In A Search for What Makes Sense/Finding Faith, I outlined four stages of faith development. I tried to synthesize the major theorists on moral, intellectual, and faith development into a simple but comprehensive schema: simplicity, complexity, perplexity, and humility/harmony. These are the powerpoints to the talks I give on the subject. Someday I'd like to put this presentation into a dvd format for group use. We'll see....
In A Search for What Makes Sense/Finding Faith, I outlined four stages of faith development. I tried to synthesize the major theorists on moral, intellectual, and faith development into a simple but comprehensive schema: simplicity, complexity, perplexity, and humility/harmony. These are the powerpoints to the talks I give on the subject. Someday I'd like to put this presentation into a dvd format for group use. We'll see....
Erik Erikson stages of psychosocial development Sam Martin
A short piece on Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. it looks at the various needs and where Erikson places them in importance in relation to an individual's development.
Type of Paper Weekly Online DiscussionNumber of pages 1 (275.docxmarilucorr
Type of Paper: Weekly Online Discussion
Number of pages: 1 (275 words)
Academic Level: Undergraduate
Deadline/Time: 1.5hrs hours today
Instructions: In Chapter One you learned about several human development theories, including psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social cognitive, ethological, and ecological theories. Many professionals take a holistic approach, but it is common to favor a particular theory. Which of the theories covered in this chapter do you believe is most valid? Explain your answer and support it with material from the text, real-life observations, and/or studies or outside reference material from a valid source
Compose a post of one to two paragraphs.
Develops an initial post with an organized, clear point of view or idea using rich and significant detail.
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Please use psychoanalytical theory:
rikson's Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson recognized Freud's contributions but stressed that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development. For one thing, Erikson (1950, 1968) said we develop in psychosocial stages, rather than in psychosexual stages as Freud maintained. According to Freud, the primary motivation for human behavior is sexual in nature; according to Erikson, it is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people. According to Freud, our basic personality is shaped in the first five years of life; according to Erikson, developmental change occurs throughout the life span. Thus, in terms of the early-versus-later-experience issue described earlier in the chapter, Freud viewed early experiences as far more important than later experiences, whereas Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.
In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development unfold as we go through life (see Figure 12). At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. The more successfully individuals resolve these crises, the healthier their development will be.
ERIKSON'S EIGHT LIFE-SPAN STAGES.Like Freud, Erikson proposed that individuals go through distinct, universal stages of development. Thus, in terms of the continuity-discontinuity issue discussed in this chapter, both favor the discontinuity side of the debate. Notice that the timing of Erikson's first four stages is similar to that of Freud's stages. What are the implications of saying that people go through stages of development?
Trust versus mistrust is Erikson's first psychosocial stage, which is experienced in the first year of life. Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good ...
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
Compare and Discuss the Differences between Jean Piaget’s Stages of .pdfalvisguyjhiy
Compare and Discuss the Differences between Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development and Erik
Erickson’s. Which theory do you believe is more closely associated with your own beliefs.
***PSYCHOLOGY
Solution
Development psychology has undergone many changes since the beginning of the 20th century.
Most early theorists influenced the field of psychology significantly. Notable theorist whose
impact determines child psychology and early childhood education are Jean Piaget and Erik
Erikson
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
The theory proposed by Piaget focuses on the various stages of a child where transition from one
stage to the other follows a sequence. He developed the stages with key ideas as his building
blocks. It is necessary to look into the concepts that form the bases of his theory. Firstly is the
issue of schemata that he conceptualized as the mental structure that represents the world.
Through the learning process, children change their schemata by adapting, due to assimilation
and accommodation. Assimilation adds new information to the existing schemata while
adaptation modifies new information into the schemata. Ideally, there is balance between
assimilation and accommodation to ensure equilibrium.
From the above ideas, he developed the four stages through observation of children. He believed
all children passed through the stages sequentially throughout their lifetime. The stages are
divided based on age and abilities accompanying them. He divided the stages into four.
Sensorimotor stage: This represents the period from infancy and up to two years of age. At this
period, movement and application of senses takes place. Additionally, mental images begin to
form while images of objects remain engrained in the child’s mind.
Preoperational period: It takes place between two and seven years where symbolic thoughts
develop. Reasoning is nonetheless shallow. Measurement abilities are equally low even when
features of objects change.
Concrete stage: Children between the ages of seven to eleven learn to reason and perform mental
problems on numbers; the children also look into problems from different perspectives and can
reverse activities mentally.
Formal operation stage: It occurs from eleven years of age to adulthood. Abstract thinking takes
center stage. Similarly, in this stage hypothesis formation and deduced reasoning become easier
to understand.
Eric Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory
He developed his theory much later than Piaget did, but he also dealt in development with eight
unique stages across the life of a person. New hurdles characterized each stage; the way the
person deals with hurdles at a stage determines the aftermath. Consequently, naming of the
stages occurred with the likely outcomes in mind. The stages include:
Trust vs. mistrust: Occurs in children below the age of one. The theory posits that, in this stage,
the infant is totally dependent on parents and caregivers. Thus, trust is established when the
inf.
3. Erikson‟s „psychosocial’ term is derived from
the two source words – namely psychological
or the root, „psycho’ relating to the mind, brain,
personality etc. and „social’ or external
relationships and environment, both at the heart
of Erikson‟s theory.
4. Development proceeds in stages
Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial
challenge or crisis
Stages reflect the motivation of the individual
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory
5. Erikson‟s Theory
Erikson‟s view was that the social environment combined with biological
maturation provides each individual with a set of “crises” that must be
resolved.
The individual is provided with a "sensitive period" in which to
successfully resolve each crisis before a new crisis is presented.
The results of the resolution, whether successful or not, are carried
forward to the next crisis and provide the foundation for its resolution.
His developmental theory of the "Eight Stages of Man" was unique in that it
covered the entire lifespan rather than childhood and adolescent development.
6. Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Human
Development
1 - Trust vs. mistrust
2 - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3 - Initiative vs. guilt
4 - Industry vs. inferiority
5 - Identity vs. identity confusion
6 - Intimacy vs. isolation
7 - Generativity vs. stagnation
8 - Integrity vs. despair
7. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages
1 - Trust vs. Mistrust
0–1 years
2 - Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt
1–3 years
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt
3–5 years
Developed through
consistent love and support
Independence fostered
by support and
encouragement
Developed by exploring
and accepting challenges
8. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages
4 - Industry vs.
Inferiority
6 years–puberty
5 - Identity vs. Role
Confusion
Adolescence
Mastery comes from
success and recognition
Exploration of different
paths to attain a healthy
identity
9. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages
6 - Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Early adult years
7 - Generativity vs.
Stagnation
Middle Adulthood
8 - Integrity vs. Despair
Late Adulthood
Life review and
retrospective
evaluation
of one’s past
Form positive, close
relationships with
others
Transmitting something
positive to the next
generation
10. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages
• According to Erikson‟s life-span/psychosocial development
theory, if a toddler is punished harshly or restrained severely, he
or she will likely develop which trait?
• During which of Erikson‟s stages is a person expected to focus
his or her efforts on transmitting something positive to the next
generation?
11. References
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
• Erikson, E. H. (1958). Young Man Luther. New York: Norton.
• Erikson, E. H., Paul, I. H., Heider, F., & Gardner, R. W. (1959). Psychological
issues (Vol. 1). International Universities Press.
• Erikson, E. H. (Ed.). (1963). Youth: Change and challenge. Basic books.
• Erikson, E. H. (1964). Insight and Responsibility. New York: Norton.
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.
