ergonomia, movimentazione carchi manuale e movimenti ripetitivi ENG.pdf

ERGONOMICS
www.seagruppo.it
Translated by: Bruno Giovagnoli

LEGISLATIVE DECREE 9th April 2008, no. 81
TITLE 2 – WORKPLACES
Article 15 – Protection measures
Paragraph 1 letter d)
Always respect ergonomic principles in the work organization, in the
design of workplaces, in the choice of equipment and in the definition of
work and production methods, and always try to reduce the health effects
of monotonous and repetitive work.
www.seagruppo.it Ergonomics

LEGISLATIVE DECREE 9th April 2008, no. 81
TITLE 2 – WORKPLACES
Article 2 – Definitions
Health: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,
not consisting merely in an absence of disease or infirmity
Ergonomics:????

Article 32 - Professional skills and requirements of employees and managers
of internal and external prevention and protection services
[...]The worker must have a certificate of attendance, with learning
verification, in specific training courses regarding prevention and
protection from risks, including risks of ergonomic nature and
caused by work-related stress.[...]

Article 71- Health and safety requirements
6. The employer takes the necessary measures so that the
workplace and the working stations during the use of the equipment
have the necessary safety requirements and comply with
ergonomic principles.

Article 76 - PPE requirements
[...]Take into account the worker’s ergonomic or health needs.

Article 111 - Employer's obligations in the use of equipment for work at
heights
1.The employer, in cases where temporary work at height cannot be performed
safely and under ergonomic conditions, the first one being a place suitable for the
purpose, chooses the most suitable work equipment to guarantee and maintain safe
working conditions, in compliance with the following criteria [...]
4. The same employer provides for the use of a seat equipped with specific
accessories based on the outcome of the risk assessment and, in particular, the
duration of the work and constraints of ergonomic nature.

TITLE 6 - MANUAL HANDLING OF LOADS
Article 167
Manual handling of loads: the operations of transporting or supporting a load by one
or more workers, including the actions of lifting, placing, pushing, pulling, carrying or
moving a load, which, due to their characteristics or as a consequence of
unfavorable ergonomic conditions, involve risks of biomechanical overload
pathologies, in particular back-lumbar ones.

TITLE 7 - VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS
Article 174
1. The employer, when carrying out the risk assessment referred to in Article 28,
analyzes the jobs with particular attention to:
a) risks related to the sight and the eyes;
b) posture related problems and physical or mental fatigue;
c) ergonomic conditions and environmental hygiene

PROTECTION OF WORKERS FROM RISKS OF EXPOSURE TO VIBRATIONS
Article 203 – prevention and protection measures
The choice of adequate work equipment, designed in compliance
with ergonomic principles, and which produce, taking into account
the work to be carried out, the lowest possible level of vibrations.

Adaptat working and living conditions to the physiological and
psychological characteristics of human beings, in relation to their
physical, socio-cultural and technological environment with the
objectives of ensuring safety, health, effectiveness and well-being.

Scientific discipline that studies the interactions between humans and other
elements of a system, and the profession that applies theories, principles, data,
and methods to design for the purpose of optimizing human well-being and
the entire system performance.

Ergonomics
Environment Machinery
Human being

Between 0.5% and 2% of the GDP of
individual European countries
(European Agency) is linked to
healthcare, lost production,
replacement at work
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

Acute low back pain
Very frequent pathology that affects a large part of the population
(80% of individuals suffer from at least one episode in their life) with
main symptoms represented by strong pain on one or both sides of
the back, with possible radiation towards the thigh and below the knee
(lumbosciatica) and muscle stiffness which can also lead to the
immobilization of the subject.
DORSO-LUMBAR MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

Disc protrusion
It essentially consists in the breaking of the
innermost fibers of the annulus (fibro-
cartilaginous ring), with consequent
displacement of the nucleus pulposus without
the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus itself
outside the annulus.
Nucleus pulposus

Herniated disc
The difference between hernia and
protrusion is that in the former the
annulus is also cracked in the
outermost part and the nucleus
pulposus completely goes beyond
it.

Load characteristics
The manual handling of a load can cause biomechanical overload pathologies, in
particular back-lumbar pathologies in the following cases:
• the load is too heavy;
• it is bulky or difficult to grasp;
• it is in unstable equilibrium or its contents risk shifting;
• is placed in a position such that it must be held or handled at a certain distance
from the trunk or with a twist or inclination of the trunk;
• may, due to its external structure and/or consistency, cause injury to the worker,
particularly in the event of a collision.
ANNEX 33
MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR THE SPINE

Characteristics of the working environment
The characteristics of the work environment can increase the risk of biomechanical
overload pathologies, in particular back-lumbar pathologies in the following cases:
• the free space, particularly vertical, is insufficient to perform the requested activity;
• the floor is uneven, therefore presents trip hazards or is slippery
• the work place or environment does not allow the worker to manually handle loads
at a safe height or in a good position;
• the floor or work surface has unevenness which requires handling the load at
different levels;
• the floor or support point is unstable;
• the temperature, humidity or ventilation is inadequate
ANNEX 33

Needs related to the activity
The activity may pose a risk of biomechanical overload pathologies, in particular
back-lumbar pathologies if it involves one or more of the following needs:
• physical efforts that particularly stress the spine, too frequent or too prolonged;
• insufficient breaks and physiological recovery periods;
• heavy lifting, lowering or transport distances;
• a rhythm imposed by a process that cannot be controlled by the worker
ANNEX 33

Individual risk factors
Without prejudice to the provisions of current legislation regarding the protection and
support of maternity and the protection of young people at work, the worker may run
a risk in the following cases:
• physical unfitness to carry out the task in question, also taking into account gender
and age differences;
• inappropriate clothing, footwear or other personal effects worn by the worker;
• insufficiency or inadequacy of knowledge, education or training
ANNEX 33

USEFUL ADVICE
Wrong! Correct!

TITLE 6 - MANUAL HANDLING OF LOADS
Article 167
Movement manual of loads: the operations of transporting or supporting a load by
one or more workers, including the actions of lifting, pushing, pulling, carrying or
moving a load, which, due to their characteristics or as a consequence of
unfavorable ergonomic conditions, could carry risks of biomechanical overload
pathologies, particularly back-lumbar ones.

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS OF THE UPPER LIMBS
Shoulder - scapulohumeral periarthritis
It is a disease that involves the joint
of the shoulder. It initially presents with light
pain in the shoulder, often onset at night,
then with difficulty in carrying out some arm
movements and, over time, if left untreated,
can lead to almost total blockage of the joint
(frozen shoulder).

UPPER LIMBS PATHOLOGIES
Elbow - epicondylitis
It is often caused by repeated pronations
and supinations of the elbow and extensions
of the wrist.
It is an inflammation of the tendon that starts
from the epicondyle of the humerus.

Wrist - Carpal tunnel syndrome
It is due to compression of the median nerve
as it passes through the carpal tunnel.
It manifests itself with tingling and a
sensation of numbness in the first three
fingers of the hand, and part of the fourth
toe which appear especially in the morning
and/or during the night; subsequently pain
appears which also radiates to the forearm
with loss of sensitivity in the fingers and
strength of the hand.

Hand - Tendinitis
The predominant symptom of tendinitis
is pain during movement. The tendon
may appear swollen and in more severe
forms it may be impossible to carry out
movements.

MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR THE UPPER LIMBS
• Prolonged duration of the work task
• Frequency and/or repetitiveness of work actions
• High force used
• Insufficient recovery times

Incongruous postures

Inadequate socket type

Complementary factors
• high precision
• localized compressions of anatomical structures
• cold exposure
• use of inappropriate individual devices (e.g. gloves)
• actions that involve backlash
• use of vibrating tools

• Frequency of work actions greater than 45-50 actions per minute.
• Use of force that exceeds 50% of the maximum voluntary contraction
(50% of the maximum force that can be developed by a subject).
• Work with the arms, for prolonged periods, at shoulder height or higher.
• Carrying out overloading repetitive tasks especially if they last the entire
shift and there are not an adequate number of breaks during the working
day.
INDICATORS THAT IDENTIFY RISK SITUATIONS

www.seagruppo.it
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
SEA Gruppo Srl
Via Paolo Borsellino, 12/d - 61032 Fano (PU)
Tel. 0721 860053 - Fax 0721 862852
Translated by: Bruno Giovagnoli

ergonomia, movimentazione carchi manuale e movimenti ripetitivi ENG.pdf

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