Global warming, also known as the greenhouse effect, received international attention from scientists, environmentalists, and governments around the world. It is caused by gases trapping heat near the earth's surface, warming the planet and threatening the environment.
Many factors contribute to global warming, including overpopulation, industrialization, transportation, and other human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. If temperatures rise significantly, some of the polar ice caps will melt, raising global sea levels and potentially flooding coastlines.
Uncontrolled global warming could cause a major catastrophe by displacing millions of people and ruining croplands with rising seas. It may also cause some low-lying island countries to
The natural pollution and the anthropogenic pollutionJameel Tannous
In this presentation , i collected data about the definitions and examples about the main two differentiated pollution sources and their cooperation in the contamination of the planet.
The natural pollution and the anthropogenic pollutionJameel Tannous
In this presentation , i collected data about the definitions and examples about the main two differentiated pollution sources and their cooperation in the contamination of the planet.
“Change is the Law of Nature”.Climate Change is a reality. It has changed in Past, is changing in Present and will change in Future. The variation and shifts in weather conditions over space and time of different scales and magnitude resulting into
changes of Climatic Type is defined as Climate Change.
The factor that affect climate are,Continental drift,Variation in the earth’s orbit,Plate tectonics,Volcanic activity,Ocean currents,Greenhouse Gases,Atmospheric Aerosols etc. It effect climate in different ways such as Higher Temperatures,Changing Landscapes,Wildlife/Ecosystem at Risk,Ocean acidification /Rising Seas level,Increased Risk of Drought, Fire and Floods,Intensified Storms and Increased Storm Damages,Illness and Disease,Economic Losses,Agriculture Productivity/Food Security etc.
Environmental Studies,Global environmental Issue, Green House Effect, Acid Rain, Global Warming,Depletion Of Ozone layer, climate Change, causes effects * remedies of global warming, acid rain and green house effect
“Change is the Law of Nature”.Climate Change is a reality. It has changed in Past, is changing in Present and will change in Future. The variation and shifts in weather conditions over space and time of different scales and magnitude resulting into
changes of Climatic Type is defined as Climate Change.
The factor that affect climate are,Continental drift,Variation in the earth’s orbit,Plate tectonics,Volcanic activity,Ocean currents,Greenhouse Gases,Atmospheric Aerosols etc. It effect climate in different ways such as Higher Temperatures,Changing Landscapes,Wildlife/Ecosystem at Risk,Ocean acidification /Rising Seas level,Increased Risk of Drought, Fire and Floods,Intensified Storms and Increased Storm Damages,Illness and Disease,Economic Losses,Agriculture Productivity/Food Security etc.
Environmental Studies,Global environmental Issue, Green House Effect, Acid Rain, Global Warming,Depletion Of Ozone layer, climate Change, causes effects * remedies of global warming, acid rain and green house effect
Rain sticks built with recycled objects, for students 12 aged. Palos de lluvia construidos con objetos cotidianos, por alumnado de Secundaria, 12 años.
Trinity Kings World Leadership: God Rebukes Men for Questioning His JusticeTerrell Patillo
Job 38:1-7New International Version (NIV)
The Lord Speaks
38 Then the Lord spoke to Job out of the storm. He said:
2 “Who is this that obscures my plans
with words without knowledge?
3 Brace yourself like a man;
I will question you,
and you shall answer me.
4 “Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation?
Tell me, if you understand.
5 Who marked off its dimensions? Surely you know!
Who stretched a measuring line across it?
6 On what were its footings set,
or who laid its cornerstone—
7 while the morning stars sang together
and all the angels[a] shouted for joy?
Trinity Kings World Leadership: Men of Wisdom Ministry to Men Handbook Part I...Terrell Patillo
This is an extension of Men of Wisdom Ministry to Men Handbook part II (More detailed on how to get God's Wisdom) If you are going to be a King(Leader, Ruler and /or Govern) Proverbs is a hebrew word that means to rule and/or govern. Then you have to have Wisdom...
Trinity Kings World Leadership reported(*Feb 4 2013*) former attorney Milton ...Terrell Patillo
Proverbs 17:23
New International Version (NIV)
23 The wicked accept bribes in secret
to pervert the course of justice.
Exodus 23:8
New International Version (NIV)
8 “Do not accept a bribe, for a bribe blinds those who see and twists the words of the innocent.
Ezra 7:26New International Version (NIV)
26 Whoever does not obey the law of your God and the law of the king must surely be punished by death, banishment, confiscation of property, or imprisonment.
God’s Wrath Against Sinful Humanity
18 The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of people, who suppress the truth by their wickedness, 19 since what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them. 20 For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse.
21 For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles.
24 Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another. 25 They exchanged the truth about God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things rather than the Creator—who is forever praised. Amen.
26 Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts. Even their women exchanged natural sexual relations for unnatural ones. 27 In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another. Men committed shameful acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their error.
28 Furthermore, just as they did not think it worthwhile to retain the knowledge of God, so God gave them over to a depraved mind, so that they do what ought not to be done. 29 They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit and malice. They are gossips, 30 slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant and boastful; they invent ways of doing evil; they disobey their parents; 31 they have no understanding, no fidelity, no love, no mercy. 32 Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things deserve death, they not only continue to do these very things but also approve of those who practice them.
Title_ Air Pollution_ A Silent Threat to Our Health and Environment.pdfartrugrulghazi
Air pollution is a global issue that affects everyone, from the largest metropolis to the smallest rural villages. It is the presence of harmful substances in the air that can pose serious threats to human health, as well as the environment.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETYVEENASHAHI
The thrust of all development activities has been on industrialization, trade and urbanization as symbols of national growth and progress. There is significant relationship between environment and technology and society.
BirdLife International delivers ground-breaking research on the causes of the greenhouse effect, the impacts of climate change and global warming on biodiversity, to inform better decisions on the ground.
By working to conserve and manage forests, peatlands and other habitats, BirdLife’s Partnership of 119 national organisations is helping to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
BirdLife supports renewable energy deployment and delivers solutions to governments, investors and developers to ensure these do not negatively impact nature.
Our work shows that supporting community engagement and action can build the resilience of natural and societal systems.
BirdLife advocates for the importance of healthy ecosystems to be recognised in national, regional and international climate change and development policy.
Environmental Pollution Essays
Pollution Essay
Essay on Pollution in the World
Air Pollution Literature Review
Global Pollution Essay
Essay about Pollution
Essay On Air Pollution
Ocean Pollution Essay
Essay about Pollution
Air pollution Essay example
How To Reduce Pollution Essay
Global Pollution Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
This "Air Pollution" PowerPoint presentation delves into the critical issue of air pollution, exploring its causes, far-reaching effects, and potential solutions. Through compelling visuals and informative content, this presentation seeks to raise awareness about the environmental challenges posed by air pollution and empower audiences with knowledge to drive positive change. Covering topics such as major pollutants, health impacts, urban air quality, and sustainable practices, this presentation equips viewers with a comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding air pollution. Whether you're an educator, student, professional, or concerned citizen, this presentation offers valuable insights to foster informed discussions and inspire actions that contribute to a cleaner, healthier environment for current and future generations.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
3. A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire
world. As globalization continues and the earth's natural
processes transform local problems into international issues,
few societies are being left untouched by major
environmental problems.
Some of the largest problems now affecting the world are:
Acid Rain, Air Pollution, Global Warming, Hazardous Waster,
Ozone Depletion, Smog, Water Pollution, Overpopulation,
and Rain Forest Destruction.
4. Acid Rain
The term acid rain refers
to what scientists call
acid deposition. It is
caused by airborne acidic
pollutants and has highly
destructive results.
Acid rain, one of the most
important environmental
problems of all, cannot be
seen. The invisible gases
that cause acid rain
usually come from
automobiles or coal-
burning power plants.
5. The primary causes of acid rain are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides. These chemicals are released by certain industrial
processes, and as a result, the more industrialized nations of
Europe as well as the US suffer severely from acid rain.
Most sulphur dioxide comes from power plants that use coal as
their fuel. These plants emit 100 million tons of sulphur
dioxide, 70% of that in the world.
Automobiles produce about half of the world's nitrogen
oxide. As the number of automobiles in use increases, so does
the amount of acid rain. Power plants that burn fossil fuels also
contribute significantly to nitrogen oxide emission.
6. Though human causes are thousands of miles. Eventually,
primarily responsible for acid the particles will combine with
rain, natural causes exist as other compounds to produce
well. Fires, volcanic eruptions, new, often harmful, chemicals.
bacterial decomposition, and
lightening also greatly increase Acid rain comes down to the
the amount of nitrogen oxide on earth in the form of rain, snow,
the planet. However, even the hail, fog, frost, or dew. Once it
gigantic explosion of Mt. St. reaches the ground, the acidity in
Helens released only about what the substance can harm and even
one coal power plant emits in a destroy both natural ecosystems
year. and man-made products, such as
Once the tiny pollutant car finishes.
molecules have entered the
atmosphere, they can travel for
7. Acid rain is having harmful effects both on people and on the
natural ecosystems of the world. Scientists today are convinced
that acid rain is severe in many areas, and that it is having an
adverse effect on the environments of those locations.
Acid Rain Affect Aquatic Ecosystem
Many ecosystems are affected by
acid rain. Bodies of water, such as
lakes and rivers, see many of their
inhabitants die off due to rising
acidity levels.
8. Acid Rain Effect on Trees and Plants
Aside from aquatic bodies, acid deposition can significantly
impact forests. As acid rain falls on trees, it can make them
lose their leaves, damage their bark, and stunt their growth.
By damaging these parts of the tree, it makes them
vulnerable to disease, extreme weather, and insects. Acid
falling on a forest’s soil is also harmful because it disrupts
soil nutrients, kills microorganisms in the soil, and can
sometimes cause a calcium deficiency. Trees at high
altitudes are also susceptible to problems induced by acidic
cloud cover as the moisture in the clouds
blankets them.
9. Finally, acid deposition also has an impact on
architecture and art because of its ability to corrode
certain materials. As acid lands on buildings
(especially those constructed with limestone) it reacts
with minerals in the stones sometimes causing it to
disintegrate and wash away. Acid deposition can also
corrode modern buildings, cars, railroad tracks,
airplanes, steel bridges, and pipes
above and below ground.
10. Modern science has proven that acid rain is a dangerous
and highly destructive problem. As a result, various ways to
limit acid rain have been invented, and some are now being used.
There are many ways that power plant companies like
Northern States can reduce acid rain creation. They can use
coal with a low sulphur content, they can remove the sulphur
from smoke their plants release, and they can limit processes
known to generate high levels of acid rain.
Policy makers and environmental experts are now
looking into the best methods to limit acid rain.
11. Environmentalists advocate the installation of
sulphur cleaning scrubbers in factories, washing
sulphur out of coal, and finding new methods of
burning coal. Power plant operators are looking for
less expensive solutions to the problem.
Individuals can help by conserving energy or driving
their cars less. Governments can pass laws
restricting pollution levels, or can use a variety of
methods such as tradable emission permits to reduce
acid rain. Whatever way it is done, acid rain will
certainly have to be limited in the future.
12. Every day, the average person
inhales about 20,000 liters of
air. Every time we breathe, we
risk inhaling dangerous
chemicals that have found their
way into the air.
Air pollution includes all
contaminants found in the
atmosphere. These dangerous
substances can be either in the
form of gases or particles.
13. producing increasing
Air pollution can be found amounts of pollution as
both outdoors and time has progressed,
indoors. Pollutants can and they now account
be trapped inside for the majority of
buildings, causing
indoor pollution that pollutants released into
lasts for a long time. the air.
The sources of air pollution
are both natural and
human-based. As one
might expect, humans
have been
14. Industrialization set in
motion the
widespread use of
fossil fuels which are
now the main drivers
of pollution as we
know it.
15. Population growth
causes the demand
for food and other
goods to go up,
which is met by
expanded
production and use
of natural resources.
This then leads to
higher levels of
atmospheric
pollution.
16. Globalization has in a way
become a facilitator of
air pollution. Big
industry takes
advantage of lax
environmental controls
in developing nations
and moves its
manufacturing facilities
to such “pollution
havens” from where air
pollution travels around
the world without any
obstacles.
17. Of course, atmospheric pollution would not be such a
big problem if it weren’t for its harmful effects on
humans, animals, trees and the wider environment.
We can distinguish between short-term acute effects
and long-term chronic effects of air pollution.
Air pollutants enter the body primarily through the
respiratory system which thus becomes their main
victim.
Each air pollutant exerts their own specific adverse
impacts, ranging from mild to really damaging.
18. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In
order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists
are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution.
There are two main types of pollution control.
Input control involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at
least limiting the effects the process will produce.
Five major input control methods exist. People may try to restrict
population growth use less energy, improve energy efficiency, reduce
waste, and move to non-polluting renewable forms of energy
production. Also, automobile-produced pollution can be decreased
with highly beneficial results.
19. Output control, the opposite method, seeks to fix the problems
caused by air pollution. This usually means cleaning up an area that
has been damaged by pollution.
Input controls are usually more effective than output
controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less
desirable to tax payers and polluting industries.
Current air pollution control efforts are not all highly effective. In
wealthier countries, industries are often able to shift to methods that
decrease air pollution. In the United States, for example, air
pollution control laws have been successful in stopping air pollution
levels from rising. However, in developing countries and even in
countries where pollution is strictly regulated, much more needs to
be done.
20. Global warming, also known as
the greenhouse effect,
immediately received
international attention. Scientists,
environmentalists, and
governments around the world
took an interest in the subject.
Global warming is called the
greenhouse effect because the
gases that are gathering above
the earth make the planet
comparable to a greenhouse. By
trapping heat near the surface of
the earth, the greenhouse effect is
warming the planet and
threatening the environment.
21. Global warming has a
variety of causes. One
of the largest factors
contributing to global
warming is the
general problem of
overpopulation
and its many effects.
22. Many different gases can
increase the planet's
temperature. The number
of different products and
human activities that
contribute to global
warming are so numerous
that finding solutions to
the problem is very
difficult.
Using a refrigerator
releases dangerous gases,
turning on the lights
requires energy from a
power plant, and driving
to work causes gas
emissions from the
car. Countless other
normal activities lead to
global warming.
23. Though having an
atmosphere is important,
the greenhouse effect
may be making it
excessively thick. The
levels of gases covering
the Earth have soared
with industrialization and
developed countries now
produce about 75% of
greenhouse gases.
24.
25. The climate changes that
will result from global
warming are extremely
difficult to predict. The
weather is determined
by so many factors that
it is often compared to
chaos by
scientists. Changing the
temperature will likely
have some effect on the If temperatures do indeed rise
planet's weather, but significantly, the most important
result would be that some
just what that effect will
portion of the polar icecaps
be is nearly impossible would melt, raising global sea
to predict. levels.
26. The threat of global warming
is among the most important
of all modern environmental
problems. There are a variety
of ways of dealing with it,
each attempting to combat
one of the many causes of
global warming.
The problems that cause global warming
include overpopulation, deforestation ozone
depletion, garbage dumping, and many
others. These all have unique solutions
which are now being promoted by
environmentalists.
27. Certain laws and treaties are aimed at reducing the
emission of pollutants that result in global
warming. In 1988, the International Conference on the
Changing Atmosphere drew scientists and decision
makers from 48 countries.
Some policies could successfully reduce global
warming. Raising fossil fuels, taxing emissions, and
encouraging people to take environmentally friendly
action through such activities as planting trees will all
help.
Because many problems leading to global warming are
caused or contributed to by overpopulation, people
are beginning to work to reduce family sizes. Family
planning services actually help in the fight against
global warming.
28. Education is a key method of reducing the
greenhouse effect. By teaching people about
such things as deforestation, environmental
activists hope to prevent the problems that
ultimately lead to global warming.
Widespread media attention to the global
warming problem is also increasing
awareness. This is causing both individuals
and governments to act more responsibly
towards the environment.
29. The rise in sea levels would be disastrous for
some places. Islands would disappear,
meaning their millions of inhabitants would
have to relocate. Flooding would occur along
coastlines all over the world, displacing more
people and ruining cropland.
In the case of major global warming and
melted ice caps, some countries might simply
cease to exist. Global warming,
if uncontrolled, could
cause a major catastrophe.
30. The atmosphere and oceans are
not the only parts of the
environment being
damaged. Rain forests are being
quickly destroyed as well, and
their survival is questionable.
E.O. Wilson, a biologist at
Harvard, called the depletion of
rain forest areas "the greatest
extinction since the end of the
age of dinosaurs."
31. Guinea, Malaysia, Burma,
Unlike some environmental the Philippines, Peru,
issues, rain forest depletion
has fortunately received Colombia, Bolivia, and
significant public and Venezuela, rain forests
media attention. that were once great have
Despite the opposition to been lost.
the cutting down of rain
forests, the problem
continues. Every year,
Brazil chops down an area
of forest the size of the state
of Nebraska.
In addition to the
Amazon's rain forests,
many other forests are
being cut down as well. In
Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-
New
32. According to some consume. Limiting population
estimates, 50 million acres of growth may be the
rain forest are cut down first in a series of steps that
every year. The United would limit the destruction of
Nations says the figure is the rain forests.
closer to 17 million
acres. The World Wildlife
Fund says that every
minute, 25 to 50 acres are cut
or burned to the ground.
The world's growing
population has been a
primary cause of rain forest
destruction. More people
need land to live on and
wood products to
33. Logging
Commercial logging companies
cut down mature trees that
have been selected for their
timber. The timber trade
defends itself by saying that
this method of 'selective'
logging ensures that the forest
regrows naturally and in time,
is once again ready for their
'safe' logging practices (WWF).
In most cases, this is untrue due
to the nature of rainforests and
of logging practices.
34. Solutions: For all purposes for which
tropical timber is used, other woods or
materials could be substituted.
We can stop using tropical timber and
urge others to do the same. As long as there
is a market for tropical timbers, trees will
continue to be cut down. Labeling schemes,
aimed at helping consumers to chose
environmental friendly timbers, are currently
being discussed in many countries.
35. Agriculture - Shifted
Cultivators
'Shifted cultivators' is the
term used for people who
have moved into rainforest
areas and established small-
scale farming operations.
These are the landless
peasants who have followed
roads into already damaged
rainforest areas. The
additional damage they are
causing is extensive. Shifted
cultivators are currently being
blamed for 60% of tropical
forest loss (Colchester &
Lohmann).
36. 'shifted cultivators',
The reason these people are
moving into rainforest
referred to as 'shifted'
areas of which they had
cultivators is that most of
no previous knowledge
them people have been
in order to sustain
forced off their own land.
themselves and their
For example, in Guatemala,
families (Colchester &
rainforest land was cleared
Lohmann).
for coffee and sugar
plantations. The indigenous
people had their land stolen
by government and
corporations. They became
37. Solutions: Land reform is
essential if this problem is to be
addressed. However, according to
Colchester and Lohmann, "an
enduring shift of power in favour of
the peasants" is also needed for
such reforms to endure (Colchester
&Lohmann).
38. Agriculture - Cash Crops and
Cattle Ranching
Undisturbed and logged rainforest areas are being totally
cleared to provide land for food crops, tree plantations or
for grazing cattle (Colchester & Lohmann). Much of this
produce is exported to rich industrialised countries and in
many cases, crops are grown for export while the local
populace goes hungry.
Due to the delicate nature of rainforest soil and the
destructive nature of present day agricultural practices,
the productivity of cash crops grown on rainforest soils
declines rapidly after a few years.
Monoculture plantations - those that produce only one
species of tree or one type of food - on rainforest soil are
examples of non-sustainable agriculture.
39. Solutions:"Reducing the demand for
Southern-produced agribusiness crops and
alleviating the pressure from externally-
financed development projects and assistance
is the essential first step" (Colchester and
Lohmann).
40. Fuel wood
The United Nation's Food
and Agriculture
Organisation estimates that
'1.5 billion of the 2 billion
people worldwide who rely
on fuel wood for cooking
and heating are overcutting
forests'. This problem is
worst in drier regions of the
tropics. Solutions will
probably involve a return
to local peoples' control of
the forests they depend on.
41. The sheer weight of water in
Large Dams
dams has in Chile,
The construction of dams not Zimbabwe, and Greece led to
only destroys the forest but earthquakes. The irrigation
often uproots tens of and industrial projects
thousands of people, powered by dams lead to
destroying both their land further environmental
and their culture. The rates of damage. Irrigation leads to
waterborne diseases increase salination of soils and
rapidly. Downstream industry leads to pollution.
ecosystems are damaged by
dams which trap silt, holding
back valuable nutrients.
Reduced silt leads to coastal
erosion.
42. Solutions: Aid organisations like the
World Bank have traditionally favoured
spectacular large-scale irrigation and
hydro-electric projects. In all cases when
such projects are proposed, there has been
massive opposition from local people.
Reform of the World Bank and other such
organisations, and support for campaigns
against large-scale dams is needed.
43. Mining and Industry
Mining and industrial
development lead to direct
forest loss due to the clearing
of land to establish projects.
Indigenous people are
displaced. Roads are
constructed through
previously inaccessible land,
opening up the rainforest.
Severe water, air and land
pollution occurs from mining
and industry.
44. Solutions: Local campaigns against
mining and industrial development,
and the campaigns to reform the large
aid agencies which fund such schemes,
should be supported.
45. Tourism themselves as eco tourist
establishments are in
The creation of national parks has fact exploiting the
undoubtedly helped to protect environment for profit.
rainforests. Yet, as national parks
are open to the public, tourism is
damaging some of these areas.
Ecotourism, or environmentally
friendly tourism, should educate
the tourists to be environmentally
aware. It should also be of low
impact to its environment.
Unfortunately, many companies
and resorts who advertise
46. Solutions: The rights of indigenous
forest dwellers and others who depend on
intact forests must be upheld. In instances
where there are campaigns opposing
specific tourist developments, they should
be supported. Genuine ecotourism should
be preferred to other tourist enterprises.