This document outlines the course ENTO 332 (1+1): Management of Beneficial Insects. It includes the course in-charge, an introductory lecture on topics like edible insects, scavengers, predators, parasitoids, weed killers, and forensic entomology. It provides a table of 16 lecture topics covering honey bees, beekeeping, sericulture, mulberry cultivation, and more. It lists references on bees, sericulture, lac culture, and more. Finally, it outlines the marks allotment including a mid-semester exam, final practical exam, class work, assignments, and more.
Insect diversity of Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve forest in the Eastern Ghats ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
Insect diversity at Sri Lankamalleswara reserve forest (14°45' - 14°72' N & 79°07' - 78°80' E), Kadapa in
the Eastern Ghats of Southern Andhra Pradesh was studied during the period from June 2013 to
September 2014. Nearly 75 species of butterflies, 12 moth species from Lepidoptera; 4 ant species, one
wasp, 6 bee species from Hymenoptera; 7 cricket species of Orthoptera; 5 bug species from Hemiptera;
3 mosquito species, 4 housefly species, 2 species of flies from Diptera; 8 species of dragon flies, 2
species of damselflies from Odonata; 3 beetles from Coleopteran; one species each from Thysanura; and
Mantodea and 2 species from Phasmatodea; one species each from class Arachnida and Diploda were
identified. The seasonality, relative abundance and diversity of some insect groups was also recorded.
Majority of the insects are very much required for pollination. Some insects produce useful substances
such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk.
Insect diversity of Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve forest in the Eastern Ghats ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
Insect diversity at Sri Lankamalleswara reserve forest (14°45' - 14°72' N & 79°07' - 78°80' E), Kadapa in
the Eastern Ghats of Southern Andhra Pradesh was studied during the period from June 2013 to
September 2014. Nearly 75 species of butterflies, 12 moth species from Lepidoptera; 4 ant species, one
wasp, 6 bee species from Hymenoptera; 7 cricket species of Orthoptera; 5 bug species from Hemiptera;
3 mosquito species, 4 housefly species, 2 species of flies from Diptera; 8 species of dragon flies, 2
species of damselflies from Odonata; 3 beetles from Coleopteran; one species each from Thysanura; and
Mantodea and 2 species from Phasmatodea; one species each from class Arachnida and Diploda were
identified. The seasonality, relative abundance and diversity of some insect groups was also recorded.
Majority of the insects are very much required for pollination. Some insects produce useful substances
such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk.
Highly Nutritious Wild Edible Mushroom of Gadchiroli Forestpaperpublications3
Abstract: The economy of Gadchiroli district is mostly based on forest resources. Near about 79.36% of Gadchiroli district is covered by forest. A wild edible variety of Mushroom which is locally known as ‘Satya’ arises during rainy season and consumed by the people delightfully. During the survey, in Wadsa forest as well as in Korchi forest area, edible mushroom varieties such as Lepiota Americana, Panaeolus ephincitrinus, Polyporus albellus, Panaeolus cyanescens, Agaricus and Pleurotus are occurred.
Keywords: Mushroom, Korchi forest, Wadsa forest, Panaeolus cyanescens, Pleurotus.
Title: Highly Nutritious Wild Edible Mushroom of Gadchiroli Forest
Author: Prof. K. D. Hiwase, Dr. C. B. Shende
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East)...dbpublications
Present study was conducted during the year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data created for PTR. Beetles were collected by routine methods, later identified up to species with standard key characters. Carabids are environmental indicators and their status affects ecological function. Twelve species of family –Carabidae are reported under nine genera belonging to seven sub- families. These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae, Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C. tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C. scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus, Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and Pterostichus.
Ethnomedical herb from Cikondang indigenous village, district Bandung West Ja...Innspub Net
The research reported here is part of a comprehensive investigation of Cikondangs ethnobotany. The objective of
this study was to determine the community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent in Cikondang Indigenous Village, district Bandung. Emic and ethical approaches were used to describe the community knowledge along with the scientific explanations. The data of community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent was collected from respondents as many as 87 families and 4 key informants through interview techniques. The medicinal plants were identified in Herbarium Bogoriense-LIPI Biology Research Centre. The Cikondang community uses as many as 68 species belong to 39 families for medicinal plants, and Zingiberaceae is the most widely family used. Eight plant parts ,that are used for the treatment, were root, tuber, rhizome, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Leaves are the most widely used plant parts for treatment (29 species). People use several methods to prepare herbs, by boiling, brewing, grinding, squeezing out, shredding, burning, and without proccessing. The most widely used method was boiling the materials (37 species). Based on the disease type, Cikondang community classified four groups of disease, i.e. external, internal, digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urogenital diseases. The external diseases used the most numerous herbs (25 species).
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
Highly Nutritious Wild Edible Mushroom of Gadchiroli Forestpaperpublications3
Abstract: The economy of Gadchiroli district is mostly based on forest resources. Near about 79.36% of Gadchiroli district is covered by forest. A wild edible variety of Mushroom which is locally known as ‘Satya’ arises during rainy season and consumed by the people delightfully. During the survey, in Wadsa forest as well as in Korchi forest area, edible mushroom varieties such as Lepiota Americana, Panaeolus ephincitrinus, Polyporus albellus, Panaeolus cyanescens, Agaricus and Pleurotus are occurred.
Keywords: Mushroom, Korchi forest, Wadsa forest, Panaeolus cyanescens, Pleurotus.
Title: Highly Nutritious Wild Edible Mushroom of Gadchiroli Forest
Author: Prof. K. D. Hiwase, Dr. C. B. Shende
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East)...dbpublications
Present study was conducted during the year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data created for PTR. Beetles were collected by routine methods, later identified up to species with standard key characters. Carabids are environmental indicators and their status affects ecological function. Twelve species of family –Carabidae are reported under nine genera belonging to seven sub- families. These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae, Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C. tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C. scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus, Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and Pterostichus.
Ethnomedical herb from Cikondang indigenous village, district Bandung West Ja...Innspub Net
The research reported here is part of a comprehensive investigation of Cikondangs ethnobotany. The objective of
this study was to determine the community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent in Cikondang Indigenous Village, district Bandung. Emic and ethical approaches were used to describe the community knowledge along with the scientific explanations. The data of community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent was collected from respondents as many as 87 families and 4 key informants through interview techniques. The medicinal plants were identified in Herbarium Bogoriense-LIPI Biology Research Centre. The Cikondang community uses as many as 68 species belong to 39 families for medicinal plants, and Zingiberaceae is the most widely family used. Eight plant parts ,that are used for the treatment, were root, tuber, rhizome, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Leaves are the most widely used plant parts for treatment (29 species). People use several methods to prepare herbs, by boiling, brewing, grinding, squeezing out, shredding, burning, and without proccessing. The most widely used method was boiling the materials (37 species). Based on the disease type, Cikondang community classified four groups of disease, i.e. external, internal, digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urogenital diseases. The external diseases used the most numerous herbs (25 species).
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
In this presentation I am explaining the different reproductive strategies in Insects and fitness, clutch size, reproductive competition in parasitoids
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
14. LECTURE OUTLINES
S.No. Topic
1. Study of important species of honey bees and caste of honey bees.
2. &
3.
Study of different types of beehives, beekeeping appliances & seasonal
management of bees
4. Study of enemies & diseases of honey bees
5. Study of bee pasturage, foraging and communication in bees.
6. Study of mulberry varieties and preparation of planting material of mulberry.
7. &
8.
Raising of mulberry nursery & planting of mulberry in main field
9. Study of methods of harvesting and preservation of leaves
10. Study of different species of mulberry & non-mulberry silkworms
11. Rearing equipment and appliances used in sericulture
12. Dissection of silkworm larvae for study of silk glands
13. Study of lac insect, types of lac and host plants
14. Collection & identification of important pollinators, weedkillers and scavengers
15 Visit to silkworm rearing station and reeling unit
16. Visit to biocontrol laboratory.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. REFERENCES:
•Abrol, D.P.2010. Bees and Bee keeping in India. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. Pp450
•David, B.V and Kumara Swami, T. 2016. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book
Depot, Madras. Pp536
•Ganga, G and Sulochana Chetty, J. 2008. An introduction to sericulture. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Pp160
•Gautam, R.D.2008. Biological Pest Suppression
•Ghorai, N. 1995. Lac culture in India. International Books & Periodicals Supply Service.
•Jolly, M.S. 1987. Appropriate sericulture techniques . International center for training and
research in tropical sericulture, Mysore. Pp209
•Krishnaswami, S., Narasimma, M.N., Suryanarayan, S.K and Kumararaj,S. 1995. Silkworm
Rearing. Sericulture Manual 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Pp150
•Mishra, R.C.1995. Honeybees and their management in India. ICAR, New Delhi.
•Patnaik, R.K.2008. Mulberry Cultivation
•Rangaswami, G., Narasimhanna, M.N., Kasiviswanatham, K., Sastry, C.R and Jolly, M.S. 1995.
Mulberry Cultivation. Sericulture Manual 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd.,New Delhi.
Pp150
•Sailesh Chattopadhyay. 2011. Introduction to lac and lac culture. Tech. Bulletin.FBTI:01/2011
•Abrol, D.P.2010. Bees and Bee keeping in India. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. Pp450
•David, B.V and Kumara Swami, T. 2016. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book
Depot, Madras. Pp536
•Ganga, G and Sulochana Chetty, J. 2008. An introduction to sericulture. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Pp160
•Gautam, R.D.2008. Biological Pest Suppression
21. MARKS ALLOTMENT
1. Mid semester Examination : 50M
2. Final Practical Examination : 25M
3. Class Work : 25M
Record: 10M
Observation Notes: 5M
Attendance: 3M
Discipline and attentive and answering: 2M
Internal Tests: 5M
4. Assignment : 25M
Power Point Presentation:10M
Model preparation:5M
Photo frame/Laminations :5M
Internal Write ups:5M
22. “Strive hard to make farming profitable and sustainable for the prosperous Nation”