After major reductions, field-based enforcement still exerts significant and sizeable negative effects on deforestation at the local scale; Reason may not be the fine itself, but the host of economic implications that arise from having received one (embargo, etc.); Signs of “avoidance behavior”, i.e. small-scale deforestation increasing in response to enforcement that targets large-scale deforestation less pronounced than suggested by previous analyses; Average operational costs per fine are at about R$4650 and thus probably still lower than the environmental benefit of avoided deforestation measured at carbon offset price values