e-SOTER Regional pilot platform as EU contribution to a Global Soil Observing System, A new classification of soil parent material, Research about PM in soil mapping - Ulrich Schuler
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45’ 01” and 80 47’ 56’’ E, latitudes 90 43’ 17’’ and 90 45’ 15’’ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well – defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"Broken Hill 1:250000 metallogenic special and revised metamorphic facies-isograd maps".
Dr Joel Fitzherbert, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45’ 01” and 80 47’ 56’’ E, latitudes 90 43’ 17’’ and 90 45’ 15’’ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well – defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"Broken Hill 1:250000 metallogenic special and revised metamorphic facies-isograd maps".
Dr Joel Fitzherbert, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales
Provenance, tectonic setting and diagenesis of the Mn-Fe coated terrigenous c...iosrjce
The arkosic and subordinate quartz-arenitic Mn-Fe coated terrigenous clasts were discovered to
occur in association with manganese nodules hosted by weathered Mn-Fe rich alluvial-fluvial sediments of the
Tertiary period in Carletonville area. The weathered Mn-Fe rich alluvial-fluvial sediments form the modern soil
profiles in the study area. The Scanning Electron Microscope and petrographic studies of the terrigenous clasts
indicated elevated content of manganese oxide precipitated in pore spaces between the framework grains as
well as forming surface coatings on hand specimen. These clasts are mined with manganese nodules in the study
area. The manganese nodules were formed from in situ concentration of Mn-oxide due to surficial weathering of
the underlying Mn-rich dolomites of the Malmani Subgroup and then concentrated as Mn-rich residues,
encircling rock fragments in soil profile. In contrast, Mn-Fe coated terrigenous clasts and the alluvial-fluvial
sediments were sourced from older geological basins. Therefore, the purpose of the study were to construct a
possible source area of Mn-Fe coated clasts and Mn-rich alluvial-fluvial sediments which hosted Mn-nodules in
the mine area and from the results deduce the overall source of manganese that is mined in the area. On the
basis of framework compositional analysis, the sediments were found to have been sourced from metamorphic
and granitic origins in a cratonic interior to recycle orogen and sedimentation occurred in low plain,
temperate, humid to subhumid climate. The sediment sources resembled the properties of the Archean granites
and gneisses of the Witwatersrand Supergroup and Rand Anticline ridge (quartzite formation) exposed far off
along the northern part of the study area on a high topographic mountain.
Geoengineering Characterization of the Rock Masses of Northern Face of Jabal ...IJERA Editor
This paper is aimed at the description and the geotechnical characterization of the Tertiary granitic rock masses of the northern face of Sabir Mountain, Taiz city, Yemen, for the first time. For accomplishing this task, direct and indirect approaches are adopted. The direct approach is represented by field and laboratory investigations. Field investigations include discontinuity (joints) measurements/evaluation, applied Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system and Geological Strength Index (GSI) system, in addition to field tests, while laboratory investigations encompass physico-mechanical tests carried out on granitic rock materials. Indirect approach for the estimation of shear strength parameters (c, φ), compressive strength (σcm), tensile strength (σtm) and deformation modulus (Erm) of these rock masses was made by applying the generalized Hoek–Brown failure criterion using geotechnical Roc-Lab software. The laboratory results indicate that the Tertiary granitic rock masses show wide range of variations in their physico-mechanical characteristics owing to degree of weathering /alteration and microfractures. The intact samples of Sabir granitic (Tg) rocks show “Moderate” to “High” density, “Low” to "Medium" porosity, “Good" to "Marginal” water absorption capacity and “Weak” to “Very Strong” strength. Stereographically, three main sets of discontinuities (joints) are identified at each station; however, the fourth joint set occurs, in addition to random joint sets. The discontinuities (joints) trend predominately in NE-SW and NW-SE directions in conformity with the regional structures or faults. According to Jv j/m³ values, the degree of jointing of these rock masses are varied from “Moderate” to “High” jointing. These rocks are categorized as “Fair” to “Excellent” quality, “Fair” to “Good/Very Good” quality and “Poor” to “Very Good” quality classes according to RQD, RMR89 and GSI respectively. Values of the shear strength parameters (c and φ) and the other rock mass parameters (σtm, σc , σcm and Erm) show variations depending on the rock mass quality and properties of intact rock. However, in general the values of the rock mass parameters are found to increase with increase in the quality of rock mass and intact rock properties.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Provenance, tectonic setting and diagenesis of the Mn-Fe coated terrigenous c...iosrjce
The arkosic and subordinate quartz-arenitic Mn-Fe coated terrigenous clasts were discovered to
occur in association with manganese nodules hosted by weathered Mn-Fe rich alluvial-fluvial sediments of the
Tertiary period in Carletonville area. The weathered Mn-Fe rich alluvial-fluvial sediments form the modern soil
profiles in the study area. The Scanning Electron Microscope and petrographic studies of the terrigenous clasts
indicated elevated content of manganese oxide precipitated in pore spaces between the framework grains as
well as forming surface coatings on hand specimen. These clasts are mined with manganese nodules in the study
area. The manganese nodules were formed from in situ concentration of Mn-oxide due to surficial weathering of
the underlying Mn-rich dolomites of the Malmani Subgroup and then concentrated as Mn-rich residues,
encircling rock fragments in soil profile. In contrast, Mn-Fe coated terrigenous clasts and the alluvial-fluvial
sediments were sourced from older geological basins. Therefore, the purpose of the study were to construct a
possible source area of Mn-Fe coated clasts and Mn-rich alluvial-fluvial sediments which hosted Mn-nodules in
the mine area and from the results deduce the overall source of manganese that is mined in the area. On the
basis of framework compositional analysis, the sediments were found to have been sourced from metamorphic
and granitic origins in a cratonic interior to recycle orogen and sedimentation occurred in low plain,
temperate, humid to subhumid climate. The sediment sources resembled the properties of the Archean granites
and gneisses of the Witwatersrand Supergroup and Rand Anticline ridge (quartzite formation) exposed far off
along the northern part of the study area on a high topographic mountain.
Geoengineering Characterization of the Rock Masses of Northern Face of Jabal ...IJERA Editor
This paper is aimed at the description and the geotechnical characterization of the Tertiary granitic rock masses of the northern face of Sabir Mountain, Taiz city, Yemen, for the first time. For accomplishing this task, direct and indirect approaches are adopted. The direct approach is represented by field and laboratory investigations. Field investigations include discontinuity (joints) measurements/evaluation, applied Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system and Geological Strength Index (GSI) system, in addition to field tests, while laboratory investigations encompass physico-mechanical tests carried out on granitic rock materials. Indirect approach for the estimation of shear strength parameters (c, φ), compressive strength (σcm), tensile strength (σtm) and deformation modulus (Erm) of these rock masses was made by applying the generalized Hoek–Brown failure criterion using geotechnical Roc-Lab software. The laboratory results indicate that the Tertiary granitic rock masses show wide range of variations in their physico-mechanical characteristics owing to degree of weathering /alteration and microfractures. The intact samples of Sabir granitic (Tg) rocks show “Moderate” to “High” density, “Low” to "Medium" porosity, “Good" to "Marginal” water absorption capacity and “Weak” to “Very Strong” strength. Stereographically, three main sets of discontinuities (joints) are identified at each station; however, the fourth joint set occurs, in addition to random joint sets. The discontinuities (joints) trend predominately in NE-SW and NW-SE directions in conformity with the regional structures or faults. According to Jv j/m³ values, the degree of jointing of these rock masses are varied from “Moderate” to “High” jointing. These rocks are categorized as “Fair” to “Excellent” quality, “Fair” to “Good/Very Good” quality and “Poor” to “Very Good” quality classes according to RQD, RMR89 and GSI respectively. Values of the shear strength parameters (c and φ) and the other rock mass parameters (σtm, σc , σcm and Erm) show variations depending on the rock mass quality and properties of intact rock. However, in general the values of the rock mass parameters are found to increase with increase in the quality of rock mass and intact rock properties.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Similar to e-SOTER Regional pilot platform as EU contribution to a Global Soil Observing System, A new classification of soil parent material, Research about PM in soil mapping - Ulrich Schuler
A soil is composed primarily of minerals which are produced from parent material that is weathered or broken into small pieces. Like the classification systems for plants and animals, the soil classification system contains several levels of details, from the most general to the most specific types. The most general level of classification system is the soil order, of which there are 12 major types. This module explains these classes.
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
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e-SOTER Regional pilot platform as EU contribution to a Global Soil Observing System, A new classification of soil parent material, Research about PM in soil mapping - Ulrich Schuler
1. e-SOTER
Regional pilot platform as EU contribution to a
Global Soil Observing System
A new classification of soil parent material
- Research about PM in soil mapping -
Ulrich Schuler
Rainer Baritz, Jan Willer, Harald G. Dill
2. - Usually, „parent material“ information is derived from geological maps.
Alterantively, PM information can be gained by interpretation of RS- or
gamma spectrometric data.
- However, there is still no common accepted PM classification in soil
science. Therefore, PM is classified and interpretated in different ways.
Background and
motivation
- SOTER (SOilTERrain) is a mapping
approach, which combines landforms
and parent material to form terrain
units, which are represented by typical
soil (associations).
3. Importance of parent material
Parent material:
• is crucial for our understanding of processes in the landscape
• is one important factor of soil formation
• influences soil properties
• is important for soil prediction e.g. SCORPAN approach
4. Workplan
1. Define PM: investigate the definition of (soil) parent
material
2. PM classification: investigate and revise existing PM
classifications (lists of PM, done by soil mappers), so
that different geology maps can be re-interpreted in an
harmonized way, and that PM during soil mapping is
identified correspondingly
Block I
⇒ Main focus of this presentation
is on work in Block I
5. Workplan
3. Soil mapping using PM information: investigate how
PM is applied in soil mapping
4. Soil mapping using gamma spectrometry:
delineation of substrates, soils and soil properties
Block II
7. Existing soil parent material definitions
• initial state of soil formation (Jenny 1941)
• unconsolidated organic and mineral material in which soil forms (NRCS, 1993)
• (rock) material, which has been formed before pedogenesis took place (KA5,
2005)
• unconsolidated material, mineral or organic, from which the solum develops
(Neuendorf et al. 2005)
• material from which the soil has presumably been derived (FAO 2006)
• geological deposit over and within which a soil develops. Typically, the parent
material is the first recognizably geological deposit encountered when
excavating beneath the soil layer. It represents the very-near-surface geology
(BGS 2009)
8. Initial geochemistry
of the unweathered
rock
“Soil is a loose surface
formation, a kind of
pathologic condition of
the native rock.”
(Richthoffen)
The major problem in
establishing a new soil PM
classification is the
determination of the initial
state of soil formation.
}
}
geochemistry of the
weathered rock
Definition of the initial point of soil formation
-Death of rock = birth of soil-
⇒
9. Existing soil parent material
classifications (Selection)
KA 5 (Ad-hoc-AG Boden, 2005). Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung (5th Edition).
Hannover, Germany.
national maps, soil profiles
ESBN (Finke, P., Hartwich, R., Dudal, R., Ibàñez, J. Jamagne, M., King, D,
Montanarella, L., Yassoglou, 2001). Georeferenced Soil Database for Europe.
Manual of Procedures. Version 1.1 by European Soil Bureau Scientific
Committee. Joint Research Centre, Italy.
ESDB map, EU relevant soil mapping projects
FAO 2006. Guidelines for soil description. FAO, Rome, Italy.
international maps, soil profiles
10. Class Group Type Subtype
consolidation degree,
major rock type, relief
position, genesis
geochemical character,
genetic rock type, facies,
rock genesis, relief
position
rock type, rock genesis,
facies, genesis, relief
position, age
rock type, cementation,
consolidation degree,
porosity, geochemical
character, relief position,
age
100 consolidated clastic
sedimentray rocks
120 psammite, arenite 121 sandstone 1213 clayey sandstone
100 consolidated clastic
sedimentray rocks
140 facies rocks 141 flysch 1413 conglomeratic flysch
300 igneous rocks 310 acid to intermediate
plutonic rocks
313 diorite 3132 ?gabbro diorite?
300 igneous rocks 370 pyroclastic rocks
(tephra)
372 tuffite 3721 sandy tuffite
500 unconsolidated
deposits (alluvium,
weathering residuum and
slope deposits)
510 marine and estuarine
sands
511 Pre-Quarternary sand 5831 Tertiary sand
500 unconsolidated
deposits (alluvium,
weathering residuum and
slope deposits)
580 slope deposits 583 talus scree 5831 stratified slope
deposit
ESBN soil parent material classification (Finke et al., 2001) -
Selection-
11. Class Group Type
major rock type,
consolidation degree
geochemical character, rock
genesis
rock type, rock genesis
I igneous rock IA acid igneous IA1 rhyolite
I igneous rock IB basic igneous IB2 basalt
I igneous rock IU ultrabasice igneous IU3 ilmenite, magnetite, ironstone,
serpentinite
M metamorphic rock MA acid metamorphic MA4 schist
M metamorphic rock MB basic metamorphic MB2 schist
S sedimentary rock
(consolidated)
SC clastic sediments SC3 silt-, mud-, claystone
S sedimentary rock
(consolidated)
SO carbonatic, organic SO1 limestone, other carbonate
rock
S sedimentary rock
(consolidated)
SE evaporites SE1 anhydrite, gypsum
U sedimentary rock
(unconsolidated)
UG glacial UG2 glacio-fluvial sand
FAO soil parent material classification (FAO, 2006) -Selection-
12. Teneriffa, Spain Thailand
Established soil parent material classifications:
A.) FAO (2006): marin, estuarin (group), sand (type)
B.) ESBN (Finke et al., 2003): marine und estuarine sands (group), Quarternary sand (type),
Holocene coastal sand with shells (!) (subtype)
C.) KA5 (2005): coastal deposits (group), costal sand
How useful are such terms?
„Costal sand with shells“
13. Problems with existing soil parent material classifications:
• inconsistencies (e.g. acid igneous, basic igneous, pyroclastic, fluvial)
•blending the description of properties and genesis (e.g. river terrace sand)
•inadequate/ missing explanation of „self-defined“ materials (z.B. meadow
sand, river sand, decomposition products, old loam)
•use of questionable classification criteria (e.g. Tertiary sand, costal sand with
shells)
•questionable selection of rocks (e.g. FAO, 2006: granite is missing, instead
minerals such as ilmenite and magnetite are listed)
•classification gaps (e.g. FAO, 2006: acid and basic metamorphits are listed,
intermediate metamorphits are missing)
14. 2. Classification of soil PM
⇒ Revision of the FAO PM list (Table
12, FAO 2006)
Block I
15. Objectives for a revised PM classification
- globally applicable (FAO soil profile description)
- compatible with SOTER, OneGeology (term dictionary)
- not too complex
- applicable to all scales
- pedologically relevant structured
16. Methodology for revising FAO 2006
- review existing rock and PM classifications (OneGeology Europe,
BGS dictionary, GeoSciML, FAO and others)
- review the relevance of potential PM components (e.g.
consolidation degree, geochemistry) for soils and soil properties
- streamline the existing FAO 2006 PM classification
17. Concept of the revised soil parent material classification in
order to increase the information value for soil property
prediction
Property description
• consolidation degree
• geochemical character
• strength of geochemical character
• major rock type
• rock type
Additional infromation about surface processes
• genesis
• process state(continuing/terminated)
Results
18. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
consolidation
degree
geochemical
character
strength of
geochemical
character
major rock type rock type
C consolidated CS siliceous CSA acid (>66%
SiO2)
CSAI magmatite CSAI2 granite,
rhyolite, ….
C consolidated CC calcareous CCP pure (>95%
carbonates)
CCPM metamorphite CCPM1 marble
C consolidated CK rock sequence
with calcareous
rocks
CKX not specified CKXX not specified CKXXx rock
sequence with
calcareous rocks
S semi-consolidated SC calcareous CCX not specified CCXS not specified SCXS1 chalk
U unconsolidated US siliceous USA acid (>66%
SiO2)
USAS sediment USAS1 sand
U unconsolidated UC calcareous UCX not specified UCXS sediment UCXS1 carbonate
sand
Proposal of a new interantional parent material classification -Selection-
(Extract of the revised FAO PM list)
Results
19. Advantage of the revised classification regarding the
deriviation of soil properties
1 Material description
• consolidation degree content of coarse fragments, soil thickness,
weathering rates
•geochemical character salt concentration, carbonate concentration, base
saturation, nutrient stocks
•strength of geochemical character content of coarse fragments, texture,
clay mineralogy, soil thickness, field capacity, cation exchange capacity, base
saturation, nutrient stocks, organic matter, macronutrient and micronutrient
concentrations, erodibility, swelling and shrinking, soil structure
•rock types local soil variability, macro- and micronutrient concentrations,
permeability, erodibility, rootability, salinization
20. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Prozess Specification State
a aeolian deposition ab sandy abxi terminated
c chemical deposition cd encrusted cdca continuing
l lake deposition lb littoral lbxa continuing
u fluvial deposition ux not specified uxxa continuing
e erosion ew hydric ewxa continuing
e erosion ev aeolian evxa continuing
w weathering wp physical wpfa continuing
w weathering wc chemical wcbi terminated
x not specified xx not specified xxxx not specified
Additional information about surface processes -Selection-
Results
21. Advantage of the proposed classification regarding the deriviation
of soil properties
2 Additional surface process information
• Genesis content of coarse fragments, texture, organic matter
• Process state (continuing/terminated) degree of soil formation
22. Data: WISE database (Batjes, 2008)
Revised FAO
Validation: Analysis of WISE data set
Rock types
%clay
FAO
23. Consolidated rock
Calcareous rock
Pure calcareous rock
Pure calcareous metamorphic rock
Calcareous igneous rock
Calcareous sediment
Calcareous sedimentary rock
Calcareous rock iron ore bearing
Calcareous sediment with organic intercalations
Siliceous rock
Siliceous metamorphic rock
Siliceous sedimentary rock
Siliceous sediment
Siliceous acid igneous rock
Siliceous acid metamorphic rock
Siliceous acid sediment
Siliceous intermediate igneous rock
Siliceous intermediate metamorphic rock
Siliceous intermediate sedimentary rock
Siliceous intermediate sediment
Siliceous basic igneous rock
Siliceous basic metamorphic rock
Siliceous basic rock
Siliceous ultrabasic igneous rock
Siliceous metamorphic rock with calcareous intercalations
Siliceous sediment with calcareous intercalations
Siliceous sedimentary rock with calcareous intercalations
Siliceous sedimentary rock with sulphatic intercalations
Siliceous sedimentary rock with organic intercalations
Sediment with organic and calcareous intercalations
Sediment with organic intercalations
Rock sequence with organic intercalations
Rock sequence with sulphatic intercalations
Rock sequence with calcareous intercalations
Unknown
Baltic Sea
Application: German geology map 1:1Mio
1. Rock types (Level 4)
eSOTER Pilot area
sheet Chemnitz
35. Conclusions
• Radiometric data gives evidence for the influence of PM on soil
properties, despite loess coverage
• Soil mapping using gamma spectrometry of larger areas can not be
done without consideration of parent material.
4. Soil mapping using gamma spectrometry
36. Outlook
• Potential for developing a globl PM layer for SOTER: utilize OneGeology by
applying the revised FAO PM classification
• Parent material mapping in Europe: Task Force Superficial deposits
(EuroGeoSurveys, EGS) Re-generalize geological information under
increased consideration of superficial deposits
• For Europe: investigate the usability of lithology layer contained in the
1:1.5M hydrogeological map of Europe (BGR, 2012 in development)