The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations. The total number of Parties to the Treaty is now 50.
The oceans had long been subject to the freedom of-the-seas doctrine - a principle put forth in the seventeenth century essentially limiting national rights and jurisdiction over the oceans to a narrow belt of sea surrounding a nation's coastline. The remainder of the seas was proclaimed to be free to all and belonging to none. While this situation prevailed into the twentieth century, by mid-century there was an impetus to extend national claims over offshore resources. There was growing concern over the toll taken on coastal fish stocks by long-distance fishing fleets and over the threat of pollution and wastes from transport ships and oil tankers carrying noxious cargoes that plied sea routes across the globe. The hazard of pollution was ever present, threatening coastal resorts and all forms of ocean life. The navies of the maritime powers were competing to maintain a presence across the globe on the surface waters and even under the sea……..
The oceans were generating a multitude of claims, counterclaims and sovereignty disputes.
The hope was for a more stable order, promoting greater use and better management of ocean resources and generating harmony and goodwill among States that would no longer have to eye each other suspiciously over conflicting claims……
On 1 November 1967, Malta's Ambassador to the United Nations, Arvid Pardo, asked the nations of the world to look around them and open their eyes to a looming conflict that could devastate the oceans, the lifeline of man's very survival……..
The Conference was convened in New York in 1973. It ended nine years later with the adoption in 1982 of a constitution for the seas - the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. During those nine years, shuttling back and forth between New York and Geneva, representatives of more than 160 sovereign States sat down and discussed the issues, bargained and traded national rights and obligations in the course of the marathon negotiations that produced the Convention.
Remenants of war and unexploded explosives pose a great hazard to peace ans stability. IHL has devoted considerable thought to there grave consequesnces. This presentation is a study in that regard.
Admiralty & Maritime Law Pittsburgh - Moschetta Law Firmmoschettalaw
Looking to learn more about Admiralty and Maritime Law? This presentation touches on the Jones Act, Defense Base Act and More. If you have specific questions please feel free to call us at 877-472-1578
The oceans had long been subject to the freedom of-the-seas doctrine - a principle put forth in the seventeenth century essentially limiting national rights and jurisdiction over the oceans to a narrow belt of sea surrounding a nation's coastline. The remainder of the seas was proclaimed to be free to all and belonging to none. While this situation prevailed into the twentieth century, by mid-century there was an impetus to extend national claims over offshore resources. There was growing concern over the toll taken on coastal fish stocks by long-distance fishing fleets and over the threat of pollution and wastes from transport ships and oil tankers carrying noxious cargoes that plied sea routes across the globe. The hazard of pollution was ever present, threatening coastal resorts and all forms of ocean life. The navies of the maritime powers were competing to maintain a presence across the globe on the surface waters and even under the sea……..
The oceans were generating a multitude of claims, counterclaims and sovereignty disputes.
The hope was for a more stable order, promoting greater use and better management of ocean resources and generating harmony and goodwill among States that would no longer have to eye each other suspiciously over conflicting claims……
On 1 November 1967, Malta's Ambassador to the United Nations, Arvid Pardo, asked the nations of the world to look around them and open their eyes to a looming conflict that could devastate the oceans, the lifeline of man's very survival……..
The Conference was convened in New York in 1973. It ended nine years later with the adoption in 1982 of a constitution for the seas - the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. During those nine years, shuttling back and forth between New York and Geneva, representatives of more than 160 sovereign States sat down and discussed the issues, bargained and traded national rights and obligations in the course of the marathon negotiations that produced the Convention.
Remenants of war and unexploded explosives pose a great hazard to peace ans stability. IHL has devoted considerable thought to there grave consequesnces. This presentation is a study in that regard.
Admiralty & Maritime Law Pittsburgh - Moschetta Law Firmmoschettalaw
Looking to learn more about Admiralty and Maritime Law? This presentation touches on the Jones Act, Defense Base Act and More. If you have specific questions please feel free to call us at 877-472-1578
This is 10% of my NMD design consultancy portfolio. A summary of the first 16 years of my professional experience as a product designer. A small part of the overall production that was recently digitalized. Only the last slide has a single image that tries to shrink the application of basic design concepts in the development of 10 new IT business ventures from 1993 to 2013. Thus the choice of this title, showing that it took me 34 years to learn a few steps about the reality of Design Thinking, which I used in the last 20 years of my Business Development experience. All the business summarized in that last slide, represent service solutions for the Loyalty and Prepaid verticals.
Creating unforgettable customer experiences by Philip WhittakerNUS-ISS
ISS Service Innovation Leadership conference - 'Service Excellence in the Omni-channel Era' Presentation by Philip Whittaker, Chief Marketing Officer, Themed Attractions and Resorts, on 11 Nov 2014.
www.iss.nus.edu.sg/Omnichannel
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies
Presentation by Justin Ordoyo
University of the Philippines College of Law
Exclusive Economic Zone and Sustainable Ocean.pptxS M Masum Billah
The lecture focuses on the regime of the exclusive economic zone under the UNCLOS and discusses its various uses and implications for sustainable ocean management by referring to case laws.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. The Antarctic Treaty
Presented By : -
Miss. Sayali Agine. 02
&
Mr. Rajesh Mhade. 20
Submitted To : -
Prof. Jayesh Shirke.
VSMSIBM Khed.
2. There are currently around 10,000 people based on stations in the
Antarctic in summer, falling to about 1,000 in winter. The largest UK
facility is Rothera Research Station, on Adelaide Island, which
currently has a complement of up to 120 in summer and 21 in winter.
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3. Antarctica is the largest and most pristine wilderness on Earth, and an unrivalled
natural laboratory for scientific research.The continent has been protected for 50
years by a unique international agreement – the AntarcticTreaty.
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4. Introduction
The origins of the AntarcticTreaty can be traced back to the late 1950s,
and the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. Scientific
research in Antarctica was a major focus for the IGY and the continent
became the centre for a global scientific effort involving some 67
counties. The IGY was a tremendous success, as not only did it produce
highly important scientific results, but it showed that nations could co-
operate and work together peacefully inAntarctica.
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5. The USA proposed that the twelve nations involved in the IGY – Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, UK,
USA, and the USSR (now the Russian Federation) – should meet to discuss how
international co-operation and freedom of science in Antarctica could be
continued. After a year of closed discussions, the 12 nations signed the Antarctic
Treaty on 1st December 1959, which came into force on 23rd June 1961.
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6. The major provisions of the Antarctic Treaty are:
• Antarctica is only to be used for peaceful purposes, although
military personnel may be involved in logistical support
• There is freedom of scientific investigation and co-operation
• Scientific information, data and personnel can be freely
exchanged
• Territorial claims are ‘frozen’ and new ones cannot be made
• Nuclear explosions and radioactive waste disposal are banned
• All stations and equipment are open to inspection by any
Treaty nation at any time
• The Treaty covers all areas south of latitude 60º south..
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7. •The Antarctic Treaty remains in force indefinitely and is recognized
as one of the most successful of all international agreements. Since
1959, the number of countries which have signed the Treaty has risen
from the original 12 to a total of 49 in 2011.
•As well as the original Treaty, the Treaty nations have agreed a series
of other measures to conserve wildlife living on and around
Antarctica, such as the conservation of seals and management of
fishing activity.
•Agreements are also in place to protect the environment, including a
prohibition of all minerals related activity (except for science).
•Together, the Treaty and its associated agreements are known as the
Antarctic Treaty System. Competing
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8. Country
Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Belarus, Belgium, Brazil
Bulgaria, Canada,
Chile,China, Colombia, Cuba,
Czech Republic,
Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,
India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, M
onaco, Netherlands, New
Zealand, North Korea,
Norway , Pakistan, Papua,
New Guinea,
Peru, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
South Africa, South Korea,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, Ukraine, United
Kingdom , United States,
Parties involve in ATS
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9. Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes
only (Art. I)
Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica
and cooperation toward that end … shall
continue (Art. II).
Scientific observations and results from Antarctica
shall be exchanged and made freely available (Art.
III).
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10. Article IV
Nothing contained in the present Treaty shall be interpreted as:
No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in
force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a
claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights
of sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an
existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be
asserted while the present Treaty is in force.
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11. Article V
1. Any nuclear explosions in Antarctica and the disposal there of
radioactive waste material shall be prohibited.
2. In the event of the conclusion of international agreements concerning
the use of nuclear energy, including nuclear explosions and the disposal of
radioactive waste material, to which all of the Contracting Parties whose
representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for
under Article IX are parties, the rules established under such agreements
shall apply in Antarctica.
Article VI
The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of 60 deg.
South Latitude, including all ice shelves, but nothing in the present Treaty
shall prejudice or in any way affect the rights, or the exercise of the rights,
of any State under international law with regard to the high seas within that
area.
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12. Article VII
1.Treaty shall have the right to designate observers to carry out any
inspection provided for by the present Article.
2. Each observer designated in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph 1 of this Article shall have complete freedom of access at
any time to any or all areas of Antarctica.
ArticleVIII
1. In order to facilitate the exercise of their functions under the
present Treaty, and without prejudice to the respective positions of
the Contracting Parties relating to jurisdiction over all other persons
in Antarctica, observers designated under paragraph 1 of Article VII
and scientific personnel exchanged under sub-paragraph 1(b) of
Article III of the Treaty, and members of the staffs accompanying
any such persons, shall be subject only to the jurisdiction of the
Contracting Party of which they are nationals in respect of all acts
or omissions occurring while they are in Antarctica for the purpose
of exercising their functions.3/27/2014 26raj VSIM KHED
13. Article IX
1. Representatives of the Contracting Parties named in the
preamble to the present Treaty shall meet at the City of
Canberra within two months after the date of entry into force of
the Treaty, and thereafter at suitable intervals and places, for
the purpose of exchanging information, consulting together on
matters of common interest pertaining to Antarctica, and
formulating and considering, and recommending to their
Governments, measures in furtherance of the principles and
objectives of the Treaty, including measures regarding:
a. use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only;
b. facilitation of scientific research in Antarctica;
c. facilitation of international scientific cooperation in Antarctica;
d. facilitation of the exercise of the rights of inspection provided for
in Article VII of the Treaty;
e. questions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction in Antarctica;
f. preservation and conservation of living resources in Antarctica.
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14. Article X
Each of the Contracting Parties undertakes to exert appropriate efforts,
consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, to the end that no one
engages in any activity in Antarctica contrary to the principles or purposes
of the present Treaty.
Article XI
1. If any dispute arises between two or more of the Contracting Parties
concerning the interpretation or application of the present Treaty, those
Contracting Parties shall consult among themselves with a view to having
the dispute resolved by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation,
arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice.
2. Any dispute of this character not so resolved shall, with the consent, in
each case, of all parties to the dispute, be referred to the International
Court of Justice for settlement; but failure to reach agreement on reference
to the International Court shall not absolve parties to the dispute from the
responsibility of continuing to seek to resolve it by any of the various
peaceful means referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.
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15. Article XII
The present Treaty may be modified or amended at any time by
unanimous agreement of the Contracting Parties whose representatives
are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX. Any
such modification or amendment shall enter into force when the
depositary Government has received notice from all such Contracting
Parties that they have ratified it.
Article XIII
The present Treaty shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States.
It shall be open for accession by any State which is a Member of the
United Nations, or by any other State which may be invited to accede
to the Treaty with the consent of all the Contracting Parties whose
representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for
under Article IX of the Treaty.
Article XIV
The present Treaty, done in the English, French, Russian and Spanish
languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the
archives of the Government of the United States of America, which shall
transmit duly certified copies thereof to the Governments of the signatory3/27/2014 29raj VSIM KHED
16. Protection of the Antarctic environment has been a
central theme in the cooperation among Antarctic
Treaty Parties.
In 1964, the ATCM adopted Agreed Measures for
the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora.
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17. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
has published a thorough report on Antarctic
Climate Change. 100 scientists from 13 countries
contribute
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18. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the
Antarctic Treaty was signed in Madrid on October 4,
1991 and entered into force in 1998.
It designates Antarctica as a “natural reserve, devoted
to peace and science” (Art. 2).
Article 3 of the Environment Protocol sets forth basic
principles applicable to human activities in Antarctica
and Article 7 prohibits all activities relating to
Antarctic mineral resources, except for scientific
research.
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19. The primary objective in protecting the antarctic is to avoid or
minimize disturbance by human activity. The principles
recommended by SCAR to achieve this comprise:
The conservation of the diversity and integrity of natural phenomena
and systems, both in the context of the antarctic and planet earth;
Preservation of the genetic diversity of indigenous biota by ensuring
that adequate representative populations of animals and plants are
maintained in situ;
Prevention of the introduction and establishment of non-indigenous
species to the greatest extent possible;
Conservation of unique natural features, localities or complexes of
features and sites of historical importance, which should remain
undisturbed;
Protection of cultural values, such as scenic beauty and inspirational
quality, wilderness status and recreational potential.3/27/2014 33raj VSIM KHED