The document provides information on assessing spinal cord injuries, including key muscles associated with different spinal cord levels, grading scales for muscle function and sensory ability, how to evaluate motor and sensory subscores, and the steps to classify a spinal cord injury as complete or incomplete. It defines a complete injury as having no sensory or motor function preserved in sacral segments S4-S5, while an incomplete injury has some sensory or motor function spared below the neurological level.
This document provides information about the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale for classifying spinal cord injuries. It outlines the 5 steps for determining the ASIA grade: 1) determine sensory levels, 2) determine motor levels, 3) determine the neurological level of injury, 4) determine if the injury is complete or incomplete, and 5) determine the ASIA Impairment Scale grade (A-E). A 30-year-old man who fell 8 feet and had no motor function or voluntary anal contraction below his inguinal region is presented as a case example to demonstrate how to apply the ASIA scale.
This document provides instructions for classifying spinal cord injuries using the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). It describes a 6 step process to determine: 1) sensory and motor levels, 2) neurological level of injury, 3) whether the injury is complete or incomplete, 4) ASIA Impairment Scale grade, 5) zone of partial preservation, and 6) non-key muscle testing. Key examination points include testing sensation, strength of specific muscles, and anal reflexes to classify injury severity and guide treatment.
1. Spinal cord injuries have an annual incidence of 15-40 cases per million people, with motor vehicle accidents and falls being the most common causes.
2. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale is the most widely used classification system for spinal cord injuries, grading injuries as complete or incomplete.
3. Common spinal cord syndromes include anterior cord syndrome (involving motor and pain pathways), posterior cord syndrome (involving proprioception and touch), and Brown-Sequard syndrome (unilateral involvement of pathways on one side of the spinal cord).
The American Spinal Injury Association created the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury to standardize how severity of spinal cord injuries are determined and documented. The standards provide a standardized examination of motor and sensory function to assess the extent of loss after an injury. It examines dermatomes and myotomes to determine the affected spinal cord segments. The examination involves detailed sensory and motor testing to determine sensory and motor levels, neurological level, and whether the injury is complete or incomplete.
The document provides information on assessing spinal cord injuries, including key muscles associated with different spinal cord levels, grading scales for muscle function and sensory ability, how to evaluate motor and sensory subscores, and the steps to classify a spinal cord injury as complete or incomplete. It defines a complete injury as having no sensory or motor function preserved in sacral segments S4-S5, while an incomplete injury has some sensory or motor function spared below the neurological level.
This document provides information about the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale for classifying spinal cord injuries. It outlines the 5 steps for determining the ASIA grade: 1) determine sensory levels, 2) determine motor levels, 3) determine the neurological level of injury, 4) determine if the injury is complete or incomplete, and 5) determine the ASIA Impairment Scale grade (A-E). A 30-year-old man who fell 8 feet and had no motor function or voluntary anal contraction below his inguinal region is presented as a case example to demonstrate how to apply the ASIA scale.
This document provides instructions for classifying spinal cord injuries using the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). It describes a 6 step process to determine: 1) sensory and motor levels, 2) neurological level of injury, 3) whether the injury is complete or incomplete, 4) ASIA Impairment Scale grade, 5) zone of partial preservation, and 6) non-key muscle testing. Key examination points include testing sensation, strength of specific muscles, and anal reflexes to classify injury severity and guide treatment.
1. Spinal cord injuries have an annual incidence of 15-40 cases per million people, with motor vehicle accidents and falls being the most common causes.
2. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale is the most widely used classification system for spinal cord injuries, grading injuries as complete or incomplete.
3. Common spinal cord syndromes include anterior cord syndrome (involving motor and pain pathways), posterior cord syndrome (involving proprioception and touch), and Brown-Sequard syndrome (unilateral involvement of pathways on one side of the spinal cord).
The American Spinal Injury Association created the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury to standardize how severity of spinal cord injuries are determined and documented. The standards provide a standardized examination of motor and sensory function to assess the extent of loss after an injury. It examines dermatomes and myotomes to determine the affected spinal cord segments. The examination involves detailed sensory and motor testing to determine sensory and motor levels, neurological level, and whether the injury is complete or incomplete.
This document provides an overview of performing a neurological examination, including evaluating higher mental functions, cranial nerves, sensory function, motor function, reflexes, and other aspects. It describes testing various parts of the body like muscles, pin prick and light touch sensation, proprioception, and reflexes. It also reviews anatomical features like spinal cord levels and dermatomes. Sensory evaluation techniques like tactile sensitivity, pain, temperature, stereognosis, and proprioception are outlined. The motor evaluation assesses things like muscle bulk, tone, range of motion, strength, and coordination. Deep tendon reflexes and superficial reflexes are also explained.
This scale is used to categrise spinal cord injury patients. it helps prognosticate the spinal cord injuires. it also helps define the treatment protocols for spinal cord injury patients. American Spinal Cord Injury Association made this scale so as to make a standardization in assesemnent technique in acute spinal cord injury patients.
International standards for neurological classification of spinal cordJoe Antony
The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) or more commonly referred to as the ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS), was developed by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) as a universal classification tool for Spinal Cord Injury based on a standardized sensory and motor assessment, with the most recent revised edition published in 2011. The impairment scale involves both a motor and sensory examination to determine the sensory and motor levels for the right and left side, the overall neurological level of the injury and completeness of the injury i.e. whether the injury is complete or incomplete.
This document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which relate to the sensory and motor innervation of the body by spinal nerve roots. It provides detailed information on:
- The anatomy and distribution of dermatomes for each spinal nerve from C1 to S5.
- Clinical tests for dermatomes using pinprick and light touch at key points on the body.
- The muscles (myotomes) innervated by each spinal nerve root from C1 to S1.
- Clinical tests of myotomes through resisted movement exercises to evaluate motor function.
The document discusses spinal injuries, describing stable injuries that do not displace or endanger the spinal cord versus unstable injuries that may further displace and cause deformity or pain. It outlines the primary injury caused by the initial trauma and secondary injury from hemorrhage and ischemia. Various types of spinal injuries are described based on the mechanism of trauma. Evaluation involves assessing neurological function, location of injury, and determining if the injury is complete or incomplete. Imaging like CT and MRI can further characterize injuries. Treatment goals are preserving neurological function, relieving compression, stabilizing the spine, and rehabilitation.
Special test for dermatomes and myotomesTafzz Sailo
The document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which are areas of skin and muscles innervated by specific spinal nerve roots. It provides detailed instructions for testing dermatomes using pinprick and light touch tests and myotomes using resistance tests of individual muscle groups to evaluate potential nerve root injuries. Key points include identifying the spinal nerve roots that innervate specific areas of the upper and lower limbs and correlating weaknesses to the likely injured nerve roots. Diagrams depict dermatome and myotome maps to guide the clinical tests.
The document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which are areas of skin and muscles controlled by specific spinal nerve roots. It provides details on how to test dermatomes using pinprick and light touch tests and myotomes using resistance tests of specific muscle groups to evaluate nerve root damage. Key points covered include the spinal levels innervating different body areas, procedures for upper and lower limb dermatome and myotome tests, and diagrams illustrating test points and dermatome maps.
Spinal cord injuries can cause paralysis, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction below the level of injury. There are two main types - complete lesions with no preserved function below the injury, and incomplete lesions with some preserved sensation or motor function. Complications include neurogenic bladder, spasticity, autonomic dysreflexia, pressure ulcers, and orthostatic hypotension. Early rehabilitation is important to prevent further issues and maximize recovery of function.
This document presents a case study of a 35-year-old female patient diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient experiences numbness, tingling, and pain in both wrists and hands that has progressively worsened over the past 9-10 months. Physical examination findings include decreased grip strength, sensation, and range of motion bilaterally. Tests confirm carpal tunnel syndrome through abnormal nerve conduction velocities and positive Phalen's and Tinel's signs. The physical therapist will utilize interventions like manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, splinting, and modalities to reduce pain and improve function so the patient can return to normal activities.
1. The patient is a 57-year-old Thai man who fell from a mango tree approximately 3 meters while picking mangoes. He experienced back and left foot pain after the incident and could not walk, having to crawl for help.
2. Examination found mild lumbar tenderness and moderate ankle tenderness with limited range of motion due to pain. Imaging showed a burst fracture of L1 with retropulsion into the spinal canal and a comminuted fracture of the left calcaneus.
3. The patient was diagnosed with a burst fracture of L1 and a closed fracture of the left calcaneus. He underwent pedicle screw fixation from T12 to L2 to stabilize the spinal fracture
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord. It describes the levels and segments of the spinal cord as well as the layers that surround it. Common injuries to the spinal cord are also summarized such as tetraplegia, paraplegia, anterior cord syndrome, and Brown-Sequard syndrome. Epidemiological data on spinal cord injuries is provided including typical causes, levels of injury, and leading causes of death.
The document provides information on spinal cord and cervical spine anatomy, mechanisms of spinal cord injury, clinical assessment of spinal cord injury patients, imaging for spinal cord injuries, classification of spinal cord injuries, and management principles for spinal cord injuries. Key points covered include the incidence of spinal cord injuries, common mechanisms and levels of injury, assessment of motor and sensory function, classification systems for incomplete versus complete injuries, and guidelines for cervical spine clearance in trauma patients.
This document discusses spinal anatomy, trauma, and injury. It covers the epidemiology, mechanisms, classifications, diagnosis, and management of spinal cord injuries. Some key points include:
- The cervical spine has greater range of motion while the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are more rigid.
- Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. Complete injuries have no motor or sensory function below the level of injury while incomplete injuries have some spared function.
- Common mechanisms of injury are motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports/recreation injuries. Indirect injuries from compression are most likely to cause significant damage.
- Imaging like CT and MRI are important for diagnosis but patient stabilization takes priority over imaging in trauma situations
This document discusses spinal anatomy, trauma, and injury. It covers the epidemiology, mechanisms, classifications, diagnosis, and management of spinal cord injuries. Some key points include:
- The cervical spine has greater range of motion while the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are more rigid.
- Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. Complete injuries have no motor or sensory function below the level of injury while incomplete injuries have some spared function.
- Common mechanisms of injury are motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports/recreation injuries. Indirect injuries from compression are most likely to cause significant damage.
- Imaging like CT and MRI are important for diagnosis but patient stabilization takes priority over imaging in trauma situations
Localizaiton of level of lesion in paraplegiaAbino David
This document discusses spinal cord lesions and their effects. It describes how lesions can cause different types of paralysis or loss of function depending on the level and completeness of the lesion. It also discusses how lesions at different spinal levels correspond to specific vertebral levels and dermatomes. The document examines various ways to localize the level of a spinal cord lesion, including sensory loss, reflex changes, muscle weakness, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
NIHSS in Stroke Severity: Why and How? presentation.pptxmunnam37
National Institute of Health Stroke Scale is used to assess the severity in ischemic stroke. it is very useful for stroke physicians for treatment and follow-up.
Peripheral nerve damage affecting the upper extremities can vary widely in cause and extent.
Many disorders, ranging from mild carpal tunnel syndrome to severe brachial plexopathy, need to be considered in a patient presenting with pain, sensory loss, or weakness involving the shoulder, arm, or hand.
Upper plexus injury, <6 months: Spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve via sural graft to restore shoulder function. Phrenic nerve to suprascapular or musculocutaneous nerve via graft to restore elbow flexion. Intercostal nerves to musculocutaneous nerve via graft. Contralateral C7 via graft to median nerve.
Complete lower plexus injury, <6 months: Spinal accessory nerve or intercostal nerves to musculocutaneous nerve via graft for elbow flexion. Nerve transfers aim to restore shoulder, elbow, hand, and finger function within 6 months to reinnervate muscles/nerves. Surgery for incomplete injuries depends on prognosis
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Similar to escala de ASIA - (escala de asia) - iscos
This document provides an overview of performing a neurological examination, including evaluating higher mental functions, cranial nerves, sensory function, motor function, reflexes, and other aspects. It describes testing various parts of the body like muscles, pin prick and light touch sensation, proprioception, and reflexes. It also reviews anatomical features like spinal cord levels and dermatomes. Sensory evaluation techniques like tactile sensitivity, pain, temperature, stereognosis, and proprioception are outlined. The motor evaluation assesses things like muscle bulk, tone, range of motion, strength, and coordination. Deep tendon reflexes and superficial reflexes are also explained.
This scale is used to categrise spinal cord injury patients. it helps prognosticate the spinal cord injuires. it also helps define the treatment protocols for spinal cord injury patients. American Spinal Cord Injury Association made this scale so as to make a standardization in assesemnent technique in acute spinal cord injury patients.
International standards for neurological classification of spinal cordJoe Antony
The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) or more commonly referred to as the ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS), was developed by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) as a universal classification tool for Spinal Cord Injury based on a standardized sensory and motor assessment, with the most recent revised edition published in 2011. The impairment scale involves both a motor and sensory examination to determine the sensory and motor levels for the right and left side, the overall neurological level of the injury and completeness of the injury i.e. whether the injury is complete or incomplete.
This document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which relate to the sensory and motor innervation of the body by spinal nerve roots. It provides detailed information on:
- The anatomy and distribution of dermatomes for each spinal nerve from C1 to S5.
- Clinical tests for dermatomes using pinprick and light touch at key points on the body.
- The muscles (myotomes) innervated by each spinal nerve root from C1 to S1.
- Clinical tests of myotomes through resisted movement exercises to evaluate motor function.
The document discusses spinal injuries, describing stable injuries that do not displace or endanger the spinal cord versus unstable injuries that may further displace and cause deformity or pain. It outlines the primary injury caused by the initial trauma and secondary injury from hemorrhage and ischemia. Various types of spinal injuries are described based on the mechanism of trauma. Evaluation involves assessing neurological function, location of injury, and determining if the injury is complete or incomplete. Imaging like CT and MRI can further characterize injuries. Treatment goals are preserving neurological function, relieving compression, stabilizing the spine, and rehabilitation.
Special test for dermatomes and myotomesTafzz Sailo
The document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which are areas of skin and muscles innervated by specific spinal nerve roots. It provides detailed instructions for testing dermatomes using pinprick and light touch tests and myotomes using resistance tests of individual muscle groups to evaluate potential nerve root injuries. Key points include identifying the spinal nerve roots that innervate specific areas of the upper and lower limbs and correlating weaknesses to the likely injured nerve roots. Diagrams depict dermatome and myotome maps to guide the clinical tests.
The document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which are areas of skin and muscles controlled by specific spinal nerve roots. It provides details on how to test dermatomes using pinprick and light touch tests and myotomes using resistance tests of specific muscle groups to evaluate nerve root damage. Key points covered include the spinal levels innervating different body areas, procedures for upper and lower limb dermatome and myotome tests, and diagrams illustrating test points and dermatome maps.
Spinal cord injuries can cause paralysis, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction below the level of injury. There are two main types - complete lesions with no preserved function below the injury, and incomplete lesions with some preserved sensation or motor function. Complications include neurogenic bladder, spasticity, autonomic dysreflexia, pressure ulcers, and orthostatic hypotension. Early rehabilitation is important to prevent further issues and maximize recovery of function.
This document presents a case study of a 35-year-old female patient diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient experiences numbness, tingling, and pain in both wrists and hands that has progressively worsened over the past 9-10 months. Physical examination findings include decreased grip strength, sensation, and range of motion bilaterally. Tests confirm carpal tunnel syndrome through abnormal nerve conduction velocities and positive Phalen's and Tinel's signs. The physical therapist will utilize interventions like manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, splinting, and modalities to reduce pain and improve function so the patient can return to normal activities.
1. The patient is a 57-year-old Thai man who fell from a mango tree approximately 3 meters while picking mangoes. He experienced back and left foot pain after the incident and could not walk, having to crawl for help.
2. Examination found mild lumbar tenderness and moderate ankle tenderness with limited range of motion due to pain. Imaging showed a burst fracture of L1 with retropulsion into the spinal canal and a comminuted fracture of the left calcaneus.
3. The patient was diagnosed with a burst fracture of L1 and a closed fracture of the left calcaneus. He underwent pedicle screw fixation from T12 to L2 to stabilize the spinal fracture
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord. It describes the levels and segments of the spinal cord as well as the layers that surround it. Common injuries to the spinal cord are also summarized such as tetraplegia, paraplegia, anterior cord syndrome, and Brown-Sequard syndrome. Epidemiological data on spinal cord injuries is provided including typical causes, levels of injury, and leading causes of death.
The document provides information on spinal cord and cervical spine anatomy, mechanisms of spinal cord injury, clinical assessment of spinal cord injury patients, imaging for spinal cord injuries, classification of spinal cord injuries, and management principles for spinal cord injuries. Key points covered include the incidence of spinal cord injuries, common mechanisms and levels of injury, assessment of motor and sensory function, classification systems for incomplete versus complete injuries, and guidelines for cervical spine clearance in trauma patients.
This document discusses spinal anatomy, trauma, and injury. It covers the epidemiology, mechanisms, classifications, diagnosis, and management of spinal cord injuries. Some key points include:
- The cervical spine has greater range of motion while the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are more rigid.
- Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. Complete injuries have no motor or sensory function below the level of injury while incomplete injuries have some spared function.
- Common mechanisms of injury are motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports/recreation injuries. Indirect injuries from compression are most likely to cause significant damage.
- Imaging like CT and MRI are important for diagnosis but patient stabilization takes priority over imaging in trauma situations
This document discusses spinal anatomy, trauma, and injury. It covers the epidemiology, mechanisms, classifications, diagnosis, and management of spinal cord injuries. Some key points include:
- The cervical spine has greater range of motion while the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are more rigid.
- Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. Complete injuries have no motor or sensory function below the level of injury while incomplete injuries have some spared function.
- Common mechanisms of injury are motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports/recreation injuries. Indirect injuries from compression are most likely to cause significant damage.
- Imaging like CT and MRI are important for diagnosis but patient stabilization takes priority over imaging in trauma situations
Localizaiton of level of lesion in paraplegiaAbino David
This document discusses spinal cord lesions and their effects. It describes how lesions can cause different types of paralysis or loss of function depending on the level and completeness of the lesion. It also discusses how lesions at different spinal levels correspond to specific vertebral levels and dermatomes. The document examines various ways to localize the level of a spinal cord lesion, including sensory loss, reflex changes, muscle weakness, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
NIHSS in Stroke Severity: Why and How? presentation.pptxmunnam37
National Institute of Health Stroke Scale is used to assess the severity in ischemic stroke. it is very useful for stroke physicians for treatment and follow-up.
Peripheral nerve damage affecting the upper extremities can vary widely in cause and extent.
Many disorders, ranging from mild carpal tunnel syndrome to severe brachial plexopathy, need to be considered in a patient presenting with pain, sensory loss, or weakness involving the shoulder, arm, or hand.
Upper plexus injury, <6 months: Spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve via sural graft to restore shoulder function. Phrenic nerve to suprascapular or musculocutaneous nerve via graft to restore elbow flexion. Intercostal nerves to musculocutaneous nerve via graft. Contralateral C7 via graft to median nerve.
Complete lower plexus injury, <6 months: Spinal accessory nerve or intercostal nerves to musculocutaneous nerve via graft for elbow flexion. Nerve transfers aim to restore shoulder, elbow, hand, and finger function within 6 months to reinnervate muscles/nerves. Surgery for incomplete injuries depends on prognosis
Similar to escala de ASIA - (escala de asia) - iscos (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
escala de ASIA - (escala de asia) - iscos
1. 0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
C2
C3
C4
S3
S2
L5
S1
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1
T12
T11
T10
T9
T8
T7
T6
T5
T4
T3
C4
C3
C2
T2
C5
T1
C6
Palm
Dorsum
C6 C8
C7
0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
Dorsum
C6 C8
C7
S4-5
• Key Sensory
Points
0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
C2
C3
C4
S3
S2
L5
S1
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1
T12
T11
T10
T9
T8
T7
T6
T5
T4
T3
C4
C3
C2
T2
C5
T1
C6
Palm
Dorsum
C6 C8
C7
0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
Dorsum
C6 C8
C7
S4-5
• Key Sensory
Points
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
MOTOR
KEY MUSCLES
SENSORY
KEY SENSORY POINTS
PinPrick(PPR)
LightTouch(LTR)
(VAC) Voluntary anal contraction
(Yes/No)
Comments(Non-key Muscle? Reason for NT? Pain?):
NEUROLOGICAL
LEVELS
Steps 1-5 for classification
as on reverse
1. SENSORY
2. MOTOR
R L 3. NEUROLOGICAL
LEVEL OF INJURY
(NLI)
4. COMPLETE OR INCOMPLETE?
Incomplete = Any sensory or motor function in S4-5
5. ASIA IMPAIRMENT SCALE (AIS)
(In complete injuries only)
ZONE OF PARTIAL
PRESERVATION
Most caudal level with any innervation
SENSORY
MOTOR
R L
REV 02/13
This form may be copied freely but should not be altered without permission from the American Spinal Injury Association.
RIGHT
UER
(Upper Extremity Right)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
LER
(Lower Extremity Right)
S2
S3
S4-5
MOTOR
KEY MUSCLES
SENSORY
KEY SENSORY POINTS
PinPrick(PPL)
LightTouch(LTL)
LEFT
UEL
(Upper Extremity Left)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
LEL
(Lower Extremity Left)
S2
S3
S4-5
Elbow flexors
Wrist extensors
Elbow extensors
Finger flexors
Finger abductors (little finger)
Hip flexors
Knee extensors
Ankle dorsiflexors
Long toe extensors
Ankle plantar flexors
C2
C3
C4
C2
C3
C4
(DAP) Deep anal pressure
(Yes/No)
UER + UEL = UEMS TOTAL
(25) (25) (50)
MOTOR SUBSCORES
MAX
LER + LEL = LEMS TOTAL
(25) (25) (50)
MAX
LTR + LTL = LT TOTAL
(56) (56) (112)
MAX
SENSORY SUBSCORES
MAX
PPR + PPL = PP TOTAL
(56) (56) (112)
4 = active movement, against some resistance
5 = active movement, against full resistance
5* = normal corrected for pain/disuse
NT = not testable
MOTOR
(SCORING ON REVERSE SIDE)
0 = total paralysis
1 = palpable or visible contraction
2 = active movement, gravity eliminated
3 = active movement, against gravity
Elbow flexors
Wrist extensors
Elbow extensors
Finger flexors
Finger abductors (little finger)
Hip flexors
Knee extensors
Ankle dorsiflexors
Long toe extensors
Ankle plantar flexors
RIGHT TOTALS
(MAXIMUM)
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
LEFT TOTALS
(MAXIMUM)
SENSORY
(SCORING ON REVERSE SIDE)
0 = absent
1= altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
bsent
ltered
ormal
not testable
C2
C3
C4
S3
S2
L5
S1
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1
T12
T11
T10
T9
T8
T7
T6
T5
T4
T3
C4
C3
T2
C5
T1
C6
Palm
Dorsum
C6 C8
C7
0 = absent
1 = altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
Dorsum
C6 C8
C7
S4-5
• Key Sensory
Points
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
raction
Yes/No)
cle? Reason for NT? Pain?):
1. SENSORY
2. MOTOR
R L 3. NEUROLOGICAL
LEVEL OF INJURY
(NLI)
4. COMPLETE OR INCOMPLETE?
Incomplete = Any sensory or motor function in S4-5
5. ASIA IMPAIRMENT SCALE (AIS)
(In complete injuries only)
ZONE OF PARTIAL
PRESERVATION
Most caudal level with any innervation
SENSORY
MOTOR
R L
REV 02/13
This form may be copied freely but should not be altered without permission from the American Spinal Injury Association.
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
S2
S3
S4-5
UEL
(Upper Extremity Left)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
LEL
(Lower Extremity Left)
S2
S3
S4-5
Elbow flexors
Wrist extensors
Elbow extensors
Finger flexors
Finger abductors (little finger)
Hip flexors
Knee extensors
Ankle dorsiflexors
Long toe extensors
Ankle plantar flexors
(DAP) Deep anal pressure
(Yes/No)
= UEMS TOTAL
(50)
S
LER + LEL = LEMS TOTAL
(25) (25) (50)
MAX
LTR + LTL = LT TOTAL
(56) (56) (112)
MAX
SENSORY SUBSCORES
MAX
PPR + PPL = PP TOTAL
(56) (56) (112)
4 = active movement, against some resistance
5 = active movement, against full resistance
5* = normal corrected for pain/disuse
NT = not testable
MOTOR
(SCORING ON REVERSE SIDE)
0 = total paralysis
1 = palpable or visible contraction
2 = active movement, gravity eliminated
3 = active movement, against gravity
Elbow flexors
Wrist extensors
Elbow extensors
Finger flexors
bductors (little finger)
Hip flexors
Knee extensors
Ankle dorsiflexors
ong toe extensors
nkle plantar flexors
RIGHT TOTALS
(MAXIMUM)
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
LEFT TOTALS
(MAXIMUM)
SENSORY
(SCORING ON REVERSE SIDE)
0 = absent
1= altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
MOTOR
KEY MUSCLES
SENSORY
KEY SENSORY POINTS
PinPrick(PPR)
LightTouch(LTR)
(VAC) Voluntary Anal Contraction
(Yes/No)
Comments (Non-key Muscle? Reason for NT? Pain?):
NEUROLOGICAL
LEVELS
Steps 1-5 for classification
as on reverse
1. SENSORY
2. MOTOR
R L 3. NEUROLOGICAL
LEVEL OF INJURY
(NLI)
4. COMPLETE OR INCOMPLETE?
Incomplete = Any sensory or motor function in S4-5
5. ASIA IMPAIRMENT SCALE (AIS)
(In complete injuries only)
ZONE OF PARTIAL
PRESERVATION
Most caudal level with any innervation
SENSORY
MOTOR
R L
REV 11/15
This form may be copied freely but should not be altered without permission from the American Spinal Injury Association.
RIGHT
UER
(Upper Extremity Right)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
LER
(Lower Extremity Right)
S2
S3
S4-5
MOTOR
KEY MUSCLES
SENSORY
KEY SENSORY POINTS
PinPrick(PPL)
LightTouch(LTL)
LEFT
UEL
(Upper Extremity Left)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
LEL
(Lower Extremity Left)
S2
S3
S4-5
Elbow flexors
Wrist extensors
Elbow extensors
Finger flexors
Finger abductors (little finger)
Hip flexors
Knee extensors
Ankle dorsiflexors
Long toe extensors
Ankle plantar flexors
C2
C3
C4
C2
C3
C4
(DAP) Deep Anal Pressure
(Yes/No)
UER +UEL = UEMS TOTAL
(25) (25) (50)
MOTOR SUBSCORES
MAX
LER + LEL = LEMS TOTAL
(25) (25) (50)
MAX
LTR + LTL = LT TOTAL
(56) (56) (112)
MAX
SENSORY SUBSCORES
MAX
PPR + PPL = PP TOTAL
(56) (56) (112)
4 = active movement, against some resistance
5 = active movement, against full resistance
5* = normal corrected for pain/disuse
NT = not testable
MOTOR
(SCORING ON REVERSE SIDE)
0 = total paralysis
1 = palpable or visible contraction
2 = active movement, gravity eliminated
3 = active movement, against gravity
RIGHT TOTALS
(MAXIMUM)
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
LEFT TOTALS
(MAXIMUM)
SENSORY
(SCORING ON REVERSE SIDE)
0 = absent
1= altered
2 = normal
NT = not testable
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR NEUROLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
(ISNCSCI)
Patient Name_____________________________________ Date/Time of Exam _____________________________
Examiner Name ___________________________________ Signature _____________________________________
Elbow flexors
Wrist extensors
Elbow extensors
Finger flexors
Finger abductors (little finger)
Hip flexors
Knee extensors
Ankle dorsiflexors
Long toe extensors
Ankle plantar flexors
2. ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) Steps in Classification
The following order is recommended for determining the classification of
individuals with SCI.
1. Determine sensory levels for right and left sides.
The sensory level is the most caudal, intact dermatome for both pin prick and
light touch sensation.
2. Determine motor levels for right and left sides.
Defined by the lowest key muscle function that has a grade of at least 3 (on
supine testing), providing the key muscle functions represented by segments
above that level are judged to be intact (graded as a 5).
Note: in regions where there is no myotome to test, the motor level is
presumed to be the same as the sensory level, if testable motor function above
that level is also normal.
3. Determine the neurological level of injury (NLI)
This refers to the most caudal segment of the cord with intact sensation and
antigravity (3 or more) muscle function strength, provided that there is normal
(intact) sensory and motor function rostrally respectively.
The NLI is the most cephalad of the sensory and motor levels determined in
steps 1 and 2.
4. Determine whether the injury is Complete or Incomplete.
(i.e. absence or presence of sacral sparing)
If voluntary anal contraction = No AND all S4-5 sensory scores = 0
AND deep anal pressure = No, then injury is Complete.
Otherwise, injury is Incomplete.
5. Determine ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) Grade:
Is injury Complete? If YES, AIS=A and can record
Is injury Motor Complete? If YES,AIS=B
(No=voluntary anal contraction OR motor function
more than three levels below the motor level on a
given side, if the patient has sensory incomplete
classification)
Are at least half (half or more) of the key muscles below the
neurological level of injury graded 3 or better?
If sensation and motor function is normal in all segments,AIS=E
Note: AIS E is used in follow-up testing when an individual with a documented
SCI has recovered normal function. If at initial testing no deficits are found, the
individual is neurologically intact; the ASIA Impairment Scale does not apply.
AIS=C
NO
NO
NO YES
AIS=D
Movement Root level
Shoulder: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal C5
and external rotation
Elbow: Supination
Elbow: Pronation C6
Wrist: Flexion
Finger: Flexion at proximal joint, extension. C7
Thumb: Flexion, extension and abduction in plane of thumb
Finger: Flexion at MCP joint C8
Thumb: Opposition, adduction and abduction perpendicular
to palm
Finger: Abduction of the index finger T1
Hip: Adduction L2
Hip: External rotation L3
Hip: Extension, abduction, internal rotation L4
Knee: Flexion
Ankle: Inversion and eversion
Toe: MP and IP extension
Hallux and Toe: DIP and PIP flexion and abduction L5
Hallux: Adduction S1
A = Complete. No sensory or motor function is preserved in
the sacral segments S4-5.
B = Sensory Incomplete. Sensory but not motor function
is preserved below the neurological level and includes the sacral
segments S4-5 (light touch or pin prick at S4-5 or deep anal
pressure) AND no motor function is preserved more than three
levels below the motor level on either side of the body.
C = Motor Incomplete. Motor function is preserved at the
most caudal sacral segments for voluntary anal contraction (VAC)
OR the patient meets the criteria for sensory incomplete status
(sensory function preserved at the most caudal sacral segments
(S4-S5) by LT, PP or DAP), and has some sparing of motor
function more than three levels below the ipsilateral motor level
on either side of the body.
(This includes key or non-key muscle functions to determine
motor incomplete status.) For AIS C – less than half of key
muscle functions below the single NLI have a muscle grade ≥ 3.
D = Motor Incomplete. Motor incomplete status as defined
above, with at least half (half or more) of key muscle functions
below the single NLI having a muscle grade ≥ 3.
E = Normal. If sensation and motor function as tested with
the ISNCSCI are graded as normal in all segments, and the
patient had prior deficits, then the AIS grade is E. Someone
without an initial SCI does not receive an AIS grade.
Using ND: To document the sensory, motor and NLI levels,
the ASIA Impairment Scale grade, and/or the zone of partial
preservation (ZPP) when they are unable to be determined
based on the examination results.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR NEUROLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
ZPP (lowest dermatome or myotome
on each side with some preservation)
Muscle Function Grading
0 = total paralysis
1 = palpable or visible contraction
2 = active movement, full range of motion (ROM) with gravity eliminated
3 =
active movement, full ROM against gravity
4 = active movement, full ROM against gravity and moderate resistance in a muscle
specific position
5 = (normal) active movement, full ROM against gravity and full resistance in a
functional muscle position expected from an otherwise unimpaired person
5* = (normal) active movement, full ROM against gravity and sufficient resistance to
be considered normal if identified inhibiting factors (i.e. pain, disuse) were not present
NT = not testable (i.e. due to immobilization, severe pain such that the patient
cannot be graded, amputation of limb, or contracture of 50% of the normal ROM)
Sensory Grading
0 = Absent
1 = Altered, either decreased/impaired sensation or hypersensitivity
2 = Normal
NT = Not testable
When to Test Non-Key Muscles:
In a patient with an apparent AIS B classification, non-key muscle functions
more than 3 levels below the motor level on each side should be tested to
most accurately classify the injury (differentiate between AIS B and C).
