The document discusses the global and Ethiopian turmeric market scenarios. It provides statistics on world turmeric production, export, and import. India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric globally. Ethiopia is the sixth largest exporter of turmeric. The document also outlines Ethiopia's turmeric export volume and value from 2015-2017, with its main export markets and average prices. Quality specifications for turmeric include moisture content, purity, and curcumin content. Contaminants like mold, insects and chemicals can harm turmeric quality and safety.

1. Turmeric Exporters Meeting 2018: Retro
and Prospect: Aflatoxin as Current Treat
January 23, 2018
Presented by: Addisu Alemayehu
(PSA and Platform Coordinator)

2. Content
1. World Turmeric Scenario
2. Ethiopian Turmeric Scenario
3. Turmeric Quality Specification
4. Way Forward

3. 1. World Turmeric Scenario
 World spice production surpassed 9.6 million tons in year 2013
and shows annual average growth of 4.5% in the past decade
 Three spices accounted 80% of the world production where chilies
and pepper which accounted 38% of the world spice
production(3.1million tons) followed by ginger 21% (1.7 Million
tons) and Turmeric with around 20%
 India took 42 % of the world production by volume followed by
China 10% with 6% and 5% average growth rate respectively
 India alone produce more than 1million Tons of Turmeric
 World turmeric import reached 136,418Mt with a value of $245
million USD in year 2014 with average annual growth rate of 15%
in value and 8% in volume during 2012 to 2016

4. 1. World Turmeric .......
 Iraq and India are the first and second fastest import growth showing countries
with (105% and 97%) and (60% and 58%) in value and volume respectively
during 2012 to 2016
 USA(13%), India(11%), Iran(8%), Malaysia(4%) , UK(4%), Bangladesh(4%),
Japan, Germany, UAE and Netherland are the 10 turmeric importing countries
in the world by value
 India(11%), Iran(10%), USA(6%), UAE(6%), Tunisia(6%), Malaysia, Bangladesh,
Saudi Arabia, UK and Spain are the tope 1o turmeric importing countries in the
world by volume
 World Turmeric Export reached 142, 394 Mt worth of $254 million USD and
has showed annual average growth rate of 13% and 3% in value and volume
respectively
 India(72%), Myanmar(8%), Indonesia(6%), Ethiopia(3%) and Netherlands(1%)
are the top 5 exporting countries in the world in volume and India(71%),
Indonesia(5%), Myanmar(4%), Netherlands(3%) and UK(2%) are top 5 in value
of turmeric exporting countries in the world.
 Ethiopia is the six largest exporting country in the world with 2% share of the
world export value.

5. 1. World Turmeric .......
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016
Exported
quantity,
Tons
Exported
quantity,
Tons
Exported
quantity,
Tons
Exported
quantity
Exported
quantity,
Tons
Share %
World 130205 107444 107381 120817 142394
India 98707 82606 83186 88951 102164 72
Myanmar 13696 3320 5536 11472 8
Indonesia 1212 1947 3808 8671 8309 6
Ethiopia 1495 3558 3269 5241 4481 3
Netherlands 1712 1841 2300 1728 2013 1
United Arab Emirates 6601 2127 1472 1890 1654 1
Peru 534 824 692 553 1289 1
Bangladesh 516 416 35 1280 1
Viet Nam
No
Quantity 2422 2106 1973 1233 1
United Kingdom 640 715 766 837 1072 1
China 615 716 1170 898 999 1
Germany 412 527 609 713 945 1
Exporters

6. 1. World Turmeric .......
Unit : US Dollar thousand
Exporters
Exported
value in 2012
Exported
value in 2013
Exported
value in 2014
Exported
value in 2015
Exported
value in 2016
share %
World 162409 154866 158267 189734 253950
India 108951 114065 112975 134339 179544 71
Indonesia 2125 2101 4515 10499 11708 5
Myanmar 17232 4957 8149 11032 4
Netherlands 4527 4319 5073 4914 6493 3
United Kingdom 2658 3062 3390 3568 5537 2
Ethiopia 993 2180 2168 4049 4217 2
Germany 1487 1875 2106 2472 3571 1
Bangladesh 2202 737 108 2848 1
China 2437 2221 3509 2450 2719 1
Peru 1493 1734 1496 1345 2706 1
Viet Nam 1886 3047 3144 2905 2573 1
United States of America 759 1021 1151 1478 1942 1
United Arab Emirates 6170 1727 1578 1866 1919 1
France 1019 1052 1269 1182 1653 1

7. 1. World Turmeric .......
Unit : US Dollar thousand
Importers
Imported
value in 2012
Imported
value in 2013
Imported
value in 2014
Imported
value in 2015
Imported
value in 2016
share %
World 138519 139645 162233 215087 244964
United States of America 11535 14071 19308 23638 30881 13
India 3702 9176 12571 20432 25958 11
Iran, Islamic Republic of 13381 17141 11735 16275 19649 8
Malaysia 6531 8426 8626 9990 10851 4
United Kingdom 6781 6618 7464 7802 9971 4
Bangladesh 516 131 27543 8934 4
Germany 4214 5395 5957 6851 8851 4
Japan 9896 8009 10776 10157 8775 4
United Arab Emirates 10443 6340 5905 7229 8575 4
Netherlands 3987 3480 4158 5608 7594 3

8. 1. World Turmeric .......
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016
Imported
quantity, Tons
Imported
quantity, Tons
Imported
quantity, Tons
Imported
quantity
Imported
quantity, Tons
sharw%
World No Quantity 90546 103043 135531 136418
India 2246 6811 8907 13837 15483 11
Iran, Islamic Republic of 14339 14456 10099 12213 13984 10
United States of America 4035 4550 5428 6337 7992 6
United Arab Emirates 13213 7852 7252 7444 7980 6
Tunisia 3385 1690 2380 2955 7579 6
Malaysia 5822 6833 6726 7052 7077 5
Bangladesh 259 87 24490 6777 5
Saudi Arabia 3581 2894 3791 3600 5303 4
United Kingdom 3620 3404 3878 4004 4409 3
Spain 2521 2352 3409 3179 3753 3
Importers

9. 1. World Turmeric .......
Value
imported in
2016 (USD
thousand)
Quantity
imported in
2016
Unit value
(USD/unit)
Annual
growth in
value
between 2012-
2016 (%)
Annual
growth in
quantity
between 2012-
2016 (%)
Annual
growth in
value
between 2015-
2016 (%)
Share inworld
imports (%)
Average
distance of
supplying
countries (km)
Concentratio
n of supplying
countries
Average tariff
(estimated)
applied by the
country (%)
World 244967 136418 1796 15 8 27 100 5675 0.49
United States of America 30881 7992 3864 28 19 31 12.6 12461 0.57 0
India 25958 15483 1677 60 58 27 10.6 3557 0.29 28.7
Iran, Islamic Republic of 19649 13984 1405 7 -2 21 8 2810 0.97 15
Malaysia 10851 7077 1533 13 4 9 4.4 3382 0.83 0
United Kingdom 9971 4409 2262 10 6 28 4.1 6369 0.68 0
Bangladesh 8934 6777 1318 9 4 70 3.6 1088 0.67 7.5
Germany 8851 3531 2507 19 16 29 3.6 5975 0.51 0
Japan 8775 3626 2420 0 -2 -14 3.6 4868 0.59 0.5
United Arab Emirates 8575 7980 1075 -3 -10 19 3.5 2339 0.85 4.6
Netherlands 7594 3061 2481 19 15 35 3.1 7179 0.47 0
Importers
Select your indicators

10. 1. World Turmeric .......
Value
exported in
2016 (USD
thousand)
Trade balance
in 2016 (USD
thousand)
Quantity
exported in
2016
Unit value
(USD/unit)
Annual
growth in
value
between 2012-
2016 (%)
Annual
growth in
quantity
between 2012-
2016 (%)
Annual
growth in
value
between 2015-
2016 (%)
Share in world
exports (%)
Average
distance of
importing
countries (km)
Concentration
of importing
countries
World 253949 8982 142395 1783 13 3 33 100 5226 0.04
India 179544 153586 102164 1757 12 1 34 70.7 6021 0.05
Indonesia 11708 11296 8309 1409 65 71 12 4.6 5256 0.58
Myanmar 11032 11011 11472 962 -11 -4 35 4.3 2224 0.19
Netherlands 6493 -1101 2013 3226 9 3 32 2.6 1113 0.11
United Kingdom 5537 -4434 1072 5165 18 13 55 2.2 1194 0.13
Ethiopia 4217 4217 4481 941 42 29 4 1.7 3779 0.42
Germany 3571 -5280 945 3779 22 22 44 1.4 1268 0.09
Bangladesh 2848 -6086 1280 2225 9 7 72 1.1 4620 0.38
China 2719 2135 999 2722 3 13 11 1.1 2749 0.46
Peru 2706 2692 1289 2099 10 15 101 1.1 8101 0.31
Exporters
Select your indicators

11. 2. Ethiopian turmeric scenario
 Ethiopian turmeric production areas and volume estimation
indicate increase by 16 and 6 times in production volume and
area during 2005 to 2017
 Ethiopian export reach to 5803.75 MT worth of 5.76 million USD
and ha shown annual average growth of 10.7% in volume and
42% by value and value respectively where ENTAG and SITA joint
trade mission to India and market linkage support accounted for
22.6% of the total export of the country of turmeric by value

12. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric Scenario

13. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric .......
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5
Year Vol in MT Val in Million USD Price USD/KG
2015 India 2025.81 1.74 0.857
Bangladesh 790 0.623 0.789
UAE 644 0.463 0.72
Jordan 416 0.25 0.6
Pakistan 365 0.25 0.689
2016 India 2668 2.67 0.99
Iraq 430.75 0.385 0.89
Egypt 355 0.295 0.83
UAE 248.5 0.217 0.876
Morrocco 207 0.19 0.92
2017 India 4251 4.46 1.05
Iraq 327 0.275 0.84
Egypt 152 0.136 0.899
UAE 151 0.145 0.96
Morrocco 148 0.135 0.91

14. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric.......

15. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric.......

16. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric.......
Year Vol in MT Val in million USD Price USD/Kg
2015 5240.6 4.05 0.77
2016 4481.32 4.2 0.94
2017 5803.75 5.76 0.99

17. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric.......
Year Top 3 Countries Price USD/Kg
2015Spain 1.17
India 0.857
Bangladesh 0.789
2016India 0.99
Morocco 0.92
Iraq 0.894
2017USA 1.39
India 1.05
Russia 0.99

18. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric Prospect

19. 2. Ethiopian Turmeric Prospect

20. 2. Turmeric Prospect
Year Average Pirce Column1
Cochine Chenna
2013 66.02 80.58
2014 76.33 99.77
2015 101.79
2016 125.83 118.15
2017 121 120.87
2018 118.14

21. 3. Turmeric Quality Specification
• Main quality specifications are:
 Moisture
 Purity
 Polish and unpolished
 Finger( 2nd
and 1st
grade)
 Bulb( hand polished and machine)
 Sliced finger
 Sliced bulb
 Mixed
 Curcumin Content
 Packaging
 Black materials

22. Common Contaminants Harmful effects
Extraneous matter (Other parts of
the same plant or other plants),
Sand, Stone, etc.
Deteriorates physical quality. Some plant
parts are harmful to health
Mould and Bacteria Mould damages flavour. Some of them
produce toxins. Bacteria cause ill health
and diseases
Field and Storage Insect Carry disease causing organisms.
Destroy physical quality and leave
excreta. Some insects are harmful
Spiders, Mites and Psocids Harmful to health. Excreta of some
spiders is toxic
Rodent, Animal and Bird Filth Carries disease causing organisms, add
filth
Pesticides and Chemicals Extremely harmful to health and
may cause cancer

23. S.
No
Possible Sources
of Contamination
Care to be taken to ensure quality both intrinsic and
Hygienic
1 Production Cultivate only varieties oh high intrinsic quality, Obtain seed
material from reliable source. Crop residues and manures from
plant, human and animal sources should not be contaminated
Water for irrigation should not be contaminated. P. P.
measures should be based on expert advice
2 Harvesting and
Farm Processing
Harvesting should be done at the right maturity, Remove
unwanted roots, shoots, leaves etc, properly. Adhering soil
should washed away with clean water. Curing should be done
in the right manner. Drying should be on raised wooden or
concrete platforms. Avoid contamination by domestic animals,
birds or rodents. During night protect product from rain, dew
or snow, etc. Dry to less than 12% moisture level. After drying
clean the product thoroughly. Grade according to National or
International Standards. Contd.

24. S.
No
Possible Sources
of Contamination
Care to be taken to ensure quality both intrinsic and
Hygienic
1 Production Cultivate only varieties oh high intrinsic quality, Obtain seed
material from reliable source. Crop residues and manures from
plant, human and animal sources should not be contaminated
Water for irrigation should not be contaminated. P. P.
measures should be based on expert advice
2 Harvesting and
Farm Processing
Harvesting should be done at the right maturity, Remove
unwanted roots, shoots, leaves etc, properly. Adhering soil
should washed away with clean water. Curing should be done
in the right manner. Drying should be on raised wooden or
concrete platforms. Avoid contamination by domestic animals,
birds or rodents. During night protect product from rain, dew
or snow, etc. Dry to less than 12% moisture level. After drying
clean the product thoroughly. Grade according to National or
International Standards. Contd.

25. 3 On-farm storage Store dried, cleaned and graded products in hygienic and
water proof containers. Second hand containers like, one
used jute bags, polypropylene, bins and tins should be
reused only after thorough cleaning. At any rate empty
fertilizer bags, insecticide and fungicide bags should not be
reused
4 Personnel hygiene Persons working with the product should be healthy and
free from communicable diseases
Workers should wash hand with soap and wear clean dress
before commencement of work
They should wash hands with soap once visit toilet
They should wear apron, head cover and footwear. If
necessary, gloves and other protection devices such as,
masks may be used . These articles should be washed daily
Unhygienic practices such as smoking, eating, spitting, etc.
should be prevented in the processing and storage area.
Entry of visitors should be regulated in such areas

26. Cleanliness specifications
Two Internationally known cleanliness specifications are of
American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) for USA and
European Spice Associations (ESA) for European countries.
ASTA cleanliness specifications prescribe macroscopic
extraneous matter for imports of spices including turmeric into
USA. It is designed to meet the United States Food and Drug
Administration’s (USFDA) Defect Action Levels (Visit
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/-dms/dallbook.html) below which
only turmeric will be permitted to enter the country.
Accordingly turmeric imported into the US should have to
meet the following specifications. Contd.

27. *Whole
Insects,
Dead
by Count
Excreta
Mammalian
by Mg/lb
Excreta
Other by
Mg/lb
Mould
Percentage
by Weight
Insect
Defiled/
Infested
Percentage
by Weight
**Extraneous/
Foreign Matter
Percentage by
Weight
3 5.0 5.0 3.0 2.5 O,5
*Whole Insect Dead cannot exceed the limit shown and
Extraneous Matter includes other plant material e.g. Leaves
from other plants. The US FDA insists reconditioning if the
average of the total number of subtotals exceeds the listed
milligrams per pound specification. Reconditioning may
include techniques such as fumigating, washing, cutting,
sifting, aspirating and blowing and drying.
ASTA CLEANLINESS SPECIFICATIONS

28. Country Aflatoxin Maximum Limit
Europe B1- 5 ppb and total 10 - ppb
USA & Canada 20 ppb
Japan, Malaysia & South
Africa
10 ppb
Australia & New Zealand 15 ppb
India 30 ppb
Aflatoxin is carcinogenic. It is produced by fungi, Aspergillus
flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. There are 4 fractions of Aflatoxin -
B1, B2, G1 and G2. European Union has prescribed separate limits for
B1. For all other countries limit is for total Aflatoxin only. Ochratoxin
limit may be prescribed soon at 15 ppb.

29. SPICE CLEANING
Buyers want ‘clean spices’ and ‘not cleaned spices. However,
some amount of contaminations is bound to occur as production is not
under controlled condition and the product is to pass through many
stages and hands. The common equipment used are Magnets to remove
metal pieces, Sifters to remove off sized small particles, Air Screen
Separators to remove materials heavier or lighter than spices, Spiral
Gravity Separators to remove excreta, etc.
Microbial contamination can be eliminated through Ethylene oxide
treatment (maximum 50 ppm) but not acceptable to European Union and
Irradiation (Maxi 10kGy) not appreciated by consumers. But, Steam
sterilization (110 to 120⁰C with 1-2 Bar atmospheric pressure for 10-
20 seconds) is the only acceptable method. 1 Bar = 0.986923267
atmospheric pressure at sea level.