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Ergonomics
- 1. 1 Ergonomics for the "General Practitioner" CindyBurt, MS, OTR/L, CPE Injury Prevention Program Manager UCLA
- 2. 2 Learning Objectives o Defineergonomics o Identify high return interventions o Sell ergonomics
- 3. History of Ergonomics oIndustrial Revolution o Steel industry (shovels) o Henry Ford o Assembly line design o Frank and Lillian Gilbreth o Micro-motion studies (i.e. today’s surgical techniques)
- 4. History of Ergonomics oWorld Wars o Aircraft, weapon design o Cold War o Nuclear power plants o Today o Industry, hospitals, offices, product design
- 5. 5 Ergonomics Today Matching thejob, work tools, and workplace to the worker.
- 6. 6 Ergonomics Employee Concerns – Comfort –Fatigue – Injuries – Job satisfaction • Decreased boredom • Decreased stress • Reasonable workloads Employer Concerns – Worker’s comp costs – Productivity – Errors – Products – Profit
- 7. Results of PoorErgonomic Design o Discomfort and fatigue o Injuries and accidents
- 8. Musculoskeletal Disorders o Necks oBacks o Arm and hand o Knee and foot
- 9. 9 What Causes TheseInjuries? Force Personal Environment Posture Repetition Risk Factors
- 10. Poor Ergonomics o Decreasedefficiency o Decreased productivity o Errors
- 11. Poor Ergonomic Design oTurnover o Absenteeism o Job avoidance
- 12. How Do IGet Started? o Pick your fights o Sell your service
- 13. 13 What Should ILook For? Awkward postures Repetition Force
- 14. 14 Where Should ILook? Offices and Telecommuters
- 15. 15 Where Should ILook? Laboratories
- 16. 16 Where Should ILook? Hospitals
- 17. 17 Where Should ILook? Facilities
- 18. 18 Where Should ILook? Shops
- 19. 19 Where Should ILook? Grounds
- 20. 20 Where Should ILook? o Housekeeping o Dining o Housing o Student stores
- 21. 21 What Can ErgonomicsDo? • ↓ discomfort • ↓ accidents and injuries • ↑ accuracy • ↑ efficiency • ↑ satisfaction • ↑ job retention
- 22. 22 How Do IStart? Identify problems – Complaints of discomfort – Symptom surveys – Near misses – Accidents – Injuries – Errors – High turnover
- 23. 23 What Tools CanI Use? • Anthropometry tables • Body discomfort maps • Hazard check lists • NIOSH Lifting Equation • Washington Ergonomics Lifting Calculator
- 24. What is Anthropometry? Measurementof people o Match size and strength with work environment and tools
- 25. Why Does MatchMatter? o Average is not good enough o Need to consider reaches and clearances
- 26. Who Should WeMatch? o Central 90 percent o Disregard extreme body sizes o Try to fit males/females from 20-65 yrs
- 27. What is theGolden Rule? Design so the small woman can reach, and the large man can fit. S. Konz
- 28. What Rule WouldYou Use Here? Design so the small woman can reach, and the large man can fit. S. Konz
- 29. What Rule WouldYou Use Here? Design so the small woman can reach, and the large man can fit.
- 30. Accommodating Reach • Howlow can we place materials these workers have to reach? • How high can a shelf be placed holding work materials? Golden Rule: Place objects between knee and shoulder height.
- 31. 31 How Do IMake a Quick Impact? Computer workstations – On-line training – Ergo evaluators
- 32. 32 How Do IMake a Quick Impact? Reduce lifting – Lifting equipment – Job redesign
- 33. 33 Manual Materials Handling oGolden rule – Eliminate lifts o When you can’t – Keep it off the floor – Reduce lifts • Conveyors, dollies • Adjust work flow
- 34. 34 Making a Difference Ifthey have to lift, teach them how! – High risk groups first – Then campus-wide
- 35. How Should YouLift? Stoop Squat Semi-squat
- 36. Stoop o Can getclose to load o Less effort and energy than squatting o Fast ….but it increases strain on low back
- 37. Squat Limits strain onlow back ….but it is difficult to keep load close ….requires increased effort and energy ….and it is inefficient
- 38. Semi-Squat Lift o Lesswork o Preferred for lifting heavy objects on occasional basis
- 39. Squat and Semi-SquatLifts o More protective of back o Preferred by injured workers
- 40. 40 There are no“right” or “correct” ways to sit, stand or lift.... However, there are more and less demanding ways!
- 41. 41 Keep It Simple oStaggered stance o Keep it close
- 42. 42 Keep It Simple oBuild a Bridge o Feet first
- 43. 43 Build a Team oErgonomist o Safety professionals o Health care team o Risk management o Rehab counselors o Facilities/Design o Purchasing o Managers o Employees
- 44. 44 It’s all aboutdollars… o Average cost /CTS claim = $37,552 or… o Average cost /back injury = $47,954 or… WC Research Institute for CA Claims 1,565 pizzas (1 pizza/week for 30 years)
- 45. 45 Prove Your Value! Forevery direct dollar spent –OSHA estimates »$3-7 indirect dollars spent –Liberty Mutual estimates »$2-5 indirect dollars spent
- 46. 46 MSD Costs Injury TypeDirect Costs Indirect Costs Total Costs CTS $17,000 $350/lost day $11-112,000 Neck/back strain $32,000 $350/lost day $38-225,000 UCLA statistics
- 47. 47 Cost Justification -Injuries
- 48.
- 49. 49 Cost Justification -Regulatory
- 50. 50 It’s the Law! CACode of Regulations 5110 Repetitive Motion Injurieso Scope – 2 injuries within 12 months – Identical work activity o Response – Worksite evaluation – Exposure control and training o Training requirements – Review ergonomics program – Exposures – Symptoms/injuries and reporting guidelines – Methods used to minimize repetitive motion injuries
- 51. 51 Useful References o Fundamentalsof Industrial Hygiene, 3rd Edition. National Safety Council Pgs. 283-334 o Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2nd Edition. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pgs. 702-765
- 52. 52 Useful References o TheOccupational Environmental – Its Evaluation and Control, 2nd Edition, AIHA, Section 4, The Human Environment at Work. o Kodak’s Ergonomic Design for People at Work, 2nd Edition, Chengalur, Rodgers and Bernard, 2004. o Fitting the Task to the Human, 5th Edition, Kroemer & Grandjean, 1997.
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- 55. 55 Useful Internet Sites www.niehs.nih.gov/odhsb/ergoguid/home.htm www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Topics/Ergonomics/default.asp www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/ www.bcpe.org(Board of Certification in Professional Ergonomics) www.hfes.org (Human Factors Society)
- 56. 56 Thank you! Cindy Burt,MS, OTR/L, CPE UCLA Injury Prevention Program Manager 501 Westwood Plaza 4th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90095-1605 burt@ehs.ucla.edu www.ergonomics.ucla.edu 310-794-5329
Editor's Notes
- #2 <number> Intro How many people know something about ergonomics? Can they brainstorm words that relate to ergonomics? Neither industry nor research university settings are immune to ergo problems.
- #3 <number> Goal of this program is to teach participants basic concepts of ergonomics so you can incorporate them into your health and safety agenda at your facility.
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- #9 <number> There are several commonly known musculoskeletal injuries that can be avoided with use of ergonomics. These are also known as cumulative trauma disorders and repetitive strain disorders
- #10 There are several risk factors leading to MSDs.
- #11 <number> The effects of the risk factors associated with the development of WMSDs (primarily force, posture and repetition) have been validated throughout history. Archaeological digs at an ancient Mayan toolmaking factory in Belize uncovered skeletal remains with distinct wear-and-tear damage to the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints of the dominant hand. These discoveries were indicative of long hours repeatedly hammering stones to make tools. Industrial hygiene issues and WMSDs were first identified as a significant cause of occupational disease/injury nearly 300 years ago by Bernardino Rammazzini, the father of occupational medicine. He identified that certain diseases were attributed to “irregular motions” and “unnatural postures” which over time lead to discomfort, pain or impaired function. Fortunately, the discomfort and pain “gradually develop” which means that time exists to stop the progression and reverse the process if we intervene early and proactively. In 1918, Alice Hamilton identified Raynaud’s disease (a numbness and whitening of the fingers) as a problem among men using airhammers to cut stone. She associated the disease to three cause: duration of force in holding the tool, vibration and cold. She also noted that the severity of the disease increased as the total exposure time increased. Despite the early connection between occupation and disease, it wasn’t until World War II that engineers began to design cockpits to fit the size of most pilots and match capabilities to vision and sound. Excerpted from Safety and Health, June 1995
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- #13 <number> You can’t be everywhere and do everything, so invest your energy into the areas where there are high levels of injuries. It is crucial to have management support and involvement. You will always need to be actively “selling” your program.
- #14 <number> Look for the high risk activities we have mentioned.
- #15 <number> Ergonomic issues in offices are frequently related to visual and physical targets. Don’t forget to observe unusual things such as demonstrated above with the employee awkwardly using a stamp.
- #16 <number> Laboratory workers notoriously work long hours in poorly designed facilities. Pipetting and microscope work involve all 3 risk factors.
- #17 <number> Although lifting patients is the most common ergonomics problem in hospitals, there are other risks to consider.
- #18 <number> These are problems that I have encountered while at UT Houston.
- #19 <number> There are ergonomic problems in most areas with a high level of materials handling.
- #20 <number> There are ergonomic problems in most areas with a high level of materials handling.
- #21 <number> There are ergonomic problems in most areas with a high level of materials handling.
- #22 <number> Ergonomics is more than making workers comfortable. Ergonomics can save money and increase worker safety.
- #23 <number> Complaints of discomfort and symptom surveys are often the first sign of problems. Don’t forget to consider other safety issues as near misses, accidents and injuries. High turnover can often indicate a job that is dangerous or difficult to do. Errors and accuracy are also affected bu job design and performance expectations.
- #24 <number> There are many tools ergonomists use to match workers with their work. Here are some samples. Some are included in your manual.
- #25 <number> Anthropometrics is a tool you can use to set up work environments without having to measure everyone in your particular workforce. However, remember that there are several databases available. Select one that closely matches the your work force.
- #26 <number> Design has to consider all issues including reaches and clearances.
- #27 <number> You can’t realistically fit everyone. So try to set up work for the middle 90% of workers. Ask tall and short volunteer to get up in front of group and compare reaches.
- #28 <number> Design has to consider all issues including reaches and clearances.
- #29 <number> Design has to consider all issues including reaches and clearances.
- #30 <number> Design has to consider all issues including reaches and clearances.
- #31 <number> This slide demonstrates the ranges for placing objects when working. The tallest and smallest workers are at a distinct disadvantage.
- #32 <number> Eliminating the risk is the best solution. Back injuries are expensive claims.
- #33 <number> Eliminating the risk is the best solution. Back injuries are expensive claims.
- #34 <number> Reduce lifting when it can’t be eliminated.
- #35 <number> Training is one way to reduce risk. Try to do training frequently and take advantage of all opportunities, no matter how small.
- #36 <number> Have everyone stand and take their pulse for 15 seconds and multiply it by 4. Write it down. Then have them lift using a squat technique for 20 repetitions and re-measure pulse. Have them write it down.
- #37 <number> Advantages of different lifts.
- #38 <number> Advantages of different lifts.
- #39 <number> Advantages of different lifts.
- #40 <number> Advantages of different lifts.
- #42 <number> Training is one of the ways to reduce injuries, but keep it simple. Employees don’t know about ergo Back belts can be bad
- #43 <number> Training is one of the ways to reduce injuries, but keep it simple.
- #44 <number> An effective team is composed of many disciplines bringing a variety of expertise to solve ergonomic problems and improve the workplace. Latin:ergon – work and strength nomos – law or rule 1957 – North American scientist and engineers recognized the field as human factors. Before 1957 ergonomics were disregarded in military human machines.
- #52 <number> Sections in books where info was obtained for presentation.
- #53 <number> Sections in books where info was obtained for presentation.
- #54 <number> Good ergonomics websites
- #55 <number> Good ergonomics websites.
- #56 <number> Good ergonomics websites.
- #57 <number>