
also been questions about patent quality and increased litigation. The last time the patent system was
updated was more than 50 years ago. Since then, there have been major improvements in science
and technology. Recent Supreme Court decisions have made it clear that it has been easy for
questionable patents to be obtained and difficult to challenge them. However, it is not up to the
courts to change the law, this is a task for Congress. As Senator Leahy has stated, "[if] we are to
maintain our position at the forefront of the global economy and continue to lead the world in
innovation and production, we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because small patent holders are obtaining patents for products that they do not sell or
manufacture, wait for a large company to infringe, and then demand a high royalty to continue to
make the patented product. These small patent holders are disparagingly called "patent trolls." The
Coalition for Patent Fairness agreed with Supreme Court Justice Kennedy in his concurring opinion
in eBay Inc v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 126 S. Ct. 1837 (2006) which noted that, "An industry has
developed in which firms use patents not as a basis for producing and selling goods but, instead,
primarily for obtaining licensing fees." Employees at large firms are now spending a great deal of
time in litigation rather than on innovation.
Some of the companies that are members of the Coalition for Patent Fairness include: Apple,
Comcast, Dell, eBay, Hewlett–Packard, Intel, Microsoft, Palm, Inc., and Time Warner. A number of
other institutions and experts have also joined the coalition including the Federal Trade Commission
and the National Academy of Sciences.
2. Coalition for the 21st Century Patent Reform
The Coalition for the 21st Century Patent Reform ("the Coalition") is made up of more than 40
pharmaceutical and technology–based corporations. Each of the members of the Coalition operates
major research, development, and manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and sells their products
abroad. Members of the coalition believe

Trips Have Been Adopted with a View to Encourage Fair...
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
ECON 1102
REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS OF THE WORD ECONOMY
Trade–Related Intellectual Property Rights (Trips) Have Been Adopted With A View To Encourage
Fair Competition At The International Level, But Trips Rules Tilt The Balance In Favour Of
Imperfect Competition With Each Country And Exacerbates International Inequalities. (Discussion
With Reference To Pharmaceutical Industry)
Name of Lecturer : Rajendran K S Name of Student : Nilesh Singh Date of Submission : 6 May
2011
Table of Contents
1. | Introduction | 3 | | 1.1 Main Objective of This Essay | 3 | 2. | Role of TRIPs in International
Market | 3 | 3. | Why Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) is Important? | 4 | ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Chairman and Chief Executive of leading European pharmaceutical enterprises, Nourtis:
Profit in pharmaceutical industries is not possible without patents and without patents innovation,
research and development of new life saving drugs and medicines suffers (Winestock and Cooper,
2001, p. 1). Without incentive Research and Development (R&D) cannot be done, and this
incentive is provided by strong IPRs. According to Grabowski, H. (2002) the total cost of doing
researching and developing new drug along with the costs of capital and failed R&D is more
than US$400 million. In the absence of strong implementation of IPRs and R&D costs,
investors will not be ready to invest in R&D.
According to Dam (1994, P. 247), the copping of intangible assets are very easy and this will result
in free copying of innovation by imitators at a low cost. Patent which is one of the way of IPRs,
helps to motivate innovation and R&D by giving assurance to innovator total and exclusive
rights, these rights include manufacturing right, selling or maintaining, distributing or licensing to
distribute the invention. If patent laws in not available in pharmaceutical market no investors will
ready to do investment in R&D and the risk is so high that competitor will copy the good and
services with less risky investment (Ryan and Shanebrook, 2004, pp. 15, 16).
The main aim of Jordan's Patent Law before 1999, was availability of easily

Illegal Immigration : The Us, Politically, Socially, And...
A man, marked with the scars of a long dangerous journey. Hot, bleak, and empty, the dry air and
glaring lack of life created a tangible sense of doom. Risking it all for his family, leaving his
country, crossing the border. This man has created a new life, he is now an alien in the land of
freedom and prosperity. An illegal immigrant is defined as anyone who moves to a country with
intent on living there, without any form of identification. Illegal immigration comes into play when
people do not follow the guidelines during the immigration process. Today there are many issues
that surround immigration: reformation of the system, amnesty, and the over effects. This raises the
question, just how do undocumented immigrants affect the US, politically, socially, and
economically?
Many immigrants are currently coming to the US illegally are from Latin America. Back in the late
1800's we had a different type of immigration problems with the Chinese. On May 6, 1882 president
Chester A. Arthur signed the Chinese exclusion act which prohibited all Chinese from entering the
US (Wikipedia). Back in those times there was less sensitivity towards racism. One thing that was
similar between the two times were their motives for coming: money. Although 2016 is different
than 1882, we can still look to the past to guide our future.
Immigrants, aliens, illegals, whatever nomenclature you want to use, are a double–edged sword.
When people move into an area, legally or not, that means there are

Corruption And Its Effect On Economic Growth
In this essay, I will present an argument against theories that propose that corruption may be
beneficial to economic growth by presenting theoretical and empirical evidence that suggest
otherwise. I will also discuss policies that will prove effective in eliminating corruption in
developing countries.
The international handbook on the economics of corruption defines corruption as the use of public
resources to fund the private purposes. It usually involves the abuse of official power. Economic
growth can be defined as increase in a country's ability to produce output over a period of time
(Investopedia, 2005).
Although the consensus view in economic theory is that corruption has a negative impact on
economic growth, there are instances where having a corrupt government has actually encouraged
growth. These are instances where corruption is "economically expansionary Osterfeld (1992) . Leff
(1964), has argued that some underdeveloped countries with a high level of bureaucracy and weak
governance have been able to allocate resources more efficiently because of corrupt government
officials. He argues that is because entrepreneurs and potential investors can sidestep the
tremendous bureaucracy in these countries through the use of bribery (Leff, 1964). The Chinese
economy in the 1980's supports this theory because corruption acted as a means to "legalise
enterprises" prior to Deng's economic reforms. (Reyes, 2015).
However both theoretical and empirical studies have

Global Context Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
In recent years there has been much discussion both within Australia and internationally on the
extent to which countries benefit from international trade agreements. In this case study we aim to
focus on the global context of the pharmaceutical industry, in particular the effect of governmental
intervention through the use of international trade agreements, highlighting the problematic patent
system and how it affects the market place both internationally and domestically.
I. The Pharmaceutical Industry
The pharmaceutical industry is a knowledge based and technology intensive industry that develops,
produces and markets pharmaceuticals for use as medications on a world wide scale. Pharmaceutical
companies involve both branded and generic products that are governed by a variety of laws
concerning the patenting, effectiveness and marketing of pharmaceuticals.
Australia
The Australian pharmaceutical marketplace comprises of many differing firms across the numerous
sub–industries relating to the production and distribution of medications. Pharmaceuticals are one of
Australia's major manufactured exports with $3.9 billion in 2012–2013, employing approximately
16,500 people. The industry receives substantial support from the Australian Government through
both the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and the research and development tax incentive.
Despite its comparatively small population, Australia consumes a large amount of medicinal
products with sales to

The World Trade Organization : Roles And Impacts On India
The World Trade Organization: Roles and Impacts on India
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has become central in the field of global governance. Since
the global body was created in January 1995, it has expanded its operations into more than 140
sovereign states (Gupta, 2006). The body has been tasked with; the development of trade rules,
governance structures to ensure that there is fair play between trading nations and to alleviate
poverty in underdeveloped nations through implementation of policies. However, unintended
consequences are common in field such as economy and India has experienced this by signing the
WTO. Even though WTO plays an important role in India, it still has negative effects. Therefore,
what can be done are expected suitable solutions to resolve non favourable impacts.
With command in over 140 sovereign states, the fundamental role played by the trade organisation is
the progressive opening and regulation of markets. The primary mission of the organisation is to
open markets gradually while ensuring that the rules and policies are respected (Gupta, 2006).
Secondly, the World trade Origination acts as conductor and tribunal. The international trade is
governed by rules and regulations developed by WTO member countries (Van den Bossche &
Zdouc, 2013, p107). Therefore, members must apply these rules when engaging in trade activities
between and amongst themselves. As a tribunal, the WTO settles disputes that arise from trading
activities between its

Health Care Analysis Essay
Health care reform has been a big topic since the Clinton administration when First Lady, Hillary
Rodham Clinton, took it under her belt to devise a new system. Health care is the provision taken to
preserve mental and physical health using prevention and treatment. Compared to other health care
systems in the world, the United States is ranked 37th in terms of care, claims Michael Moore
(2007). Ironically, our health care system spends more than any other nation on its patients,
averaging nearly $8,000 per person (DiNitto, 2012). With soaring costs, it is no surprise that one in
every seven Americans are uninsured (Kaiser, 2011). Even with these sorry figures, statistics show
that 85% of Americans are satisfied with their health care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Rather, our mentality reasons, "I paid for my child's dentist visit, why can't this child's parents do the
same?" How must we protect our values without losing our culture? The preexisting satisfaction our
nation currently has, allows our patient–focused health care system to prevail. Yet because of the
trifling, non–satisfied citizens, the system must be adjusted. Using our current system, we must
expand coverage by cutting expenses and seeking justice. We need to implement new laws that
reform Medicaid, protect clients, and monitor prices. Expanding coverage will cost money simply
because health care expenses are high. Health care costs are high for multiple reasons. Inefficiency
is happening because doctors lack resources that inform them about their patients' past tests and
prescriptions. This costs time and money. According to Furchtgott–Roth (2009), former chief
economist at the U.S. Department of Labor, ten cents of every dollar paid to the doctor goes to his or
her malpractice insurance. These rates are so high because there is no cap on the amount of money a
doctor can be sued. Doctors even fear being sued for doing "too little" in the patients' eyes. Because
of this, doctors end up running unnecessary tests and prescribing unneeded drugs. Medical News
Today acerbates that health care is so expensive because we spend $147 billion per year on
problems that

Satire Essay On Illegal Immigration
Oscar Cabrera
Dr.Meisel
English 110
May 3, 2018
Immigration
Today, there are about 11.7 million immigrants living in the US illegally, and that number has been
at a steady incline over the years. As a desperate escape from their harsh realities at home, many go
the illegal route due to our lengthy and expensive citizenship process. Illegal immigrants come to
America for numerous reasons, and impact Americans in many ways.
The fact that people become illegal immigrants by breaking the law has led some to insist that all
illegal immigrants are criminals and should not have rights of any sort but; rather, they should be
deported as soon as their legal status is detected. Most people and the left wing of government,
which contains Liberals and Democrats, believe that illegal immigrants already in the country
should be given a path to citizenship alongside immigration reform: The National Immigration
Forum advocates the creation of a "rigorous registration process" for illegal immigrants currently in
the United States. Most Americans and American officials are of the opinion that illegal immigration
is bad for the country. Many think that immigrants steal jobs from native born workers. Also,
immigration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immigrant workers and American born workers do not usually compete for jobs which complements
each other. These two usually have different skills sets which means they seek different jobs.
According to the University of California at Davis "Increased immigration to the United States has
increased the earnings of Americans with more than a high school degree. Between 1990 and 2004,
increased immigration was correlated with increasing earnings of Americans by 0.7 percent and is
expected to contribute to an increase of 1.8 percent over the long–term." Thereby immigrants are not
adding to the labor market competition for American born workers. Therefore immigrants are not
negatively impacting native born workers

India 's World Trade Organization
INTRODUCTION
India is one of the members of WTO and considers as a developing country. In October 1947, India
became the member of GATT. India is considered to be the 10th largest in the world in economy. In
2013, India was considered to be 19th largest merchandise and the 6th largest services exporter in
the world. But during 2013–14 which is considered to be the fiscal year, the economic growth has
been slowed down. WTO i.e World Trade Organization was formed on the 1st of January 1995 by
the Uruguay Pact countries. Before WTO was known as GATT i.e General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade which was formed after Second World War with the objective to smooth the trading relation
between nations. In the beginning though there were 23 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In November 2001, WTO members are negotiating further trade liberalization under Doha
Development Agenda to increase the participation of poorer countries.
1.) Condition of Indian economy in pre–liberalization period (1947–1991)
After independence, the economic policy of India mainly focused on protection of domestic
industries, therefore domestic policy was made such as import substitution industrialization, a large
government run public sector, economic interventionism, business regulation, etc. Trade and foreign
investment policies were liberalized. In 1950 many industries such as steel, mining,
telecommunications, insurance, etc was nationalized. There was quick development of heavy
industry by both public and private sectors. Since 1965, Green Revolution in India was started were
the use of high–yielding varieties of seeds, improved irrigation facilities and increased fertilizers
help a lot. Moreover, in 1970 the government reduced the control on price and corporate taxes and
focus on promoting the creation of small scale industries in large.
2.) Condition of Indian economy in post–liberalization period (since 1991)
In 1991 the government introduced liberalization due to which GDP of India has risen rapidly. There
was reduction in tariffs and interest rates which in turn increased the foreign direct investment in
many sectors. For a period from 2003 to 2007 India enjoyed high growth rates averaging

Porter's Generic Strategies Framework
Marketing Strategies in the
Competition between
Branded and Generic
Antibiotics (A)
Clamoxyl in 1996
02/2007–5057
This case was prepared by Pierre Chandon, Assistant Professor of Marketing at INSEAD, Olivier
Kovarski, Professor of Marketing at ESC Normandie, Jacques Lendrevie, Professor of Marketing at
HEC, Sarah Spargo, Research
Associate at INSEAD, and Marc Vanhuele, Associate Professor of Marketing at HEC, as the basis
for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an
administrative situation. We thank Pierre
Chahwakilian from GSK for his help and support.
Copyright © 2003 INSEAD
N.B. PLEASE NOTE THAT DETAILS OF ORDERING INSEAD CASES ARE FOUND ON THE
BACK COVER. COPIES MAY NOT BE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet recent years have witnessed rapid consolidation, driven by anticipated economies of scale in
R&D and marketing to compensate for ever–increasing research and development expenditures.
Pharmaceutical companies spend 15 to 20% of their sales on R&D and finance 99% of their
research themselves. At least five to eight years of research are required before identifying and
patenting a new molecule – often more (20 in the case of amoxicillin). Seven to twelve more years
then typically elapse before it appears on the market. In addition, the vast majority of patented
molecules do not pass the stringent tests required to obtain a marketing license. Of those that do, the
majority bring only minor health benefits compared to existing drugs and only a handful of drugs
become blockbusters – combining significant new therapeutic benefits with large market potential.2
To compensate for the increasing expense and uncertainty involved in developing new drugs, the
duration of drug patents has been increased from 15 to 20 years in France. Licenses thus offer a
maximum of about 15 years of market protection. In these circumstances, the speed of adoption of
the new medicine is critical to its profitability. Pharmaceutical companies spend from 10 to 30% of
sales revenue promoting their drugs, mostly through a sales force of medical representatives.
Recently however, they have also begun to develop marketing strategies for sustaining sales of

Copyright Laws Over Creative Works
Copyright is a federally protected part of intellectual property that automatically regulates creative
works of authors. Copyright laws began approximately around the 15th century in Europe. The
cause for such regulations stems from infringement of creative works. These works fall into one of
three main categories; music, visual works, and literary works. Copyright infringement highlights
the need for copyright laws over creative works in music, art and writing, resulting in an ever
changing copyright landscape. Title 17 of the United States Code outlines what does not fall into
any of these three categories, and therefore cannot be protected under copyright. It is also important
to note that not every use of a creative work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon creation of a creative work, copyright protection is automatically awarded (Moser, 2012, p.5).
According to Lau et al., copyright lasts for seventy years after the death of the author(s) and for a
corporation, ninety–five years after being published or one hundred twenty years from the creation
date depending on which is sooner. Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution, or
Copyright Clause, and Title 17 of the United States Code also work to protect copyrights at the
federal level. As stated by Congress, the Copyright Clause encourages "the Progress of Science and
useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right" (Lau,
2014). As stated in Title 17 § 1–102, works outside of the "works of authorship" categories are not
copyrightable. Public domain is one of these categories, Lau et al. describes it as "any intellectual
property not protected by law and feely available for any member of the public to use" (2014). After
a copyright of a work has expired it becomes part of the public domain as well. Sound recordings
are another example of an un–copyrightable works "that result from the fixation of a series of
musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or
other audiovisual work, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as disks, tapes, or other
phonorecords, in which they are embodied" (17, § 1–101 ). Ideas cannot be copyright protected
because

Intellectual Property Laws Of Australia Essay
Intellectual property is a broad term that is used to refer to the rights that the owner of an invention
or an artwork enjoys. An example of intellectual property law is the Trade Related Aspect of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), which gives individual rights such as patent, designs, and
trademark. Intellectual property is contained in the Article 2(viii) of the convention, which led the
establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Literary works, inventions,
discoveries, trademarks, and industrial designs are among the rights that are provided in WIPO.
Intellectual property in Australia has a strong judicial support.
Introduction An effective system of intellectual property is important in facilitating innovation as
well as economic growth within a country and across all its borders (Davidson, Monoti, Wiseman,
2012). The current global economy is concentrating more in the invention of ideas that are original,
other than in manufacturing of machines. To enhance and protect these ideas, there ought to be
effective intellectual property laws. The government of Australia has prioritized the protection of
original ideas from individuals through copyright, patent, and trademarks among other intelligent
property laws, which give the inventor a temporary period to enjoy the financial benefits of his or
her original idea. The major purposes of intellectual property laws can be contested; therefore, they
create areas of interest for

The Teaching Cycle and the Associated Responsibilities and...
There are many articles and books that refer to the teaching cycle and the associated roles and
responsibilities of the teacher, most articles refer to either a four or five stage cycle. In this
assignment I will cover the five stage cycle and concentrate on my role and responsibilities as a
teacher in the lifelong learning sector. Wilson 2009 states that the teacher cycle should be a
structured process, so it is split into five sections placing the teacher roles and responsibility into
various groups. The cycle can begin at any given point and is designed to show improvement. These
five stages consist of, 1. Identifying needs 2. Planning learning and design 3. Delivery 4.
Assessments 5. Evaluation Identifying needs In my role as a ... Show more content on
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I should address any needs that have arisen at the previous stage. I then need to structure the course
making sure that I stay within the boundaries of the syllabus if the course is accredited. If I am
unsure then I can discuss this with my colleagues. I should also make sure that a risk assessment is
carried out in the classroom following the guidelines of the health and safety act 1979. Delivery
Once have identified the students needs and have planned and designed the course I can then deliver
or facilitate the learning. I can use different styles and activities to keep the students interested. I can
invite comments and discussions to enhance their learning. This could promote inclusion of the
quietest of the students and also give me time to carefully observe and assess their learning . I may
need ice breakers and energisers at times and also maintain any ground rules that may have been
agreed at the beginning of the course by the students. I must conform to codes of practice at all
times ensuring also that I promote respect, equality and diversity. I will also try to embed language,
literacy, numeracy,and ict Assessment I need to monitor and assess the progress of each student by
maintaining accurate record using a variety of assessment tools, gaining feedback, formative
informative,formal and informal whilst also maintaining my organisations requirements. Evaluate It
is important that I do a student evaluation and a self evaluation in order to see how well

Intellectual Property: An Important Asset in the Current...
Intellectual property is an important asset in the current knowledge economy. Intellectual property
typically covers the areas of Copyright, Patents and trademark law. In recent years, firms have
chosen to protect software based patents commonly used in smartphones. The use of patents to
protect software–based technologies has increased exponentially in the past 10 years since the
introduction of the iPhone in 2007 by Apple. Empirically, there is no clear correlation between
patent protection and economic growth (Iwaisako and Futagami). However companies are investing
more in the protection and acquisition of intellectual property to gain a monopoly and competitive
advantages. For the main this paper will concentrate on the protection of IP. Yet, the benefits of
acquisition strategy of IP should not be ignored. It is itself blended in the fabric of protection
strategies. Protection strategies allows for the acquisition of IP which in turn fosters economic
output and innovation.;
Protection
IP Protection fosters innovation and innovation activities. Protective strategies enhance a firm's
competitive offering. Patent protection strategies described by Mazzoleni and Nelson (1998) align
with the neoclassical view of organisation and profit maximisation. Increased protection of IP allows
companies to create a strategic advantage. The protection offered in IP systems such as patents
fosters innovation and innovative activities. IP systems secure R&D investment, which is

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