Engineering Health and Safety Module and Case Studies
2
PREFACE
Health and safety issues are important in engineering, management and other fields. Most
professional engineering associations point out that health and safety are issues of utmost
importance in engineering practice. For example, Professional Engineers Ontario
(http://www.peo.on.ca) states in its Code of Ethics, “A practitioner shall … regard the
practitioner's duty to public welfare as paramount.” The need for appropriate education and
training in engineering health and safety is also widely recognized, and engineering programs
usually must appropriately address health and safety to maintain accreditation. For instance, the
Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (http://www.ccpe.ca) includes in its curriculum-
content criteria, “Appropriate exposure to … public and worker safety and health considerations
… must be an integral component of the engineering curriculum.”
This document is an engineering-oriented module and set of case studies on health and safety,
which helps convey the importance of these issues in a concise package. The material can be
covered in a single lecture, or over an extended period. The materials herein are intended and
structured for engineering students, but are also useful for others, e.g., students in other technical
programs such as applied sciences and technology, students in management, business and other
programs that interface with engineering, and students in company training programs.
This package contains case studies since they usually present a useful and interesting means of
delivering education on health and safety to engineering students. Minerva Canada
(http://www.minervacanada.org) and others have in the past developed several useful business-
and engineering-oriented case studies on health and safety. The case studies presented here are
fictitious, although they contain ideas based on actual incidents. Although the case studies are
oriented towards engineering, they also incorporate management and business issues, since
health and safety must be dealt with in an integrated and interdisciplinary manner. For example,
criteria for business success, such as performance and profitability, must be considered in
concert with health and safety. The case studies are not intended to be judgmental, but rather to
provide a basis for discussion.
The author invites feedback and comments from interested parties and users, so that the module
and accompanying case studies can be enhanced in the future.
3
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Minerva Canada for its support of the development of this module and the
case studies. In addition, the author is thankful for the comments and suggestions made by several
members of the Minerva Canada Board.
Particular thanks are due to David Meston, a member of Minerva Canada who provided invaluable
advice.
Finally, the author is grateful .
Engineering Health and Safety Module and Case StudiesPrepa.docxkhanpaulita
Engineering Health and Safety Module and Case Studies
Prepared by:
Marc A. Rosen, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Professor and Dean
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
University of Ontario Institute of Technology
2000 Simcoe Street North
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, L1H 7K4
Tel: 905/721-8668
Fax: 905/721-3370
Email: [email protected]
Prepared for:
Minerva Canada
http://www.minervacanada.org
July 2004
2
PREFACE
Health and safety issues are important in engineering, management and other fields. Most
professional engineering associations point out that health and safety are issues of utmost
importance in engineering practice. For example, Professional Engineers Ontario
(http://www.peo.on.ca) states in its Code of Ethics, “A practitioner shall … regard the
practitioner's duty to public welfare as paramount.” The need for appropriate education and
training in engineering health and safety is also widely recognized, and engineering programs
usually must appropriately address health and safety to maintain accreditation. For instance, the
Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (http://www.ccpe.ca) includes in its curriculum-
content criteria, “Appropriate exposure to … public and worker safety and health considerations
… must be an integral component of the engineering curriculum.”
This document is an engineering-oriented module and set of case studies on health and safety,
which helps convey the importance of these issues in a concise package. The material can be
covered in a single lecture, or over an extended period. The materials herein are intended and
structured for engineering students, but are also useful for others, e.g., students in other technical
programs such as applied sciences and technology, students in management, business and other
programs that interface with engineering, and students in company training programs.
This package contains case studies since they usually present a useful and interesting means of
delivering education on health and safety to engineering students. Minerva Canada
(http://www.minervacanada.org) and others have in the past developed several useful business-
and engineering-oriented case studies on health and safety. The case studies presented here are
fictitious, although they contain ideas based on actual incidents. Although the case studies are
oriented towards engineering, they also incorporate management and business issues, since
health and safety must be dealt with in an integrated and interdisciplinary manner. For example,
criteria for business success, such as performance and profitability, must be considered in
concert with health and safety. The case studies are not intended to be judgmental, but rather to
provide a basis for discussion.
The author invites feedback and comments from interested parties and users, so that the module
and accompanying case studies can be enhanced in the future.
3
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Minerva Canada for its support of the development o.
The most valuable asset your organization has is
its employees. By improving safety and preventing accidents, you can protect your work force
while also reducing your workers’ compensation
costs. And the BWC’s Division of Safety and
Hygiene is here to help.
This basic safety and health manual for the
Ohio construction industry summarizes successful accident-prevention principles and techniques. While application of these techniques
may vary according to the size and nature of
your company’s operations, the basic principles
remain the same.
The hierarchy of controls looks at engineering controls and product substitution, administrative and work practice controls, and the selection and use of personal protective equipment as a means to reduce occupational health and safety risk. As the future of work progresses, there are many hazards that will be eliminated from traditional work but other hazards may arise based on equipment design and operation. Workplaces need to identify their hazards to reduce the direct and indirect cost associated with loss.
Engineering Health and Safety Module and Case StudiesPrepa.docxkhanpaulita
Engineering Health and Safety Module and Case Studies
Prepared by:
Marc A. Rosen, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Professor and Dean
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
University of Ontario Institute of Technology
2000 Simcoe Street North
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, L1H 7K4
Tel: 905/721-8668
Fax: 905/721-3370
Email: [email protected]
Prepared for:
Minerva Canada
http://www.minervacanada.org
July 2004
2
PREFACE
Health and safety issues are important in engineering, management and other fields. Most
professional engineering associations point out that health and safety are issues of utmost
importance in engineering practice. For example, Professional Engineers Ontario
(http://www.peo.on.ca) states in its Code of Ethics, “A practitioner shall … regard the
practitioner's duty to public welfare as paramount.” The need for appropriate education and
training in engineering health and safety is also widely recognized, and engineering programs
usually must appropriately address health and safety to maintain accreditation. For instance, the
Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (http://www.ccpe.ca) includes in its curriculum-
content criteria, “Appropriate exposure to … public and worker safety and health considerations
… must be an integral component of the engineering curriculum.”
This document is an engineering-oriented module and set of case studies on health and safety,
which helps convey the importance of these issues in a concise package. The material can be
covered in a single lecture, or over an extended period. The materials herein are intended and
structured for engineering students, but are also useful for others, e.g., students in other technical
programs such as applied sciences and technology, students in management, business and other
programs that interface with engineering, and students in company training programs.
This package contains case studies since they usually present a useful and interesting means of
delivering education on health and safety to engineering students. Minerva Canada
(http://www.minervacanada.org) and others have in the past developed several useful business-
and engineering-oriented case studies on health and safety. The case studies presented here are
fictitious, although they contain ideas based on actual incidents. Although the case studies are
oriented towards engineering, they also incorporate management and business issues, since
health and safety must be dealt with in an integrated and interdisciplinary manner. For example,
criteria for business success, such as performance and profitability, must be considered in
concert with health and safety. The case studies are not intended to be judgmental, but rather to
provide a basis for discussion.
The author invites feedback and comments from interested parties and users, so that the module
and accompanying case studies can be enhanced in the future.
3
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Minerva Canada for its support of the development o.
The most valuable asset your organization has is
its employees. By improving safety and preventing accidents, you can protect your work force
while also reducing your workers’ compensation
costs. And the BWC’s Division of Safety and
Hygiene is here to help.
This basic safety and health manual for the
Ohio construction industry summarizes successful accident-prevention principles and techniques. While application of these techniques
may vary according to the size and nature of
your company’s operations, the basic principles
remain the same.
The hierarchy of controls looks at engineering controls and product substitution, administrative and work practice controls, and the selection and use of personal protective equipment as a means to reduce occupational health and safety risk. As the future of work progresses, there are many hazards that will be eliminated from traditional work but other hazards may arise based on equipment design and operation. Workplaces need to identify their hazards to reduce the direct and indirect cost associated with loss.
This ebook is intended to provide information to the people, workers and readers that are some way or the other involved with the health and safety at workplaces. This ebook on health and safety is designed by Safety-Steps.co.uk for providing practical guidance on a wide range of health and safety issues that may crop up at the workplaces on everyday basis.
Source - http://www.safety-steps.co.uk/workplace-safety-free-ebook
Employee Health and safety - Meaning, Need & Importance of Employee Health and safety, Health and Safety Measures in Organizations, Safety Program, Safety Committees, Safety Discipline, Safety Policies, Safety Engineering, Safety Audit, Safety Devices, Safety Program, Safety Process / Steps in Safety Program, Role of Organization in Ensuring Mental and Physical Health of Employees
Enter the following WBS into Microsoft project and assign schedule a.docxkhanpaulita
Enter the following WBS into Microsoft project and assign schedule and resources to the file. Then find the following items:
the finish date for each task and summary
total project duration,
assign the resources and find the total project cost,
.
Envisioning The FutureIn this final discussion, look back on y.docxkhanpaulita
Envisioning The Future
In this final discussion, look back on your experiences in the course and provide an overview of what you have learned from the course with regard to diversity. You can start by reviewing your final projects and your answers to the Module One discussion. In your initial post, address the following questions:
How has your definition of diversity changed?
How do the four lenses approach the study of diversity with respect to the individual and society?
How do the four lenses represent a way of seeing diversity?
What are the implications of diversity on the future?
How are you going to implement what you have learned in this course into your own life?
Please use resources below!
.
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This ebook is intended to provide information to the people, workers and readers that are some way or the other involved with the health and safety at workplaces. This ebook on health and safety is designed by Safety-Steps.co.uk for providing practical guidance on a wide range of health and safety issues that may crop up at the workplaces on everyday basis.
Source - http://www.safety-steps.co.uk/workplace-safety-free-ebook
Employee Health and safety - Meaning, Need & Importance of Employee Health and safety, Health and Safety Measures in Organizations, Safety Program, Safety Committees, Safety Discipline, Safety Policies, Safety Engineering, Safety Audit, Safety Devices, Safety Program, Safety Process / Steps in Safety Program, Role of Organization in Ensuring Mental and Physical Health of Employees
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Enter the following WBS into Microsoft project and assign schedule and resources to the file. Then find the following items:
the finish date for each task and summary
total project duration,
assign the resources and find the total project cost,
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Envisioning The FutureIn this final discussion, look back on y.docxkhanpaulita
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In this final discussion, look back on your experiences in the course and provide an overview of what you have learned from the course with regard to diversity. You can start by reviewing your final projects and your answers to the Module One discussion. In your initial post, address the following questions:
How has your definition of diversity changed?
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EP004 Question1. Explain the purpose of the NAEYC Early Childho.docxkhanpaulita
EP004 Question
1. Explain the purpose of the “NAEYC Early Childhood Program Standards and Accreditation Criteria” and the importance of using them to for assessing program quality.
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ENVSTY 101 memo #1 calls on you to describe two examples of the na.docxkhanpaulita
ENVSTY 101 memo #1 calls on you to describe two examples of the natural capital (natural resources and ecosystem services) thatyou encounter as you travel between two locations on a regular basis. An example might be the natural capital that you observe on a regular walk to the grocery store, a drive to a relative’s house, or a Train/bike ride to University. The memo should be between 600-750 words, so it requires that you provide some detailed description of the two types of natural capital you observe, as well as your analysis of the ecosystem services they provide. You must cite at least one source (for instance, the City of Boston, Mass Dept of Transportation, MBTA, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, etc.) for each example and include a References or Works Cited page of properly cited sources as an appendix (this page will not count toward the word limit).
To help you along, I’m providing an outline of a memo below that gives you a template to follow:
To: ENVSTY 101 class
From: student name
Date: due date (or submission date if earlier)
Subject: [state the assignment question/issue/topic, e.g., Natural capital between ______________ and ______________.
I. Restate the question/issue/topic
This memo provides a description of two types of natural resources and the respective ecosystem services they support that I observe on a regular basis as I travel between ______________ and _______.
II. Describe the trip you take, including information about your method of transportation, how long the trip takes, the general environment you’re passing through, and how your mode of transportation affects the observations you’re able to make (for example, a bike ride provides different opportunities for observations than a walk or a subway trip).
III. In two paragraphs, describe your two examples of natural capital. For each example/paragraph, describe:
· what natural resource(s) you observe [e.g. trees, open fields]
· what ecosystem services are provided and how they serve society
· what condition the natural capital is in [e.g., healthy, degraded] and why
· whether it is likely or not to endure as a sustainable.
Cite relevant sources as evidence supporting your analysis.
IV. Conclusion
As outlined above, on my regular trip between __________ and ____, I observe two significant examples of natural capital. [Now make a few comparative/contrasting reflections that tell us what you can conclude from these different observations.]
References: Works Cited [if using MLA format]
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ENT 4310Business Economics and ManagementMarket.docxkhanpaulita
*
ENT 4310
Business Economics and Management
Marketing – Concepts and Trends
Arild Aspelund
*
Outline
What is Marketing and what are its primary activities?
How can we establish a common discussion?central concepts of marketing
Where is the field of marketing going?Recent trends in marketing
*
MarketingWhat is Marketing?Some say it’s is about needs…Marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs “Meeting needs profitably” (Kotler and Keller, 2006)
And some say its about value…“Marketing is about communicating values to potential and existing customers” (Lodish et al., 2001)“Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stake holders” (AMA)
*
…, but there is a clear distinction to selling…Selling simply refers to pushing an transaction
In its most ambitious sense, marketing should render selling unnecessary. “… The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well that the product or service fits him and sells itself. Ideally, marketing should result in a customer who is ready to buy” (Peter Drucker, 1973)
Example:
Fujitsu Siemens Pocket LOOX
*
… and there is also a clear distinction to advertising…Advertising is only one of many means by which you can communicate with existing and potential customers
*
What is marketing?Marketing deals with the two fundamental question of:
“What am I selling?”“To whom am I selling it?”
The marketing literature seek to answer these questions through five fundamental concepts
ValueSegmentation PositioningTargetingBuying behavior
*
Marketing – A Textbook Example…
How to trade water for ~ 100 NOK per liter…
- Imsdal for Kids
*
Imsdal for Kids -
Segmentation:
- Parents of small kids (1 year to pre-school)
Value proposition:
- Thirst quencher
- Clear conscience
- Tranquililty
- Enjoyment
- And everything on the go…
*
Ex: Imsdal for Kids
Positioning:
- An healthy alternative
- Manageable even for small kids
Targeting:
- No advertising
- Promotion through product placing!
*
Imsdal for Kids
- Positioning and targeting through product placing
Product not placed here…
But here…
4.bin
*
Buying behavior - Reitanruta, Trondheim
*
Or how about 420 NOK ~ Do You Bling? «It's not for everyone, just those that Bling. So the question is: Do You Bling?»
*
Marketing Management
What is Market Management?
“Marketing Management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating delivering, and communicating customer value” (Kotler and Keller, 2006)
*
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Shaping the market offering
Developing marketing strategies and plans
Connecting with customersCommunicating value
Building brands and market recognition
Creating long-term growth
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Envision what the health care system of 2030 might look like Descri.docxkhanpaulita
Envision what the health care system of 2030 might look like? Describe at least two technological advancements that would be available to patients. How would technology help providers make health care decisions? How would patients and families interact with providers from their homes or in their communities? What would health care systems be able to do "in real time?" one page APA. NEED IT BY 8 AM FLORIDA TIME.
.
Environmentalism and Moral Concern for AnimalsMany believe t.docxkhanpaulita
Environmentalism and Moral Concern for Animals
Many believe that we are in serious trouble today as human beings plunging headlong into a major climate crisis on planet earth.
Our course eText on Environmental Ethics states the following:
There is no denying that the global climate is changing, as the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased during the past century. … Coastlines are crumbling as the climate changes and sea levels rise… storms are increasing in severity … the Arctic ice cap is melting… (MacKinnon, 427).
But what’s causing these troubling changes? We are. MacKinnon again:
Some skeptics dispute whether the changes are entirely man-made, but the vast majority of experts believe one of the major causes of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels … (MacKinnon, 428).
And the human disregard for nature also means disregard for all species of animals that depend on livable natural habitats. Entire species today are threatened with immanent extinction. Writing in 2016, MacKinnon says “687 animal species are listed as either endangered or threatened.” That number has risen drastically since 2016, leading some scientists to conclude that we are in the midst of a global mass extinction of animal species.
The following video link and quoted material provide: 1) a summary of a U.N. Climate Change Report from 2019 (the video), and 2) an explanation of the meaning of speciesism as Dr. Richard Ryder first used it (the quotation ). After reviewing these, please respond to the discussion questions listed below.
U.N. Climate Change Report:
LINK (Links to an external site.)
On Dr. Richard Ryder's use of the term speciesism (which term the moral philosopher Peter Singer later made more popular):
“The view that only humans are morally considered is sometimes referred to as ‘speciesism’. In the 1970s, Richard Ryder coined this term while campaigning in Oxford to denote a ubiquitous type of human centered prejudice, which he thought was similar to racism. He objected to favoring one’s own species, while exploiting or harming members of other species” (Gruen, Lori, "The Moral Status of Animals",
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
Fall 2017 Edition, Edward N. Zalta, ed., URL =
LINK (Links to an external site.)
).
Discussion Questions (please address both 1 and 2).
[1] How does the hearing of this U.N. report on the climate crisis affect you, your values, your sense of the world and its future? What human beliefs or values today will more likely prevent needed changes in our way of life, methods of production, or government policies? And what beliefs or values will more likely lead to the kind of changes needed to address the climate crisis?
[2] Do you think humans are biased against animals, as moral philosophers like Peter Singer express with the term speciesism, and do you think this speciesism is comparable to other human biases such as racism, as Richard Ryder claimed in the 1970s? Why or why .
Envisaging leadership as a process centered on the interactions be.docxkhanpaulita
Envisaging leadership as a process centered on
the interactions between leaders and followers (dyads)
is better that envisaging leadership from the point of view of
the leader, (alone)
or
leader’s behaviour as informed by the follower’s characteristics, task characteristics and the context
.
Discuss critically. In your discussion, I want you to mention some of the leadership theories that have been developed from the italicized words.
400words
.
ENVIRONMENTALISM ITS ARTICLES OF FAITHNorthwest Environmental J.docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTALISM: ITS ARTICLES OF FAITH
Northwest Environmental Journal Vol. 5:1, (1989) p. 100
Victor Scheffer
Here I offer an interpretation of environmentalism, a body of principles and practices so recently manifest in national thought that its meanings are still disputed. It is called, for example, "a theology of the earth," "a religion of self restraint," and "a science rooted in resource management and ecology." I define it broadly as "a movement toward understanding humankind's natural bases of support while continuously applying what is learned toward perpetuating those bases."
The word environmentalism entered the American vernacular during the 1960s. An editorial in Science (Klopsteg 1966) noted that "one of the newest fads in Washington-and elsewhere-is 'environmental science.' The term has political potency even if its meaning is vague and questionable." Environmentalism was at first perceived by the public as merely a response to a crisis, but it quickly proved more than that. As Lord Ashby (1978:3) explained to a Stanford University group:
A crisis is a situation that will pass; it can be resolved by temporary hardship, temporary adjustment, technological and political expedients. What we are experiencing is not a crisis, it is a climacteric. For the rest of man's history on earth. . . he will have to live with problems of population, of resources, of pollution.
The vision of environmentalism is to preserve those things in nature which will allow the human enterprise, or civilization, to endure and improve. (I use the word nature for the world without humans, a concept which-like the square root of minus one-is unreal, but useful.) Because civilization depends absolutely on surroundings that are healthful and stimulating, environmentalism aims to protect both material and spiritual values. At the risk of oversimplifying, 1 review five articles of faith which support and energize the environmental movement. They reflect ideas developed by "earthkeepers" from the time of George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882) down to the present.
1) All things are connected. The cosmos is a set of dependencies so complex that its boundaries lie forever beyond understanding. Simply lifting a spadeful of garden soil disturbs a trillion protistan lives, impinges on the lifter's muscles and mind, and changes the landscape. The poet who mused, "Thou canst not stir a flower without troubling of a star," was struck by the unitary connectedness of all matter (Thompson 1966 [1897]:19). He was an environmentalist before his time. Now we technological beings have Spun a web of change around the whole earth and nearby space. Our artifacts range in scale from radiations and molecules to mountains and lakes. Yet never will we understand completely the spinoff effects of the environmental changes that we create, nor will we measure Our own,' independent influence in their creation. Consider the mysterious decline in the numbers of fur seals breeding on A.
Environmental Science and Human Population WorksheetUsing the .docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Science and Human Population Worksheet
Using the textbooks, the University Library, or other resources, answer each of the following questions in 100 to 200 words.
1.
What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the modern environmental movement, from the 1960s to the present?
2.
Explain the primary concern over exponential population growth. What promotes exponential population growth? What constrains exponential population growth?
3.
What is carrying capacity? Compare predictions for human population growth in developed countries versus developing countries. What will occur if carrying capacity is exceeded?
4.
How do individual choices affect natural ecosystem? Provide examples from your personal or community experience.
.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (EMSs) Theory and a.docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (EMSs)
Theory and application
Companies have many and diverse stakeholders
There may be many and diverse issues to manage
The Master Plan
6. Managing the impacts of growth
6.1 Strategic environmental appraisal
6.2 Traffic and transport
6.3 Road transport
6.4 Noise
6.5 Air quality
6.6 Natural heritage
6.7 Surface water
6.8 Energy and waste
6.9 Waste
6.10 Economic and social impact
Environmental management clearly needs a systematic approach
Systems and standards in industry
are commonplace….
pick a card: any card …...
What should an effective environmental management system look like?
1
policy
2
planning
3
implementation
and
operation
4
checking
5
management
review
Typical EMS structure
1
policy
2
planning
3
implementation
and
operation
4
checking
5
management
review
A management system approach:
Written
commitment
to deal with
key issues
Includes setting
targets relating
to key issues
Putting management of key issues into practice
Auditing - measuring progress towards targets
Assessing success of
elements 1-4 and the system as a whole
StandardsAll BSi and ISO standards have identification numbers
This ensures clear identification by all parties
Standards identification numbers:
Certification
Organisations can be certified to ISO 14001
(often termed ‘certified against ISO 14001’)
ISO 14001
Why the strong growth of
ISO 14001?
ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications – 2016
EMSsOther forms of recognition exist
In Europe, EMAS is widely adopted
EMAS has since been dropped
- SAS reviewed the strategic benefits …
EMSs
Standards – environmental and others – are increasingly important for business
– a company may lose out if standards
are not gained
– a company may see business increase
through the achievement of standards
Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University
Nappy Happy
Author(s): Ice Cube and Angela Y. Davis
Source: Transition, No. 58 (1992), pp. 174-192
Published by: Indiana University Press on behalf of the Hutchins Center for African and
African American Research at Harvard University
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2934976
Accessed: 04-05-2017 18:36 UTC
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Ensuring Proper Access Control
in Cloud
by Moen Zaf ar
Submission dat e : 16- Apr- 2019 08:04 AM (UT C+0500)
Submission ID: 1108935903
File name : Ensuring_pro per_access_co ntro l_in_clo ud.do cx (22.27 K)
Word count : 164 3
Charact e r count : 8830
12%
SIMILARIT Y INDEX
8%
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PUBLICAT IONS
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I. Indu, P. M. Rubesh Anand. "Hybrid
authentication and authorization model f or web
based applications", 2016 International
Conf erence on Wireless Communications,
Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET),
2016
Publicat ion
Ensuring Proper Access Control in Cloudby Moen ZafarEnsuring Proper Access Control in CloudORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
The economics of sporTs
This page intentionally left blank
The economics of sporTs
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Michael A. Leeds
Temple University
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Peter von Allmen
Skidmore College
The Pearson Series in Economics
Abel/Bernanke/Croushore
Macroeconomics*
Bade/Parkin
Foundations of Economics*
Berck/Helfand
The Economics of the Environment
Bierman/Fernandez
Game Theory with Economic
Applications
Blanchard
Macroeconomics*
Blau/Ferber/Winkler
The Economics of Women, Men and Work
Boardman/Greenberg/Vining/
Weimer
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Boyer
Principles of Transportation Economics
Branson
Macroeconomic Theory and Policy
Brock/Adams
The Structure of American Industry
Bruce
Public Finance and the American
Economy
Carlton/Perloff
Modern Industrial Organization
Case/Fair/Oster
Principles of Economics*
Caves/Frankel/Jones
World Trade and Payments:
An Introduction
Chapman
Environmental Economics: Theory,
Application, and Policy
Cooter/Ulen
Law & Economics
Downs
An Economic Theory of Democracy
Ehrenberg/Smith
Modern Labor Economics
Farnham
Economics for Managers
Folland/Goodman/Stano
The Economics of Health and
Health Care
Fort
Sports Economics
Froyen
Macroeconomics
Fusfeld
The Age of the Economist
Gerber
International Economics*
González-Rivera
Forecasting for Economics and
Business
Gordon
Macroeconomics*
Greene
E.
Environmental Kuznets Curve
Econ 328
Dr. Itziar Lazkano
Sustainable Development
Definition
Definition
Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs
Source: The World Commission on Environment and Development.
The Brundtland Commission report “Our Common Future,” 1987.
Sustainable Development
Challenges
There are four causes of unsustainable economic growth:
1. Natural capital stock (environment and resources)
2. Population growth
3. Poverty and inequality
4. Institutions
Sustainable Development
Definition
What does sustainable development mean in economic terms?
I Continuous economic progress
I Natural capital stock should not decrease over time
Economic growth and environmental quality
The trade-off
Pessimistic view:
I There is a trade-off between economic growth and
environmental quality
I The current generation must stop growing to ensure the well
being of future generations
Evidence
I There are serious environmental dangers associated with
economic growth
I Depletion of exhaustible energy resources
I Such as coal and oil
I Deterioration of the environment
I Through such as CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases
I Many examples illustrate the negative effect of economic
growth on environmental quality
I Pollution in Mexico city, Tehran, London during
industrialization
Environmental quality could improve with wealth
Some people, however, argue that environmental degradation is
only temporary
Environmental Kuznets Curve
Environmental quality improves with wealth
Recent research finds EKC for certain pollutants:
I Local pollutants (SO2): evidence
I As we become richer, we take care of our local environment
I Global pollutants (CO2): no evidence
I Taking care of our local environment, does not guarantee
better global environment
Technological progress
Optimistic view
The largest criticisms of the Club of Rome is that technological
progress was not taken into account
I New growth theories can reconcile economic growth with
environmental constraints
I New growth theory is based on innovations and directed
technical change
Environmental Kuznets Curve
1. What drives sustained growth in income per capita?
2. Is sustained economic growth possible without environmental
degradation?
Sulfur dioxide
1. Is there an Environmental Kuznets Curve for sulfur dioxide in
the US? Why? Why not?
Figure 4 and 5, SOX may have linear negative or “inverse-N” relationship with per
capita GDP and logarithmic per capita GDP.
Figure 2-5: Scatter plots of CO2, SOX and GDP
Combined with the qualitative analysis above, this paper uses Selden and Song's (1994)
cubic logarithmic polynomial form to establish the following model:
𝑙𝑛𝑌 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝑙𝑛𝑋 + 𝛽2𝑙𝑛
2𝑋 + 𝛽3𝑙𝑛
3𝑋 + 𝜀
Y is the amount of yearly air pollution (CO2 and SOX), X is per capita GDP, 𝜀 is error
term. The regression of CO2 is divided into t
Environmental PoliciesThe National Park Service manages all the .docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Policies
The National Park Service manages all the national parks in the U.S. The agency also is tasked with the management of the monument. According to the environmental policy, the main purpose of this body is to offer recreational activities for citizens and at the same time preserving the ecosystems (Dale, 2015). The BLM and the Forest Service, on the other hand, plays the role of extraction of resources like timbers. The U.S Forest service agency operates within the U.S Department of Agriculture administering the national grasslands and forests. The Bureau of Land Management operates under the United States Department of the Interior tasked with the distribution of public land. Unlike the forest service which has land all over the country, BLM land is only located in the western half of the country.
Wild Horse and Burro Act are one of the agencies formed under federal land management to preserve the native plants. The act formed in 1971 had direct effects on the Bureau of land management since it limited the techniques of BLM eliminating wild horses or rather animals that could sustain oneself on the BLM lands but instead require their protection (Loomis, 2002). Initially, the BLM was of the idea that those animals be killed, but it had to change their direction and adopted a Horse program. The program used a more humane approach and responded to the growing population of the non-native species and the adverse effects they had on the native plants as well as the wildlife populations on BLM lands. The sole function of this agency was to protect the endangered species and ensure their continuity. The endangered species Act's roles revolve around conserving the threatened and endangered plants and the habitat they are found. The act has influenced the operations of the Wild Horse and Burro Act through funding it as well as foreseeing its operations so that it remains true to its mission of ensuring the continuation of the existence of species.
References
Dale, L. (2015). Environmental Policy (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Loomis, J. B. (2002). Integrated public lands management: principles and applications to national forests, parks, wildlife refuges, and BLM lands. Columbia University Press.
Schwartz, E. R. (1977). Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 as amended.
.
Environmental PoliticsTake home Final Spring 2019Instruction.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Politics
Take home Final
Spring 2019
Instructions: Write a three pages (double spaced, size 10 or 12 font, 1” margin, and typed) paper that answers the questions below (no less than three pages).
Include citations in the text and a bibliography/reference page). Please put your name on your exam, include a cover sheet (does not count as one of the three pages required), and number the pages. You may use any resources necessary to answer the questions, but need to document all sources
Assignment:
Discuss the ability of the United States to respond to, air pollution
You must discuss the appropriate level of response (national, state, local, grassroots, etc.) and type and level of response (legislative, executive, judicial, grassroots awareness, incentives/coercion, etc.).
.
Environmental Policy Report1. Each paper should be about 3.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Policy Report
1. Each paper should be about 3-4 pages double spaced (not including figures/maps or references). Your report should include the following sections: Introduction, History of the issue, Specifics of the problem,
Solution
s, and Conclusion, though these may vary slightly depending on your topic.
2. Choose a specific topic that fits within the scope of the class. Find an environmental problem or novel solution and discuss some of the policy actions that have been taken to aid or hinder it. You may research a specific law, executive order, or even court cases. Discuss obstacles faced by environmentalists, legislators, and industries. You can also discuss other potential avenues to move forward with the issue. You will likely find more data on topics within the United States system, but you may also pick an international or collaborative issue.
3. Some potential examples are:
a.
b. Pollution
c. Soil Quality
d. Climate Change
e. Air Quality
f. Renewable energy
g. Green Power
h. Rainwater harvesting
i. Energy Conservation
j. Recycling
k. Water purification/ desalinization
l. Waste management
m. Ecosystem management
n. Organic gardening
o. Economics/ Global Development
p. Forest management
q. Wildlife (Plants and Animals)
r. Endangered Species
s. Public Health
4. Each report should include a minimum of 1 peer-reviewed journal articles for the report, although additional research is encouraged.
5. Science, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Geophysical Research Letters, PLOS-One, etc.
6. Each report must contain a References/Works Cited section at the end of the report and have in-text citations. You may use any citation format (MLA, APA, etc.) as long as you are consistent throughout.
7. A 3-4 page (double spaced) report on your topic, due in hard copy in class on Wednesday, May 6h, 2019,
Once you have an idea, you must chat with me about it briefly before proceeding, either during office hours or through email.
.
Environmental FactorsIn this assignment, you will have a chance to.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Factors
In this assignment, you will have a chance to discuss a topic that brings personality theory together with social psychology. Dealing with unhealthy groups like gangs or cults is an important issue in social psychology. However, you cannot fully address this issue if you do not first understand personality development and how one’s personality affects the choices that are made. Specifically, you will look at Skinner’s behavioral perspective on personality development and discuss how that theory can play a role in this issue of unhealthy groups.
Bob is an adolescent who grew up in a gang-infested part of a large city. His parents provided little supervision while he was growing up and left Bob mostly on his own. He developed friendships with several kids in his neighborhood who were involved in gangs, and eventually joined a gang himself. Now crime and gang activities are a way of life for Bob. These have become his way to identify with his peer group and to support himself.
It is relatively easy to see that Bob’s environment has played a large role in his current lifestyle. This coincides with Skinner’s concept of environment being the sole determinant of how personality develops. Skinner believed that if you change someone’s environment and the reinforcements in that environment, you can change their behavior.
Use the Internet, Argosy University library resources, and your textbook to research Skinner’s concept of the environment and answer the following questions:
If you were to create an environment for Bob to change his behavior from that of a gang member to a respectable and law-abiding citizen, what types of environmental changes and positive reinforcements would you suggest and why?
What are some interventions that are used in the field currently? Are there any evidence-based programs that use these environmental and reinforcement interventions?
Write your initial response in 2–3 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
By
Saturday, March 22, 2014
.
Environmental Impacts of DeforestationJennifer CroftYour.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Impacts of Deforestation
Jennifer Croft
Your essay should include five paragraphs, as follows:
Paragraph 1 is your lead paragraph. It will contain an overview of what you have to say about these three topics: disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydrologic (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
Paragraphs 2, 3, and 4, are your body paragraphs.
Paragraph 2 should describe how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
In paragraph 3, you’ll write about how deforestation disrupts the hydrologic (water) cycle.
In paragraph 4, you’ll explain how deforestation is related to declining species diversity.
Paragraph 5 is your conclusion paragraph. Here, you can describe how you feel about the three effects of deforestation discussed, and what we might do about it.
It’s permissible to use direct quotes from your reading, but don’t use too many. One to three such quotes should be your limit. Be sure to put a direct quote in quotation marks. For example: According to Smith, “Carbon dioxide is both our friend and our enemy.”
Begin by writing a first draft. Then, edit and rework your material to make it clear and concise. After you have reached a final draft, proofread the essay one last time to locate and correct grammar and spelling errors.
Hide Rubrics
Rubric Name: Assignment 4 Rubric
This table lists criteria and criteria group name in the first column. The first row lists level names and includes scores if the rubric uses a numeric scoring method.Criteria
ExemplarySatisfactoryUnsatisfactoryUnacceptableCriterion Score
Lead Paragraph10 points
Student provides a clear, logical overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
8 points
Student provides a mostly clear, logical overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
5 points
Student provides a weak or unclear overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
0 points
Student provides a poor overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
/ 10Paragraph 2: How deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle20 points
Student provides a clear, logical description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
15 points
Student provides a mostly clear, logical description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
10 points
Student provides a weak or unclear description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
0 points
Student provides a poor description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
/ 20Paragraph 3: How deforestation disrupts the hydro (water) cycle20 points
Student provides a clear, logical description of how deforestation disrupts the hydro (water) cycle.
15 points
Student provides a mostly .
Environmental Factors and Health Promotion Accident Prevention and .docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Factors and Health Promotion: Accident Prevention and Safety Promotion for Parents and Caregivers of Infants
The growth, development, and learned behaviors that occur during the first year of infancy have a direct effect on the individual throughout a lifetime. For this assignment, research an environmental factor that poses a threat to the health or safety of infants and develop a health promotion that can be presented to caregivers.
Create a 10-12 slide PowerPoint health promotion, with speaker notes, that outlines a teaching plan. For the presentation of your PowerPoint, use Loom to create a voice over or a video. Include an additional slide for the Loom link at the beginning, and an additional slide for references at the end.
Include the following in your presentation:
Describe the selected environmental factor. Explain how the environmental factor you selected can potentially affect the health or safety of infants.
Create a health promotion plan that can be presented to caregivers to address the environmental factor and improve the overall health and well-being of infants.
Offer recommendations on accident prevention and safety promotion as they relate to the selected environmental factor and the health or safety of infants.
Offer examples, interventions, and suggestions from evidence-based research. At least three scholarly resources are required. Two of the three resources must be peer-reviewed and no more than 6 years old.
Provide readers with two community resources, a national resource, and a Web-based resource. Include a brief description and contact information for each resource.
In developing your PowerPoint, take into consideration the health care literacy level of your target audience, as well as the demographic of the caregiver/patient (socioeconomic level, language, culture, and any other relevant characteristic of the caregiver) for which the presentation is tailored
Refer to the resource, "Creating Effective PowerPoint Presentations," located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.
Refer to the resource, "Loom," located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on recording your presentation.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the
LopesWrite Technical Support articles
for assistance.
.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - MooreLIVING .docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
AND FOOD SECURITY
Cooking a meal in Africa
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss the impact of population on resources and ecosystems.
2. Define the following terms and explain their response to population growth: retrogression, soil erosion, desertification, deforestation, wetlands destruction, and wildlife destruction
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
Objectives for this Chapter
3. Define the term food security and discuss the reasons leading to food insecurity among many nations worldwide.
4. List the suggested steps that might be taken to minimize global food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
Objectives for this Chapter
5. Explain the most likely reasons for a growing food insecurity in the United States.
6. List and discuss the demographics of the populations in the United States at risk to food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
INTRODUCTION: THE DEBATE
The ability of our planet to sustain and feed the dramatic increases in human population growth has been an on-going debate stretching back over 200 years.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
The Viewpoint of Malthus and Followers
Neo-Malthusians (Malthus, 1789)
Human growth is logarithmic and plants grow arithmetically. Growth will eventually surpass the ability of the land to feed the expanding population.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
Technology and Policy Will Save the Day
Cornucopians
The real threat to global stability is the failure of nations to pursue economic trade and research policies that increase food production, more evenly distribute food and resources, and limit environmental pollution.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
Technology and Policy Will Save the Day
The Green Revolution
Strains of plants are being developed that resist diseases, pests, drought and flooding.
So striking has been the increased production, that the incorporation of these new variety of seeds and processes became known as the “Green Revolution.”
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
The Green Revolution
The world markets and the “Green Revolution” may promote monocultural technology that could prove to be ecologically unstable (Fig. 3-1).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
Fig. 3-1
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
The Green Revolution
Cross-breeding (Fig. 3-2)
Induced Mutation (Fig. 3-2)
Gene Transfer (Fig. 3-3)
Precision Farming (Fig. 3-4)
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
Fig. 3-2. Cross-breeding and Mutation
Hybridization- pollination o.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Engineering Health and Safety Module and Case Studies .docx
1. Engineering Health and Safety Module and Case Studies
2
PREFACE
Health and safety issues are important in engineering,
management and other fields. Most
professional engineering associations point out that health and
safety are issues of utmost
importance in engineering practice. For example, Professional
Engineers Ontario
(http://www.peo.on.ca) states in its Code of Ethics, “A
practitioner shall … regard the
practitioner's duty to public welfare as paramount.” The need
for appropriate education and
training in engineering health and safety is also widely
recognized, and engineering programs
usually must appropriately address health and safety to maintain
accreditation. For instance, the
Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (http://www.ccpe.ca)
includes in its curriculum-
content criteria, “Appropriate exposure to … public and worker
safety and health considerations
… must be an integral component of the engineering
curriculum.”
2. This document is an engineering-oriented module and set of
case studies on health and safety,
which helps convey the importance of these issues in a concise
package. The material can be
covered in a single lecture, or over an extended period. The
materials herein are intended and
structured for engineering students, but are also useful for
others, e.g., students in other technical
programs such as applied sciences and technology, students in
management, business and other
programs that interface with engineering, and students in
company training programs.
This package contains case studies since they usually present a
useful and interesting means of
delivering education on health and safety to engineering
students. Minerva Canada
(http://www.minervacanada.org) and others have in the past
developed several useful business-
and engineering-oriented case studies on health and safety. The
case studies presented here are
fictitious, although they contain ideas based on actual incidents.
Although the case studies are
oriented towards engineering, they also incorporate management
and business issues, since
health and safety must be dealt with in an integrated and
interdisciplinary manner. For example,
criteria for business success, such as performance and
profitability, must be considered in
concert with health and safety. The case studies are not intended
to be judgmental, but rather to
provide a basis for discussion.
The author invites feedback and comments from interested
3. parties and users, so that the module
and accompanying case studies can be enhanced in the future.
3
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Minerva Canada for its support of the
development of this module and the
case studies. In addition, the author is thankful for the
comments and suggestions made by several
members of the Minerva Canada Board.
Particular thanks are due to David Meston, a member of
Minerva Canada who provided invaluable
advice.
Finally, the author is grateful to Dr. William Goodman, a
faculty member in the School of
Business and Information Technology at University of Ontario
Institute of Technology, for
reviewing this work. Beyond providing general useful
suggestions, Dr. Goodman’s review
helped ensure that the material would find uses in areas beyond
engineering where health and
safety are important, such as business and management.
4
Basic Management Principles in Occupational Health and Safety
4. Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational health and safety is concerned with the
identification, evaluation and control of
hazards associated with the workplace. Companies and
organizations often have occupational
health and safety programs, the objectives of which are to
reduce:
• occupational injuries, which include any harm from a
workplace accident (e.g., fracture, cut,
burn), and
• occupational illnesses, which include abnormal conditions
caused by exposure to factors
associated with the workplace.
Occupational health and safety are often grouped together, but
they are not the same even though
they are closely related. It is important to understand both. One
way we can differentiate health
and safety is as follows:
• Safety usually is concerned with situations that cause injury
and deals with hazards that lead
to severe and sudden outcomes.
• Health usually is concerned with situations that cause illness
or disease and deals with
adverse reactions to exposure over prolonged periods to hazards
5. that are usually less severe,
but still dangerous.
Of course, some situations can simultaneously lead to safety
and health concerns.
Types of Workplace Hazards
The range of potential workplace hazards is large and includes
the following types:
• mechanical
• fall-related
• lifting-related
• pressure
• sound, noise and vibration
• heat, cold and temperature
• fire
• explosion
• electrical
• chemical
• biological
• toxic, carcinogenic and otherwise harmful substances
• radiation
• automation
• ergonomic
• human and psychosocial factors (e.g., stress)
5
6. Some hazards do not clearly fall into one of the above types
(e.g., the hazards associated with
work in a confined space), while other hazards may fall into
more than one type.
Stakeholders
The number of stakeholders affected by occupational health and
safety is large and includes,
among others, the following:
• employers
• employees
• government and other regulatory authorities
• compensation and insurance providers
• the public
In an organization, occupational health and safety involves
everyone, from the chief executive
officer to the worker. Employees and employers often are
jointly responsible for occupational
health and safety and employers are accountable for non-
compliance.
Importance of Occupational Health and Safety
Some of the main reasons for being concerned about
occupational health and safety include the
following:
7. • Economics. The economic costs, both direct and indirect, of
workplace accidents, injuries
and illnesses are significant. Costs can be associated with the
time lost from work, human
pain and suffering, and the subsequent loss of moral and decline
in worker efficiency and
productivity.
• Legality. Occupational Health and Safety Acts provide
workers with the right to a safe work
environment. In protecting workers, employers must exercise
due diligence, i.e., take
reasonable precautions appropriate for the circumstances. The
legal penalties that are
possible for violations of health and safety legislation are
significant and can include civil
lawsuits and criminal prosecutions.
• Morality. It is generally accepted that employers have a moral
responsibility to provide a safe
working environment for their employees.
The field of occupational health and safety has been increasing
in importance due to the
consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses, and public
expectations have increased for
better occupational health and safety.
Role of Senior Management in Occupational Health and Safety
Senior management within a company plays a very important
8. role in occupational health and
safety. In particular, senior management is responsible for
• taking a leadership role in establishing occupational health
and safety as a company priority
and commitment,
6
• promoting a positive health and safety culture throughout the
company,
• ensuring support for occupational health and safety initiatives
is provided, and
• demonstrating and modeling good occupational health and
safety practices.
Without a clear commitment to occupational health and safety
by senior management, it is
difficult for others in the company to feel that health and safety
initiatives are appreciated or
even desired. Employees will usually focus their efforts on
other activities, and place a low
priority on occupational health and safety, in instances where a
lack of commitment seems to
exist.
A commitment by and leadership from senior management is
critical for engineers seeking
excellence in health and safety that is sustainable over time.
Without appropriate commitment
9. and leadership, an engineer will normally only be able to go
part way towards addressing
occupational health and safety and, in the worst cases, may not
even be able to initiate required
measures.
Knowledge Needed to Address Occupational Health and Safety
In order to address occupational health and safety appropriately,
a wide range of knowledge and
skills are needed, including the following:
• A technical understanding of, and ability to assess, recognize
and prevent, all types of
workplace hazards and risk factors.
• Knowledge of relevant acts, standards, regulations, codes,
laws and liability. These include
occupational health and safety legislation, and Workplace
Hazardous Materials Information
System (WHMIS) legislation.
• Knowledge of workers compensation schemes and programs.
• Medical knowledge, including physiotherapy, psychology and
health care.
• An ability to deal with and motivate people, communicate
clearly, and develop and manage
plans.
Workplace Qualities Needed for Successful Health and Safety
Outcomes
10. There exist certain workplace qualities that are required for
successfully addressing occupational
health and safety. The Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance
Board workplace lists the
following qualities as essential for successful health and safety
outcomes:
• A positive health and safety culture, including strong active
senior leadership and a
workforce that is empowered to fulfill its responsibilities in
keeping the workplace healthy
and safe.
• An effective internal responsibility system that ensures all
members of the workplace fulfill
their health and safety responsibilities.
• An occupational health and safety management system that is
geared towards control of
risks.
Programs for Occupational Health and Safety
7
The information described in the previous two sections is used
in creating programs for
occupational health and safety. Such programs require the
11. following:
• A leadership commitment to occupational health and safety.
• Consistent support of senior management in establishing and
maintaining a health and safety
culture in the company.
• Appropriate plans to deal with problems and emergencies.
• Promotion of health and safety throughout a company.
• Appropriate and relevant education and training in health and
safety throughout a company.
• Clearly defined responsibilities relating to health and safety.
• Clearly defined authority to take action relating to health and
safety.
• Appropriate procedures for reporting safety incidents.
• Procedures for investigating health and safety incidents and
taking follow-up actions.
• Appropriate procedures for record keeping for all facets of
health and safety.
• Establishment of on-site health and safety committees.
Activities in occupational health and safety programs can be
broken down and categorized in
several ways. One categorization considers three levels of
intervention:
• Identification and removal of hazards and risk factors (e.g.,
adding safety devices to an
existing process, designing systems and processes for health and
safety, a task ideally done in
the early stages of an engineering activity).
12. • Protection of workers from potential consequences of
exposure hazards and risk factors (e.g.,
use of protective eyewear and clothing).
• Care of workers who have been harmed from exposure to
workplace hazards or risk factors
(e.g., use of treatment, rehabilitation and compensation
programs).
Although they can be more costly to implement in the short
term, interventions of the type in the
first bullet are for several reasons usually preferable to and
more successful than those in second
bullet. One reason is that interventions of the type in the first
bullet usually do not rely as much,
if at all, on worker actions. Over the long term, if interventions
of the type in the first bullet are
designed appropriately into occupational health and safety
systems, they can be as or more cost
effective than those of the type in the second bullet. In general,
there are many benefits to taking
a “safety by design” approach, in which health and safety are
treated from the start as primary
factors in design activities (like manufacturability,
maintainability, economic viability, etc.),
rather than as an afterthought.
A second categorization of activities associated with
occupational health and safety programs
considers the following types of measures:
• Engineering and technical measures, which reduce exposure to
workplace hazards through
13. technical modifications (e.g., through redesigning the
workplace, or providing protective
equipment).
8
• Process measures, which reduce exposure to workplace
hazards by modifying work
processes (e.g., avoiding fatigue through breaks, avoiding lack
of concentration, monotony
and boredom through job rotation).
• Behavioural measures, which improve employee behaviour,
attitudes, knowledge and skill of
occupational health and safety (e.g., training, education to
promote awareness).
• Administrative measures, which reduce exposure to workplace
hazards by making
administrative modifications (e.g., use of effective operating
procedures, clear
communications, occupational health and safety committees).
Various management system models for occupational health and
safety exist and are becoming
increasingly popular. Many of these incorporate Deming’s
Cycle of plan, do, check, act, or
variations of it. Some examples:
• The occupational health and safety management systems of the
British Standards Institution
14. (BSI), specifically OSHAS 18001 (www.bsi-
global.com/Corporate/18001.xalter). OHSAS
18001 is an assessment specification for occupational health
and safety management systems
that helps companies meet health and safety obligations
efficiently. This model is similar to
the International Standards Organization’s ISO 9000 Quality
Management Systems and ISO
14000 Environmental Management Systems.
• International Labour Organization’s ILO OSH-2001
occupational safety and health
management system guideline
(www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/managmnt/gui
de.htm). This guideline seeks
to ensure organizations are able to tackle occupational safety
and health challenges
continuously and to build effective responses into dynamic
management strategies.
• The Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board Workwell
model, which carries out
health and safety audits
(www.wsib.on.ca/wsib/wsibsite.nsf/public/Workwell).
Other management system models for occupational health and
safety are in various stages of
development by such organizations as the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), the
U.S. National Safety Council (NSC) and the Canadian Standards
Association (CSA).
Occupational Health and Safety Teams
15. No one person can reasonably be expected to have the requisite
knowledge and skills to manage
the health and safety tasks for a company alone. Hence, a team
is usually assembled, from
employees and – where necessary or desired – outside
personnel. The team can include, or draw
on the knowledge of engineers, scientists, technologists,
technicians, workers, businesspeople,
and managers. The team members each bring a different set of
attributes and collectively are able
to provide the knowledge and skills to manage the health and
safety.
The health and safety team in a large company may include the
following members:
• A representative of senior management
• Safety engineer
• Environmental engineer
• Industrial hygienist
• Health physicist
9
• Occupational health nurse
• Occupational physician
The health and safety manager is normally the key person in the
team, and must coordinate the
16. team’s efforts and activities. The representative of senior
management is instrumental in
ensuring support for occupational health and safety initiatives is
provided by senior management,
and in demonstrating that senior management promotes a
positive health and safety culture
within the company.
Most health and safety legislation requires that joint health and
safety committees be established,
composed of representatives of both management and workers,
to enhance workplace health and
safety. Such committees carry out this function by identifying
and evaluating potential hazards,
recommending corrective action and following up on the
implemented recommendations.
One of the duties of employers is to appoint persons as
supervisors in the workplace who are
competent in terms of occupational health and safety, where
competent implies:
• qualified in terms of knowledge, training and experience, and
• familiar with relevant acts and regulations.
A supervisor is responsible for ensuring compliance with acts
and regulations as well as the use
of safe work practices, personal protective equipment and
appropriate emergency procedures.
Ethical Dilemmas and Occupational Health and Safety
17. Ethical problems occur from time to time in engineering, and
these often relate to health and
safety of workers and/or the public. For example, an engineer
may be faced with the choice of
risking the health of workers on a project or delaying – or even
stopping – the project to establish
a proper safety procedures or to purchase and install appropriate
safety equipment. The former
action places workers in some degree of risk of harm, while the
latter causes delays and increases
costs for the employers or clients of the engineer. What level of
risk severity and potential harm
to workers is sufficient to overcome the losses to the client or
employer that will result if the
engineer delays or stops the project for a safety-related reason?
Codes of ethics, as well as laws
and regulations, are in place to guide engineers in ethical
decision making and engineers are
normally bound to observe these. But answers are sometimes
not easily arrived at, as many
situations fall into a grey area.
10
Engineering-Oriented Case Studies on Occupational Health and
Safety
Case Study I
In the Canadian manufacturing plant of a global automotive
company with headquarters in
18. Canada, a large number of engineering activities are carried out
in a wide range of areas. These
activities include design, production of parts, assembly, testing,
and quality assurance.
Many of the manufacturing processes in the plant are performed
using automated technologies
and equipment. People also perform some of the manufacturing
tasks and the plant employs over
400 workers. The decision on whether people or machines will
be used for a particular task is
dependent on many factors, including costs, time, quality and
worker health and safety.
The plant considered here produces a many parts for vehicles
and assembles them. Among the
parts produced are engine materials and parts, pumps, fans,
some exterior parts, and electronics
components. The plant normally operates three shifts per day
and has production lines including
machining equipment, conveyers and overhead cranes, punch
presses, and paint-spray booths.
The plant utilizes electricity and natural gas extensively.
A number of workers at the plant have over the last six months
been subject to several different
health problems. The following information has been received
by the head engineer at the plant.
a) In an assembly area that was installed recently, workers have
to bend to the ground
19. throughout the day to attach several small parts onto a large and
heavy vehicle
component. Some workers have begun to develop lower back
pain, likely due to the
repetitive bending. The problem has become so severe for one
of the workers that he has
been told by his doctor to stay off work for two weeks so his
back can recover. The
manufacturing engineers who designed the assembly operation
had wanted to use an
automated system, but that option was deemed not to be
economic. So they used a
manual operation, but did not take into account industrial
ergonomics, as they had no
expertise in that discipline.
b) An increased incidence of respiratory illnesses has been
reported over the last month by
workers operating near the paint-spray booths. Many of the
substances used in the booths
(paints, solvents, etc.) are known to be causes of the observed
respiratory illnesses. But
the workers are not supposed to come into contact with any of
the substances because the
paint-spray booths are designed to ensure that all materials exit
the plant through a high-
capacity ventilation system and that no materials can leak back
into the plant. No tests
had been carried out on the ventilation system, or on the air
quality around the paint-
spray booths, so it is uncertain whether or not there have been
any leaks into the plant
from the paint-spray booths.
c) In an area of the plant where metal cutting occurs and
workers use protective eyewear,
20. workers have reported minor eye injuries. The area in question
is one where it is common
knowledge that the workers do not routinely use the protective
eyewear. It is often
observed to be hanging on nearby hooks or to be loosely
hanging around the necks of
workers. Workers complain that they find the protective
eyewear uncomfortable and do
not think it is needed or important. The plant manager knows of
this behaviour but
11
overlooks it, since enforcing the use of the protective eyewear
seems may make the
workers unhappy and, consequently, less productive. That, he
feels, could render the
plant non-competitive.
Questions:
a) How would you go about investigating the causes of the
observed health problems?
b) What are the unsafe conditions and acts in the plant?
c) Which of the unsafe conditions and acts identified in part b
are (1) of a technical nature,
or (2) related to human behaviour or management?
d) What are some steps can be taken to rectify the health
problems observed?
e) Should the head engineer endeavour to rectify the health
problems on her own, or should
21. she report the problems to the plant manager beforehand? The
head engineer is not sure if
she will receive the support of the plant manager in rectifying
the problems; what should
she do if support is not provided?
f) Do you feel that some of the health problems that have
occurred are due to worker health
and safety being unduly compromised to allow the plant to be
more productive or
profitable?
Case Study II
Consider again the plant described in Case Study I. The head
engineer at the plant wants to
ensure that the plant provides a safe and healthy environment.
So, she decides to ask an
engineering health and safety consulting company to do a health
and safety audit of the plant.
The report provided by the consulting company lists the
following safety problems:
a) An expert on fires and explosions notes that the extensive use
of natural gas in the plant
could lead to an explosion in the plant in some circumstances.
The force of such an
explosion could lead to severe injuries or deaths of workers and,
possibly, cause the
building to be damaged or to collapse. The potential for an
explosion could develop if a
22. sufficient natural gas leak occurs or the plant ventilation system
fails to perform properly
or certain controls or sensors fail. But, the expert further notes,
there is insufficient
information available on the concentration of natural gas in the
plant air, as only one
natural gas sensor is in place at the plant, but it is not located in
the main area where an
accumulation of natural gas is likely to occur. Thus, the
potential for an explosion could
exist, yet not be detected or acted upon. In addition, the expert
is concerned because the
natural gas sensor is connected neither to an automated shut-off
system for the natural gas
supply nor to an alarm, thus increasing the likelihood of an
incident and its potential
severity.
b) Although maintenance is supposed to be done quarterly on
the natural gas lines and
equipment, no evidence is found that maintenance has ever been
performed since they
were first installed four years ago. Such maintenance typically
involves checking for and
fixing gas leaks. Also, no training has been provided to workers
on either understanding
the potential for explosion, or the steps to take to avoid an
explosion. In fact, most
workers did not even realize the potential for an explosion
existed. Furthermore, no
written procedures relating explosions exist within the plant.
12
23. c) The plant contains toxic materials that can harm people and
animals. The way this
material is stored in the plant, it could, in the event of a plant
explosion, be released and
impact an area within one kilometer of the plant. Such an
incident could lead to illnesses
or deaths among members of the public and could harm animals
in the environment.
Questions:
a) What are the unsafe conditions and acts in the plant?
b) What are some steps can be taken to rectify the noted safety
concerns?
c) From point c) in the consulting company report, it is clear
that the problem affects not
just worker safety, but also the safety of the public and the
environment. Should the
difference in who or what is affected cause head engineer to
modify her actions in
addressing the problem? If so, how?
d) Can the head engineer choose to ignore or not act fully upon
the safety concerns raised by
the consulting company? If yes, in what instances and under
what conditions?
e) If the head engineer at the plant decides that measures must
be taken to protect health and
safety, but the plant manager refuses to approve the measures,
what are the obligations of
the head engineer?
24. f) Do any of the problems cited demonstrate that it is best to
address health and safety
comprehensively in the early stages of an engineering activity,
preferably within the
design process and not as an afterthought? For instance, can you
indicate some measures
that will likely be more expensive to implement to fix the
problem compared to the cost
that would have been incurred during the design process to
resolve the problem then?
Case Study III
Consider again the plant described in Case Studies I and II. The
head engineer at the plant
realizes that the company has a similar plant operating in a
developing country with different –
and usually less stringent – occupational health and safety
requirements, standards and codes
than Canada. The head engineer is certain that the same
problems that have been identified in
Case Studies I and II for the Canadian plant also exist in the
company’s foreign plant. The head
engineer recommends to company management that the
problems be fixed at the foreign plant,
like they were for the Canadian plant. Company management
refuses to authorize the work
required to fix the safety problems in the foreign plant, and
gives the following reasons:
a) The regulations and laws in the foreign country do not
require the problems identified at
25. the Canadian plant, should they exist in the foreign plant, to be
rectified. The head
engineer checks and learns that this is so, even though in
Canada, where the company’s
headquarters are located and where the head engineer is
licensed, the company has an
obligation to rectify the situation.
b) The work required would not be economically feasible in the
foreign plant.
c) Even if one agrees that the company should be obliged by the
foreign country to rectify
the safety issues in that plant, the problem is associated with the
country’s laws and
regulations, and not the company’s policies or decisions.
Questions:
13
a) As a licensed engineer in a Canadian province, the head
engineer is obliged to adhere to
the code of ethics for engineers in her province. Mindful of this
obligation, what actions
should she take – if any – regarding the companies refusal to fix
the safety problems in
the foreign plant?
b) Select a province or territory in Canada. What are the
relevant clauses in the engineering
code of ethics of that province or territory that provide guidance
26. on how the head
engineer should deal with the dilemma she faces?
c) Are all of the reasons cited by the company for not fixing the
safety problems in the
foreign plant valid? For instance, can you give a scenario in
which doing the required
work might be economic?
14
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