Energy Sanctions Case Study

Energy Sanctions Case Study
Russia, Iran, and North Korea are three countries that have been up for recent discussion in regards
for increased United States sanctions. These sanctions are often used to enforce laws or certain
ideas. The Office of Economic Sanctions Policy and Implementation (SPI) "enforces and maintains
sanctions in order to maximize their economic impact on target but minimizing the damage to U.S.
economic interest". Energy sanctions are often implemented for reasons including human rights
issues, terrorism exportation, and national aggression. Sanctions can be put on a country by just the
United Sates or Internationally. Countries such as Russia can be put under sanctions due to their
violation of human rights. Iran is questioned for increased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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This shows their inability to support their local civilians. Making it a key reason that Russia has
been placed under increased United States sanctions in the past. More recently Russia has been
looked at for increased sanctions due to their apparent meddling in the United States previous
election. It is hard to determine if previous sanctions greatly impact the economy and country as a
whole. It is said that it could simply be the fall in oil prices because, "Sanctions hit at the same time
the price of oil, a major export and source of revenue for the Russian government, dropped
dramatically, by more than 60% between the start of 2014 and the end of 2015" (Nelson, 2017).
Even with the fall in oil prices the sanctions had to play some role in the dropped revenue and down
grading economy. With these sanctions affecting the financial situation that Russia is experiencing it
does not change the fact that they are still treating their civilians with poor respect for their human
rights. Human rights are not the only reason increased sanctions could be considered, another reason
could be their support for terrorism exportation. Second, sanctions can be increased due to terrorism
exportation. Terrorism exportations can be described as state sponsored terrorism. Which basically
means that a country is supporting violence against their civilians or other countries civilians. Iran is
being considered for increased sanctions due to their support of terrorism. These
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Introduction Of Open General Licensing
2.4.1.2 Ad Hoc Liberalization, 1976–91 In 1976; novel strategy of liberalization called "Open
General Licensing (OGL)", which was mainly planned during wartime, however remained inert due
to repetitive devaluation, was introduced. The mechanism based on a listing principle comprised of
placing the items on the list of OGL; otherwise those items were subjected to obtaining a license
from the Ministry of Commerce. However, this license was not entitled as an allowance of
autonomous import activities, but rather than a clearance for possibly end–users (Fujita, 2007). OGL
achieved a successful cover of capital goods and intermediate inputs since its launch in 1976. As
shown in Table 2.1; there was a significant increase of included capital ... Show more content on
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Above all, during 1985–90 the rupee devalued in nominal effective terms by roughly 45%, leading
to a real depreciation of 30% (Haksar, 1988; Krishna, 1998). Furthermore, by 1990, 31 institutes to
gain their autonomies from licensing sanctions of government, and thus, since it essentially affected
importing activities of machinery in manufacturing; licensing clearance; it led one step further for
trade liberalization aspects of India. Another important factor that affected India's augmented
performance of importing activities was an increment in agrarian yielding's and discovery of oil.
These two elements led to generate unique places for products such as mechanical equipment that
are other than oil– and food–based (Kulke, 1998). India's most productive engagement with
liberalization trends led by a number of unfortunate events; which was expected to cause a reversal
of the whole policy onto stricter sanctions if it occurred 20 years ago: In June 1991, a destructive
balance–of–payment crisis emerged in India; once again during a liberalization period. (Topalova,
2004). This crisis mainly stimulated by internal and external indebtedness situation of the state that
was unable to generate a balanced fiscal expansion while primarily focusing instant growth of the
economy itself. In fact, this method served the purpose for a short period: Between 1981 and 1991

The Deployment Of Economic Sanctions On The International...
The deployment of economic sanctions on the international stage by states to influence the behavior
of other states has become the norm in International Relations. Despite the increase in popularity of
this practice over the course of the past century, the question of its efficiency is one that is still
debated and remains unanswered. The idea that putting economic pressures on a country to illicit a
certain behavior or change in behavior from that country works in theory, but in practice, it is more
complicated and does not necessarily work the way that theory suggests it should. Some economists
and policy analysts have taken the approach of deconstructing the subject in order to consider what
variable may or may not affect the efficiency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Positive sanctions are meant to foster relations between countries. Negative sanctions are intended
to cause another country economic harm. The debate around economic sanctions typically focuses
on the negative kind. Sanctions can be unilateral – from one sender country to one target country –
or multilateral from multiple countries. Multilateral sanctions can be orchestrated by one main
country supported by other countries, or they can be sent under the auspices of an international
organization. Raul Caruso distinguishes three different kinds of negative sanctions – boycotts,
embargoes, and
Kassim 3 financial sanctions. A boycott is the restriction of imports from the target country;
embargoes are restrictions on exports to the target country; financial sanctions are restrictions on
investment in the target country (Caruso "Should We Set" 23). Kaempfer and Lowenberg posit that
economic sanctions can be proposed for the following three reasons: in response to a nation that
threatens the wealth or security of the sender nation; to achieve moral or ideological goals; as a part
of trade policy and commercial relations – i.e. in response to tariffs or quotas (Kaempfer 2). The
question of whether or not sanctions are efficient is a difficult one to answer. A major contributing
factor to this difficulty is the lack of a universal standard for gauging success. Analysts create the
criteria by which to judge success, and these criteria are not accepted by

Mercer Operating Abroad Case Study
Mercer Operating Abroad
Mercer, a subsidiary of Marsh & McLennan companies' is global consulting leader and part of a
culture that has colleagues in more than 100 countries. Mercer, recognize the difficulty organizations
may encounter when entering new markets, therefore conducts business in accordance with all
applicable trade restrictions, export controls or anti–boycott laws. International trade compliance
and applied science transfer are governed by laws and regulating of multiple jurisdictions forming a
highly complicated and ever–evolving global compliance regime.1 This paper is written to explore
business recitations by Mercer (MMC) when conducting business internationally.
Trade and Economic Sanctions
Differences between international ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term united states person includes all individuals corporation and unincorporated associations
resident in the united states including the development domestic affiliates of foreign concerns united
states person also include united states citizens aboard except when they reside aboard and are
employed by undocumented persons and the controlled affiliates of domestic concerns. The test for
controlled in fact is the ability to establish the general policies or to control the day to day operations
of the foreign affiliate. The scope of the EAR, as defined by section 8 of the EAA is limited to
actions taken with intent to comply with, further, or support and unsanctioned foreign boycott. The
law prohibits conduct that mat be penalized under the TRA and/or prohibit under the

Exploring the Efficacy of International Organizations in...
The emergence of international organizations and international norms has undoubtedly changed the
way states exercise power in international politics. On the one hand, international organizations may
have a large influence over the behavior of states by spreading international norms, such as self–
determination, that then help shape foreign policy. They could also be viewed as a form of global
governance that ameliorates nationalistic aggression. On the other hand, international organizations
could be seen as simply a reflection of the existing balance of power within an anarchic, self–help
system; international norms simply a convenient ideological rhetoric for a state to utilize in order to
legitimize and justify their national interests. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Keohane argues, under a bipolar structure, relative gains become the most apparent and easily
calculated, forcing cooperation to a minimum. However, Keohane stresses, "this does not by any
means undermine prospects for cooperation in general" (Keohane, Mitigation, p. 155). The UN does
little to constrain Russia's behavior and to influence the outcome becauase of its wide and diverse
membership and the lack of common interests between the key decision makers – the Security
Council. In essence, the UN takes on the same bilateral nature of its members, resulting in
indecisive action. Russia's veto of the UN resolution that declared Crimea illegal on March 15 is a
clear example of this. As realists would say, the UN as an international organization is simply
another measure of national sovereignty: "the Organization is based on the principle of sovereign
equality" (Charter of the United Nations, Chapter I Article II). No state is willing to make a decision
that will undermine its own sovereignty. However, NATO and the EU, organizations that comprise
of fewer members who share deeper political interests and ideologies, become central actors
themselves and are not just an institutional form of the balance of powers. As Steven Erlanger writes
in The New York Times, the Crimea crisis "has suddenly revived the North Atlantic Treat
Organization's central role as a counterweight to Moscow" and, that the crisis is "a

The United States Government (DIME): The Four Instruments...
The Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic (DIME) are the four instruments of National
Power. The United States Government (USG) uses the DIME to address advance USG interests to
prevent war. These elements incorporate an all–inclusive range of national power. Governmental
agencies use these tools when developing or refining strategies. The diplomatic instrument is led by
the Department of State (DOS) and the ability to negotiate, influence, relate, and gain agreement
with international organizations, foreign countries, and non–governmental entities. The
informational instrument is the USG's ability to communicate using interconnected global networks
and many other methods relaying our national intent. The employment of the Informational

Describe The Role Of Economic Sanctions In The United States
This paper focuses on economic sanctions target selection. It specifically examines which factors
include United States' decision to impose economic sanctions. Sanctions are penalties levied against
another country, or individuals within a country. They are an instrument of national foreign policy
designed to apply economic pressure against their target in order to changes the target state's
behaviors or polices. Sanctions represent a wide variety of policy tools available for use as part of a
carrot and stick approach to international relations. As a distinct foreign policy tool, sanctions exist
within multiple categories. The number of countries imposing a sanction defines one category.
Unilateral sanctions are those imposed by a single country against a target. Multilateral sanctions are
those imposed by a group of countries, either in concert or represented by an international
institution, against another country. Sanctions imposed by the United States against another country
represent the former, while United Nations sanctions illustrate the latter category. Although
multilateral sanctions pose less risk for the implementing countries or body since no ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Export sanctions block goods from entering into a targeted country, and import sanctions block
goods from leaving. Export sanction generally have less impact than import sanctions against a
country. Five primary forms of economic sanctions fit within these two types: tariffs, quotas,
embargoes, non–tariff barriers, and asset seizure. Tariffs represent taxes on imported goods from the
targeted county, and quotes limited the quantity of imported or exported goods from a that country.
Embargoes restrict or prevent trade between countries, and non–tariff barriers are import restrictions
that raises costs without being a specific tax. Finally, asset seizures prevent country or individual
assets from transfer or

The Abolition of Capital Punishment in Australia
Since the last execution in Australia in 1967 of Ronald Ryan and the abolition of capital punishment
in Australia in 1973 imprisonment has been the only option as a sanction for murder. A survey
conducted in 2009 demonstrated that a clear majority of Australians (64%) believed that
imprisonment should be the punishment for murder as opposed to 23% stating the death penalty
should be used and 13% did not wish to comment. The death penalty is not an effective punishment
for all cases and there has not been any solid evidence stating that it is a more effective deterrent
than imprisonment. Furthermore capital punishment possesses the risk of executing the innocent,
which has happened or almost happened numerous times in the past such as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, implementing capital punishment is much more expensive than life imprisonment. In a
government with capital punishment, both the trial and appeal process are much more expensive in
comparison to noncapital cases as the trials are generally longer and more complex. Australian
lawyers estimate that a single capital punishment case could cost taxpayers around $5.5 million
while life imprisonment approximately costs $1.5 million.2 Saving money should not be an
argument in retaining capital punishment. If Australia re–instated capital punishment, Federal and
State taxes would need to be increased, all community services would be drastically cut, more
hidden taxes would be introduced and finally all essential services and local government costs
would also increase. This exemplifies how life imprisonment should be the only option for offences
as it not only costs millions less, it also still ensures that the public is protected and the money saved
could be spent on programs that actually improve the communities in which we live. This highlights
how international jurisdictions for various reasons should, in majority of cases, follow Australia's
example and abolish capital punishment for murder and all crimes, however in some cases including
repeat offenders such as Peter Dupas capital punishment could be a more effective punishment.
Although in majority of cases capital punishment should not be an option worldwide, some
offenders have too high of a chance

United States On International Trade
The CITES is an international agreement that entered in force the 1st of July 1975. It is designed to
prevent any threat, caused by international trade, towards the survival of specimens of wild animals
and plants. The global scale of the trading network nowadays imposes this convention to have an
international scope, thus to include 181 parties protecting more than 35,000 species
This treaty has 2 main purposes: it aims to improve the working of the Convention, also, ensure that
CITES policy developments are mutually supportive of international environmental priorities and
new international initiatives.
The species included in this convention are sorted into three appendices: Appendix I includes
species threatened with extinction and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are also more broad metrics like the Living Planet Index (measure of biodiversity).
A difficulty to address this problem
A convention such as CITES can impose total trade bans on certain species. While the reason is
environmentally sound, politicians don't always agree. The reason behind this are the commercial
and economic benefits that countries get out of specific trades. For instance, the main challenge in
2013 was to add to the CITES Appendix II several species of sharks. This proposal faced a strong
resistance from China, Japan and their allies, where the shark fin trade is a tradition, causing horrific
changes in the population of these species. The same problem happened in 2013 during the CoP16
when Canada rejected the decision to enlist the Polar Bear in the Appendix I, due to its impact on
the lives of the Inuit
Cooney, R., Abensperg–Traun, M., (2013)
.
Evaluating the success
This agreement has been at the origin of some positive movements and actions, however, it has also
showed weaknesses in terms of policy and

World Investments and Economics
World Investments and Economics
Prime Minister Tony Blair launched Invest.UK on 5 July 2000, saying:
Today's inward investment figures are a clear vote of confidence in this country and the economic
policies we are pursuing. Companies from every sector and from all over the world know Britain is
the place to do business. I would like to congratulate everyone involved in the British inward
investment effort – you have done a great jobâ€¦To maintain this record it is vital that we modernise
the services we offer investors. That is why I'm pleased to announce that from today the Invest in
Britain Bureau is to become InvestÂ·UK. Invest.UK volume2 (Briefing in Britain)
[IMAGE]
BALANCE OF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
banking, insurance and business services, is the largest industry in the UK.
[IMAGE]
* Tariffs are customs duty imposed on imports by the government to protect local businesses. This
increases the price of imported goods.
* Quotas limit the quantity of a product being imported. No more than the agreed amount will be
imported, eg Japanese cars have a quota.
* Subsidies are financial help given by the government to assist business and protect jobs. For
example Rolls–Royce, the aero–engine maker received Â£250m in subsidies to help fund a new
range of jet engines. This will also safeguard 7,000 jobs in the UK.
* Different languages and currencies can make exports or imports more difficult.
* Exchange controls limit how much of your profit you may take out of some countries.
* Exchange rates vary and currency has to be converted.
* Market forces and exchange rates determine the prices paid.

* Import/export regulations – these relate to the rules and regulations, rate of income tax,
environmental legislation, European law, etc.
* Sanctions stop trading with another country. They are applied to punish that country, for example
for harbouring terrorists.

Should Trade Sanctions Be Stopped Essay
SHOULD ALL TRADE SANCTIONS BE STOPPED?
To most of the world, sanctions are a mixed blessing. On the one hand, they reinforce trade rules
and promote respect for them. On the other hand, they tend to undermine the principles of free trade
and provoke a kind of 'trade envy'(Charnovitz) in other international organizations.
Trade retaliation goes back quite a ways; we see examples of it in much of US law:
–Antidumping Act of 1916, which has seen little use.(Charnovitz)
–International Labor Organization, from the Treaty of Versailles 1919, which served as an
international dispute system, but no economic measures were ever recommended until 2000, against
Burma.(Charnovitz)
–UN ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
World leaders often decide that the most obvious alternatives to sanctions are no good – military
action would be too strong and diplomatic protests too weak. Sanctions can provide a satisfying
dramatic display, but avoid the high costs of war.(Library of Economics) This isn't to say that
sanctions don't cost a thing, just that they're often less costly than the alternatives.
A second advantage to sanctions can be seen through foreign pressure to promote internal change,
assuming that the sanctioned government wants to comply with the rules, but can't because of
domestic politics.(Charnovitz) We can see in many cases that sanctions are being imposed primarily
for signaling purposes – either for the benefit of allies, other third parties, or once again, their own
citizens. If the sanctions aren't carefully targeted or the costs are too high for the sanctioning
country, the intended signal may be lost.(Library of Economics)
Sanctions intended to change the behavior or government of a target country are very difficult to
design. They have to be imposed as quickly and easily as possible.(Library of Economics) By
moving too slowly, it gives the target country time to adjust by finding alternative markets, finding
new allies, and by gaining domestic support of its own policies.
Another advantage of trade sanctions is the fact that they have the power to be enacted

The Issue Of Child Soldiers
Every day, thousands of children around the world wake up in the morning, grab their shoes and
backpacks and head to school. Thousands of other children pick up their AK–47s and head to battle.
The issue of child soldiers is as complex as it is atrocious, and its heinous nature has prompted the
international community to pour vast amounts of time and resources into finding a solution. Despite
humanitarian and government organizations' best efforts, the numbers have remained relatively
static over the decades, with over 300,000 underage combatants worldwide (Vautravers 96). Many
scholars have declared the U.N.'s current policy as a failure and offered up proposals of their own,
ranging from placement of sanctions to international ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the use of child soldiers is not a new occurrence, the real international push to end the
practice did not begin until the late eighties, with the 1989 Convention of the Rights of a Child, or
the CRC. It quickly gained over 190 signatures, making it one of the most ratified U.N. documents
in history and ushering in a new era that prioritized child rights and fought injustice (Singer 569).
However, since then the number of child soldiers has remained relatively stagnant, with 85 countries
utilizing child soldiers in armed groups as of 2004 (Kargbo 487).
Some scholars, such as P.W. Singer in his article, Talk is Cheap: Getting Serious about Preventing
Child Soldiers, would contend that current legislation lacks teeth, allowing militant groups to run
rampant and flout responsibilities without consequence. For example, a rebel group in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DRC, promised not to use child soldiers, only to continue
flaunting its underage army weeks later (Singer 571). Since the U.N. lacks any methods of enforcing
legislation other than diplomatic pressure, which is rarely successful, armed groups will often
deliberately disregard standards set forth and receive little or no punishment. This, coupled with the
fact that most commanders these standards are aimed at are either illiterate or out of reach of state
authority, makes almost all current legislation useless (Kargbo 490). A possible solution that

International Political Economy : Cuba 's Economic Sanction
Damilet Cepero INR3703 International Political Economy Professor Opsal Cuba's Economic
Sanction Final Paper Economic Sanctions are the interruption by one state imposed to another for
the purpose to command a specific demands by the state, such as political changes. The originator
states views the sanctions and the economic relationships it has with that country and the number of
states that will initiate the sanction. Different sanctions are placed on states due to the effectiveness
of the tool. Economic sanctions are a viewed as a political tool utilized as an alternative to armed
conflict or military interventions. Sanctions have been placed on states in order to change a political
or military behavior as a more peaceful measure to prevent war. These instruments are considered to
be controversial policy as they can damage the economy of another states. Historically states placed
under embargoes have suffered major economic downfalls and weakened the economic environment
to a atrocious manner that hurts the trade, citizens and businesses established in the state. Embargoes
are a way to impede the state from having any trade with the initiating state and placing a
commercial blockage on their economy. Embargoes are considered to be a strong diplomatic
measure to impose a effort in part from another country. They are seen as the enforcement of peace
to a state while other diplomatic efforts have failed by the initiating state. In order for

Impact Of Globalization On The Economy
Globalisation and the economy are two interchangeable ideas with one another. Globalisation is not
a single concept since it encompasses multiple components such as economic integration; the
transfer of policies across borders; the transmission of knowledge and cultural stability it is a global
process (Al–Rodhan Stoudmann, 2006). The best representation of globalisation is the process in
which businesses create international influence where they can then begin to operate on a global
scale (Al–Rodhan Stoudmann, 2006). A country that succeeds in globalisation is one that will
become an economic force in the world. Third world countries like Cuba have some of the worst
economies in the world because of poor globalisation that is a result ... Show more content on
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In the case of Cuba and the United States globalisation refers to the increased economic integration
between these two countries. Nonetheless, with little doubt among economists it can be shown that
used effectively globalisation has produced significant gains at the global level. However, there is a
threat that globalisation can intensify the gap between rich and poor between a country and across
nations. Globalisations linked to politics as it is a part of a government process since the government
can shape or limit the possibilities for private entrepreneurship (Dreher, Gaston Martens, 2010).
Politics is also influenced by the globalisation of a country because of the international relations
between countries. Third world countries are seen as obsolete and constricted because they are
considered ineffective by having too many transnational connections and not having the ability to
grow and gain international connections (Haynes). Third world countries like Cuba who are seen as
economically weak will have a harder time being incorporated into the global world and therefore
politically, the country will not excel as much as it could.
A country is affected economically by globalisation as the flow of goods and services and factors of
production have both direct and indirect effects on a nation state (Dreher, Gaston Martens, 2010).
Globalisation has the ability to be very

Economic Sanctions Advantages And Disadvantages
Economic Sanctions are a way of punishing errant countries which is more acceptable than bombing
or invading them. It's a way to sway the target government to change a policy. Some Sanctions
include limiting export or import trade and preventing transfers of money involving citizens or the
government of the target. Sanctions can be multilateral with many countries acting together or
unilateral when one country takes action on its own. Between 1914 and 1990 there were 116
sanctions that were imposed on countries and ⅔ of these failed to achieve their stated goals. The cost
of the country imposing the sanctions can be very large, particularly when the country is acting
unilaterally. It is estimated that in 1995 imposing sanctions on other countries cost the American
economy over 15 billion dollars in lost exports and 200 thousand in lost jobs in export industries.
(Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Economic Sanctions) Trade Sanctions are a lot more
effective with more sanctioners but is harder to keep everyone together. Think about this in terms of
basic economics 101. This says that when demand falls, then prices fall as well. One example is
Iranian oil. The West is trying to change Iranian nuclear behavior by imposing sanctions on this
country and restricting the oil trade from Iran. If there's a bunch of countries no longer buying
Iranian oil then the price of Iranian oil will go down. Since no one is buying their oil then the
demand is going down and less people will

International Law: The Trials Of Global Norms
International Law: The Trials of Global Norms Basically, Ratner discusses how we have two
challenges: how to make universal rules legitimate amongst a community of diverse nations and
how to make these rules effective in the absence of a governing authority. He then goes on to
explain how there are four fundamental shifts in these kinds of issues. New Forms, New Players:
Rules of international law used to reside in treaties or customary law, but as new domains from the
environment to the internet become appropriate for international regulation, states become unwilling
to embrace strict rules. Soft law enables states to adjust to the regulation of new areas without
fearing punishment upon failure to comply. New participants are making demands

Taking a Look at Free Trade
Free trade is something that WTO encourages globally and insists that no government interference
should take place in international trade and that this will be followed by specialisation and an
increase in countries welfare. Countries however want a competitive advantage and to obtain this
interference takes place in the form of restrictions. Most highly competitive countries are well–off
economically, has respectable infrastructure, high levels of education and technology, steady
political and social status and strong international positioning. Restrictions are set in motion for
several reasons, all of them follow. First we distinguish between tariff barrier restrictions and non–
tariff barrier restrictions. Tariffs are imposed on either exports or imports and include a payment,
like taxes that the government imposes on goods that leaves or enters the country. Import tariffs are
more common than export tariffs. Ad valorum is a type of tariff which entails that you pay a fixed %
on goods. For example, if you import R1200 of merchandise, and the ad valorum is set at 12%, you
have to pay R144 duties on the goods. Another tariff is a specific rate tariff which means a specific
amount for each unit is expected to be paid. For example if the amount is set at R200 specific rate
for every tv imported to SA, every unit that is imported has to pay R200. A compound rate is the last
tariff type restriction, and combines ad valorum and specifics tariffs which mean you have to pay a
set

The Division Of Foreign Assets Control
The Division of Foreign Assets Control was established in the Office of International Finance by a
Treasury Department order in 1950, after People 's Republic of China entered the Korean War. On
October 15, 1962, through a Treasury Department order, the Division of Foreign Assets Control
became the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).
The U.S. Department of the Treasury started administering the US economic sanctions against
foreign states with the War against Britain in 1812, where Secretary Albert Gallatin imposed
sanctions against Great Britain in retaliation for to the harassment of American sailors. After that
there was OFAC played a key role in enforcing sanction against Cuba after the Cuban revolution;
Iraq for the Kuwait invasion and recently against Russia in Ukrainian invasion. (Wikipedia)
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is an arm of the U.S. Treasury Department that
creates updates and circulates a list of nations, persons and organizations, which are considered as
national security threats for the United States.
What issues are OFAC expected tackle?
OFAC was created to tackle and deter threats such as money laundering, terror financing, American
monetary assistance from rouge states and sanctioned organizations.
Why is OFAC important?
OFAC plays a key role in aiding BSA/AML compliance against terrorist financing and anti–national
financial activities by setting up sanction or watch list of people, organisations and nations with
whom no

The Usefulness Of Economic Sanctions In The United States
Economic sanctions are implemented by one or more nations upon another nation in order to alter
the nation's interests towards their own preferences. Economic sanctions have proven themselves to
be successful countless times, and have incited successful negotiations that would have otherwise
not existed. Sanctions do not aim to directly affect the citizens of a nation, but rather, as editor,
Robert McMahon said in UN Sanctions: A Mixed Record, sectors of a nation, such as arms, cash–
earning commodities such as diamonds, or financial assets and travel. Although an estimated 35%
of sanctions have been successful, they have been very effective as a foreign policy tool and have
somewhat prevented nations from violating human rights as well as acts of terrorism. Although
economic sanctions have an estimated 35% success rate, they are still extremely useful and lead to
negotiations between parties with different interests. This is because, sanctions are able to instill fear
in other nations which in turn prevents the occurrence of any malicious ... Show more content on
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Without a sanction, many negotiations would not occur, and a mutual interest would never be
discovered. The beauty of an economic sanction, is the fear is instills on the nation or party it may
potentially be imposed on. Having a sanction imposed on a nation is extremely detrimental on the
nation's economy and damages trade relations with fellow nations. Many times, when a sanction is
imposed, it is done by a group of nations as opposed to just an individual nation (ex. European
Union, United Nations etc.), this allows for a nation to be ostracized, which is shameful in itself. Not
only do economic sanctions urge political elites to implement change and to negotiate with
whomever is imposing the sanction, but they also help maintain peace overall, which is the greatest
common

How Does The Wto Resolve Trade Disputes?
1. How does the WTO resolve trade disputes? How is the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism
different from the GATT's dispute settlement process? Any member can file a complaint with the
World Trade Organization against another member they believe is dumping, unfairly subsidizing or
violating any other trade agreement. If the WTO decides the case is valid, it has the authority to levy
sanctions on the offending country. The staff will then investigate to see if a violation of any
multilateral agreements has taken place. Normally, staff try to settle disputes through consultations,
Stated by Kimberly Amadeo (US Economy Expert). These approximate periods for each stage of a
dispute settlement procedure are target figures – the agreement is flexible. In addition, the countries
can settle their dispute themselves at any stage. Totals are also approximate. 60 Days Consultations,
mediation, etc 45 Days Panel set up and panelists appointed 6 Months Final panel report to parties 3
Weeks Final panel report to WTO members 60 Days Dispute Settlement Body adopts report (if no
appeal) Total=1 Years (without appeal) 60–90 Days Appeals report 30 Days Dispute Settlement
Body adopts appeals report Total=1Y3M (with appeal) WTO Dispute Settlement Process The
GATT's main function was not to resolve trade disputes, which is different from WTO, but rather to
provide a set of rules that countries could at least publicly declared that they follow, therefore giving
all signatories to the agreement

The Commodity Chain Analysis On The Red Gold Spice
This commodity chain analysis focuses on the red gold spice: saffron. The spice is known to be
more expensive than gold, with high values at $2,000 per kilogram (Iran Daily). It high price has
landed saffron in the category of a 'luxury good'. Although saffron is grown in many countries, the
most interesting saffron geographically is Iran. It's widely known that the value and cost of this
particular spice is connected to the strenuous labor of cultivation, but there are more explanatory
variables that contribute to the market price. Popular angles determining cost and value on
commodities, such as a labor and supply–demand, are often discussed. This paper, however, will
explore the political angle of price determination. Due to a political agreement between major
countries to place Iran on an economic hold, Iran is forced to pursue alternative means of trade for
many goods; trades of which other saffron producing countries are not subjected to. The large
distinction on how Iran exports its red gold to a foreign consumer base affects the country's
economy and the market price of saffron. Where the cost and value grows during the commodity
chains lifespan will be unraveled through the production, marketing, and consumption. Cultivation
Technology has created many opportunities for agricultural purposes––(actually google and
copy/paste anem dash because –– isn 't anything) however it has yet to affect the harvesting of the
most expensive spice in the world, saffron –– thin

Un Convention Against Torture And Part II Of The 1949...
Sponsor: France Committee: 6th Legal Topic: Enhanced Interrogation The General Assembly,
Recognizing the inhumane use of both physical and psychological torture and a means of enhanced
interrogation, Believing that mildly enhanced interrogation is an effective means of convicting
criminals only if it is used in a humane way, Bearing in mind that every suspect of a crime is
innocent until proven guilty, Declaring that no criminal case is ever justified in utilizing torture as a
form of enhanced interrogation, Emphasizing the fact that enhanced interrogation escalates to
torture due to a lack of monitoring in detainment centers, Taking into account the undistinguished
threshold between enhanced interrogation and torture, In agreement ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Emphasizes the need for monitoring within detainment facilities: a. carried out by surveillance
cameras, b. ensured by regular UN sponsored inspections; 5. Directs an impartial investigation of a
detainment center: a. within thirty days of a report of possible torture, b. carried out by INTERPOL;
6. Requests the use of a team of psychologists to determine the interrogation techniques that cause
serious physical or psychological harm: a. to maintain the jurisdiction of international law as new
techniques develop, b. so that the use of these techniques may warrant an investigation, c. to allow
the continuation of humane, yet effective forms of enhanced interrogation; 7. Enforces regulated
training and monitoring with the use of: a. monetary incentives, b. potential economic sanctions for
the refusal to cooperate; 8. Designates an anonymous tipping system to: a. collect inside knowledge
of detainment centers worldwide, b. give former detainees and officers an opportunity to report the
offenses of these centers without revealing their identity; 9. Encourages the collaboration of member
states in order to standardize detainment centers worldwide through: a. a biannual conference for the
purpose of discussing the regulation of detainment centers, b. communication between nations for
the process of organizing trials and extraditions. Sponsor: France Committee: 6th Legal Topic:
International

Humanitarian Intervention Report
Humanitarian effort is an interesting topic to me. While reading about these efforts it is clear that
people are at the heart of such efforts. Humanitarian efforts should be guided by goals such as;
humanity, impartiality, independence, and neutrality. These important principles should be at the
core to humanitarian work. It is critical to distinguish humanitarian action from other forms of
activities. Humanitarian Laws, International Human Rights Law, and International Refugee Laws
provides the frame work for fundamental legal standards relating to the protection of groups and
individuals, as well as to the nature of the assistance being provided. In thinking about this topic
along with the first of two questions needed to complete this assignment, I researched International
Law as a Basis for Humanitarian Intervention. I discovered that there is no state right to
humanitarian interventions. Furthermore, I learned that no government has the right to violate the
territorial integrity and political independence of another country, locality or state under any
circumstance. In my own opinion basic human rights have to be met no matter the circumstance. ...
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The right to be and feel safe and act accordingly using reasonableness as a standard. Under the UN
charter, chapter vii: Action with respect to threats to peace, breaches of peace, and acts of
aggression, needs to be sanctioned by the UN. Security Council. Obviously, the major positive
aspect to humanitarian intervention is that it provides protection and support to those in dire need. I
feel that if the main goal of humanitarian aid is to protect life, reduce suffering, and safeguard
human dignity. As such this effort should be granted and respected

Various Trade Measures Affecting Exporters and Importers
The various trade measures affected exporters and importers. The most common type of trade
restriction or intervention measure is the tariff. There are 3 types of tariffs ad valorem, specific and
compound tariffs. However, there is the other most important form of trade restriction or
intervention non–tariffs such as quotas, embargoes and sanctions, voluntary export restraints, buy
local legislation, export subsidies, anti–dumping and countervailing duties safety measures and
administrative and technical regulations. CONTENT Tariff is a scheduled of duties which state
imposes on goods imported or exported. Duty in this case refers to the quantity of money payable to
the resident customs experts when a delivery of goods enters or leaves a country. The duty
applicable in the case of tariffs (and thus the actual revenue accruing) can be worked out of three
ways.  An ad volorem (meaning 'in amount to the value') rate of duty is a fixed percentage of the
customs value of a traded item.  Specific rate of duty is a fixed monetary amount per unit of the
traded item.  Compound rate of duty involves both an ad valorem and a specific rate of duty being
applied to the same product. Government impose tariffs for the following reasons:  Protection of
local industry: import tariffs have the outcome of raising the value of imported products
comparative to similar goods produced in the local market. This places foreign producers at a
competitive disadvantage when selling in the resident

Importance Of International Norms
Norms are expectations of behaviour and a vital part of the international community (Finnemore and
Sikkink, 1998, 887). In the anarchic system of international politics, norms can provide stability and
unity due to certain expectations, as well as implement change when norm shifts restructure the
international community (Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998, 894). Therefore, the process that enables a
norm to be accepted internationally is an important one to analyze and understand. In order for a
norm to become international, the most important factors are shared moral assessment and
hegemonic acceptance of the norm. Since norms are how states ought to act and behave, a shared
moral assessment is key for establishing an international norm. Norm emergence, the first stage in
the norm life cycle, relies purely on norm entrepreneurs convincing actors to support the norm
(Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998, 895). A shared moral assessment makes it easier to persuade states to
support the norm. For instance, anti–apartheid sanctions against South Africa became an
international norm due to the shared moral assessment of racial equality (Klotz, 1995, 452). As there
was international agreement of racial equality, there was also international agreement that racial
discrimination, such as South Africa's apartheid policy, was morally wrong (Klotz, 1995, 453).
Thus, it was easier to convince the international community to impose economic sanctions against
South Africa as a signal to end apartheid

Human Rights Abuses Of Fiji Essay
Human Rights Abuses in Fiji
From the time when commander Commodore Josaia Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama abrogated Fiji's
constitution and took over the elected government, there have been increasing reports of human
rights violations within the country as well as defilements of the rule of law (Amnesty International,
2014). The main sources of these rights violations have been from overseas tourists, international
and local journalists and also non–profit organisations that have been committed into bringing about
justice for the people whose rights have been constantly oppressed by Bainimarama's regime
(Amnesty International, 2014). These sources have witnessed the situation and have considered it as
a total violation of international human rights which demands immediate action from not only
neighbouring countries but also the international community. Correspondingly, Amnesty
International continued to document cases whereby human rights are being continually ill–treated by
the military (Amnesty International, 2009). For example, earlier this year Amnesty International in
one of their reports documented human rights activists peacefully protesting have been arrested and
incarcerated with no fair trials (Amnesty International, 2009). Furthermore, peaceful demonstrations
and marches have been forced to cancel or subjectively refused as well as having the police break up
secluded meetings of individuals who have gotten together to seek solutions to the government's
unjust actions

The Current International System As A Global Power
The current international system is fragmenting rapidly since the end of the Cold War. A lot of
regions in the world are still trying to find the balance of power in the international system, which
the U.S. often intervenes to provide its brand of global leadership. Some countries like China are
emerging as a global power since a few years ago. Subsequently, this will lead to a major threat to
the U.S. status as a global major power. The rise of power by China in the international scene
signifies the unpredictable nature of the international system. I would argue that the three most
critical challenges for the U.S. arising out of this environment are the future world globalization that
will cause a conflict between its domestic and foreign policy, the rise of China as a global power,
and the ever globalization of terrorism. I believe that the U.S. should be pragmatic in handling its
foreign policy and handle each situation independently without a fix doctrine in order to minimize
the unintended consequences produced by the globalization of the world. Firstly, the future world
globalization provides a challenge in U.S. foreign policy in striking a balance between its domestic
need and foreign policy. This conflict is visible in its aspiration to be energy independent while at
the same time working with other countries to mitigate the effect of climate change. The U.S. has
been dependent on the middle for its source of oil; about 17 percent of U.S. oil imports come from

Isolation And The Global Economy
Josh Thompson
12/7/20147
POSC 397
Isolation and the Global Economy
Introduction:
My research aims to understand the relationship between radical political policy and trade
relationship in a global economic context. This research is important in that it aims to understand
why political isolation due to policy leads to certain economic circumstances and the ways in which
politically isolated countries can counter the damage caused by an often lower trade level. I will also
addresses the implications for trade partners of mostly politically isolated countries and how this can
affect their own trade relations and political situations. I chose this topic because I have an interest
in how countries like North Korea, Iran, and Myanmar function ... Show more content on
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Sanctions can cover a few goods (like in the case of Brazil sanctions against the U.S. Involving
cotton, cars and other agricultural products. Economic isolation can be a result of sanctions, but it
can also be self imposed like in the case of countries like North Korea and Albania under communist
control. These and other countries took a radical protectionist stance on trade in order to prevent
cultural exchange and retain power within their countries. In From old comrades to new
partnerships: dynamic development of economic relations between China and North Korea. Lee
and Yoon take a look at the evolution of the relationship between North Korea and China. It's fair to
say that without the help of the Chinese government North Korea's progress would have likely been
much more stagnant due to their limited trading partners. Despite complicated relationships with the
west North Korea has remained relatively politically stable over the course of the country's history,
and they are moving towards increased economic stability despite trade sanctions and various
human rights violations that have been placed against North Korea. This journal article looks at two
key points in examining North Korea's relationship with China over the last 15 years. Firstly they
look at China's growing level of investment and trade in North Korea. In 2000 North Korea exported
around 40 million USD worth goods to China, by 2010 that figure had grown nearly 30 fold.

Causing Harm With Trade Embargos And Sanctions
Causing Harm With Trade Embargos and Sanctions
Trade embargos have tremendous consequences for countries that are being embargoed. The
embargos not only affect the country that are being embargoed, but the effect bleed over the borders
to the surrounding countries. The list of countries that have been sanctioned by the United Nations
included Russia, North Cyprus, and Cuba. United Nations sanctions that target countries affect the
economy, the morale, and encourages criminal activities to obtain goods. The majority of good
hearted citizens would be appalled if they were walking down a street and saw a dog tied up in a
yard looking like it hadn 't eaten for a week. These citizens would take a minute retrieve their phone
and call the Humane Society to report this cruel treatment of this poor dog. As doctor C. M. Tiplada,
D. B. Walsh, and C. J. C. Phillips wrote in their journal article, Public outrage after undercover
footage of animal cruelty is screened has been reported in a range of countries, such as USA,
Canada, and the UK (636). Who do the citizen call when they are being treated like the dog and the
owner of the dog is the United Nations? This is how people around the world are being treated each
and every day when their country has an embargo imposed on the resources that are able to enter
and exit their country. These embargos create personnel harm to the citizens of the country at the
expense of political malfeasance.
The United Nations has a greater

Diplomacy As A Communication Process Of International...
In the field of International relations, one of the most important instruments is referred to as
Diplomacy. Diplomacy according to various scholars is extremely important in the process of
implementing a country's foreign policy and its various objectives in the international community.
Some scholars describe diplomacy as a communication process between international actors that
seek through negotiation to resolve certain issues and also to push their foreign policy objectives.
Research states that the act of conducting negotiations between two people or two nations at a large
scope is essential to the upkeep of international affairs. Without diplomacy, some scholars state that
much of the world's affairs would be abolished. Institutions like international organizations would
not be possible, and above all the world would be at a constant state of war. Scholars of international
relations state that it is due to diplomacy that the majority of states exist in harmony. Diplomacy is
split into two types of diplomacy, which are referred to as Traditional Diplomacy and New
Diplomacy. Traditional Diplomacy refers to the diplomatic process only being conducted by
Monarchs (kings and queens) and was seen as a process of pushing their own individual gains and
was normally conducted in secret. New Diplomacy called for the diplomatic process to be more
open, it involved government and non–government actors, unlike in traditional diplomacy which
only involved government actors such as

The Conflict Between the Ukraine and Russia Essay
Introduction: The conflict between the Ukraine and Russia is the Ukraine's most long–standing and
deadly crisis; since its post–Soviet independence began as a protest against the government
dropping plans to forge closer trade ties with the European Union. The conflict between Russia and
the Ukraine stems from more than twenty years of weak governance, the government's inability to
promote a coherent executive branch policy, an economy dominated by oligarchs and rife with
corruption, heavy reliance on Russia, and distinct differences between Ukraine's population from
both Eastern and Western regions in terms of linguistics, religion and ethnicity (Lucas 2009).
Furthermore, the Ukraine and Russia have always shared a history; as both ... Show more content on
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Moreover, globalization has resulted in the state not having as much control over phenomena such
as global companies, information sharing (social media and google) and trading. In addition to the
fact that states can no longer exercise control of their financial markets alone. Multilateral
arrangements in the global economy such as IMF, GATT, G –7, as well as multi nation corporations
frustrate states through threat of transfer pricing and relocating their production facilities (Goksel
2005). As a result globalisation has also undone some important cultural and psychological
underpinnings of sovereignty. However, it is imperative to note that the effect of globalisation on
different nation states will not be the same, because states differ domestically, historically, politically
and socio–culturally. Therefore, states will make different policy choices in response to the same
global phenomena (Held 1989, 237). Looking at the specific context of the Ukraine and Russia, it is
evident that Globalization has influenced the underlying causes of the conflict and the impact of the
Russian invasion. The international community is the structure that allows globalization to occur;
however, the international community is restrained and dictated to by international law. International
law: Under international law Russia's invasion of the Crimean Peninsula is illegal as the
Referendum held on the 16th of March by Russia infringed upon the

International Institutions, Treaties, And Sanctions Essay
International Institutions, Treaties, and Sanctions and
Their Effects on International Business International institutions abound in the realm of international
business. As globalization increases, disputes multiply. The responsibilities of these organizations
can vary due to the needs of its members, such as monetary or trade issues. Moreover, the support
these institutions provide may come in the form of various agreements to include the negotiation or
enforcement of sanctions and treaties which will either stop or promote trade between nations.
International Institutions
There are varying types of organizations which monitor or assist with disputes or negotiations on an
international level. Some of these factions focus on a more regional area, such as the Free Trade
Commission, not to be confused with the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
According to NAFTAnow.org (2013), the Free Trade Commission watches over the North American
Free Trade Act (NAFTA) which took effect in 1994. This agreement, as a result, lifted trade barriers
between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. The Free Trade Commission has representatives
from all three member nations who implement, oversee, negotiate, and resolve disputes arising from
the interpretation of the agreement (About NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement, 2013).
More importantly, there are international trade organizations who reach a much larger scale and
focus on both emerging and established global

Advantage Of Globalization
Today, globalization concepts are mainly used in three areas: social, economic, and political.
Because of globalization, an increase in the mobility of goods and people, communications,
corporations, and standard of living has occurred but also a loss of culture and environmental issues,
too. Some people view globalization as a way of the future while others see it as the source of
current global dissent. Globalization is both a boon and a curse when it comes to international trade,
wealth, labor, and cultures however it has been impacted and influenced the most by economic
interactions. When it comes to the advantages, globalization has touched all the three areas to some
extent. For example, economically NAFTA, an organization between USA, Canada, and Mexico for
free trade, has led to a creation of jobs in less developed countries. The creation of free trades has
caused the prices of goods to lower and has increased trade and ideas. Also, multinational
corporations such as Mcdonald's, Disney and more have made products to be found across the
globe. When viewing the advantages politically, foreign policy has played a big role in which it
builds relationships with other nations and stronger political and economic locations. Overall,
foreign policy has helped keep country's safe, discourage war, benefit from natural resources from
other nations, and maintain ideology. Examples such as the Iran Nuclear Deal in 2015, which told
Iran to stop its nuclear program, shows how foreign policy has been positively affected. Nation's
promoting nationalism and democracy has also been a positive effect politically. In addition, the use
of international aids has helped countries like Haiti in need of relief effort. Finally, social
interactions like the spread of language and culture, and global sports competitions have greatly
impacted society in numerous ways. The spread of the English language due to the British
colonization has now made English a dominant language, which makes communications easier than
ever before. In addition, the spread of culture has influenced others across the world and has the
people more open minded overall. On the other hand, global sports competitions such as the
Olympics and World Cup

Sanctions And Free Trade Sanctions
Trade sanctions are often associated with a retaliatory action in a trade dispute. Earlier, we looked at
the case involving the US and the EU. The WTO had authorized the US to impose sanctions against
the EU's resulting from its ban on hormone beef imports from the US. The WTO is the body set up
to promote free trade, and thus, it is strange to see the WTO supporting trade sanctions. However, in
this particular case, the WTO judged the best action to be trade sanctions. Then, along with the
negative impacts, sanctions can offer positive impacts on trade if applied with the proper and
justifiable intention. David Baldwin, a professor of World Order Studies, argues that an economic
sanction and free can be compatible. At first glance, this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The threatened sanctions and consequences outlined by these bills offer protection for companies to
conduct business under the hospice of free trade.
The WTO does recognize that sanctions have a role to play if states are found to be in violation of
the rules of the liberal trading system. Proponents of BDS have argued that they have a right to
choose with whom to do business, and therefore are not obligated to do business with any particular
company. However, opponents of the movement, especially those who support the anti–BDS bills
would argue that the BDS movement is more than an expression of this freedom. The voice of the
movement has a real effect on trade and therefore is much more than speech. The anti–BDS bills,
even though politically motivated, are to counter what is considered to be actions contrary to trade.
Therefore, any potential economic sanction would be to counter the infringements on the liberal
trade system, and thus, has the potential of being endorsed by WTO.
Baldwin continues by arguing that one of the most longstanding exceptions to the doctrine of free
trade concerns national security. He argues that free trade advocates, Adam Smith, and John Stuart
Mill, approved the Navigation Acts, which restricted trade on national security grounds (Baldwin).
Richard Cobden, a

The League Of Nations And The United Nations
Introduction
The League of Nations and the United Nations are two unique forms of international governance
created by world powers out of the same necessity–needing a better format of managing global
conflict. However, both international organizations were created, structured, and operated under
very different circumstances. For instance, the League of Nations was created during towards the
end of World War I, when nations were looking for a governing body to address future global
conflicts. Similarly, the United Nations formed after World II in an effort to address the shortcoming
of the League of Nations, which failed to redress global security conflict and prevent the war. In
essence, the League, unable to effectively intervene in the issues that created World War II, was
dissolved on April 18, 1946, and in its place, the United Nations grew to govern international
situations (Northwestern, 2015). In this paper, I compare the founding documents, membership, and
the authority of both the League of Nations and the United Nations, showing how the United
Nations is an improved institution, better equipped to address global consensus and conflict. Finally,
I address a current global security event involving the United Nations, specifically how the Security
Council addresses these matters.
Founding Documents
Creation of the League of Nations and the Covenant
The League of Nations was created after World War I, when national leaders Lord Robert Cecil in
Britain, Jan Christian

Marxism And Realism
Realism, Marxism, and the U.S. North Korean foreign policy
Athena Jones
Intro to Foreign affairs
IUPUI
This essay will delve into United States foreign policy for North Korea explaining both perspectives
of the theories Marxism and Realism relating to international relations. The main focus of the
overall policy in question from the last paper was strategic patience, nuclear proliferation, economic
sanctions, and hacking. Another interesting and relevant topic, to be added, is about the food aid
provided repeatedly by the U.S. in false hope for possible proliferation of North Korea.
Marxism is a theory of capitalism, and a historical structural theory. This limits what we can glean
directly from Marxism about international ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marxism clearly favors technological progress, though Marx himself was often critical of social
effects that technical change had on the employment and working conditions of laborers (Roth,
2010, p. 1241, 1246). Thus, I feel Orthodox Marxism for favor denuclearization for weapons
systems, and encourage nuclear power for the potential benefits of hastening revolution of the
working class. Neo–Marxist would probably be more fervent about nuclear deproliferation. I think
this is true because they would view the reliance on the supreme leader as the number one factor
preventing revolution, and if the supreme leader provides defense in the form of nuclear weapons,
and cheap power from nuclear power plants, the proletariat becomes more dependant on the system.
This would delay revolution, and be

The Impact Of Censorship On The Global Economy Essay
Economic Warfare
We're living in hyper–connected world, where effective censorship is difficult to maintain for long.
Even state secrets, sooner or later, will leak out and become widely available in the internet. The
head–liner scandals of Manning (Sledge, 2013), Snowden (Franceschi–Bicchierai, 2014), and
Clinton (Carson, 2016) amply illustrate this. What's more, even isolated military misconducts, like
the 2007 Baghdad airstrike, (McGreal, 2010) are quickly leaked online and shape public
sentiment. As a result, it is becoming increasingly harder for any government to rally support for any
military engagement. For example, even though the US people's perception of Syria is worse this
year than it was a year ago, still 59% of the population don't wish the government to get more
involved (Polling Report, 2016). As a result, the USA and the EU try to compensate through their
influence over the global economy.
Since 2005, U.S. policymakers have increasingly turned to sophisticated types of economic
sanctions as a foreign policy tool of first resort. From the development of banking sanctions limiting
Iran's ability to secure financing from Western capital markets to new sanctions targeting Russia's
financial system and the development of its oil resources, U.S. policymakers have touted these
innovative tools as extremely powerful while also being tailored and precise. (Feaver Lorber,
2015)
So, why economic warfare is problematic?
Economic warfare is exactly what it sounds

The Impact Of Uk Based International Banks
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. This report provides a high–level overview for the risk committee on how UK based International
Banks are exposed to risks in relation to international sanctions. It focuses on the banks
responsibilities and legal obligations to comply with both UK and international sanctions and
outlines the consequences if obligations are not met.
2. This document outlines the legal framework in which UK banks must operate in relation to
Sanctions.
3. A risk based approach is outlined for system and controls in place to avoid circumvention of
international sanctions.
SANCTIONS BACKGROUND
i. What are sanctions: Sanctions are enforcement measures used by the international community to
maintain or restore international peace and security without the use of armed force or international
military action. ii. Types of Sanctions: Financial Sanctions can include Asset Freezing (Terrorist
Asset Freezing Act 2010), (Govt Legislation, 2010) prohibition of certain investments, and
prohibition to providing economic benefits. Trade Sanctions can be applied to stop arms embargoes
and trade sanctions can be used to stop legitimate goods being used for military application. Goods
such as fertilizer and medical equipment can have a dual purpose and used for warfare and nuclear
weapons. Department for International Trade (Dept for International Trade, 2016) has a list of goods
that are restricted due to their dual purpose. Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD) is required for anyone
using

Economic Sanctions And International Institutions With An...
Economic sanctions provide states and international institutions with an invaluable instrument of
coercion. Without having to resort to violence, at least in the traditional sense, states can gain
concessions and compliance from the target state. Economic sanctions are, however, not always
successful. An analysis of 204 cases of implemented economic sanctions, from the start of the Cold
War to 2000, revealed that economic sanctions were at least partially successful a mere 34% of the
time (Hufbauer). While all economic sanctions have financial implications, there is a distinction to
be drawn between economic sanctions–which include both trade and financial sanctions–and
financial sanctions, as a standalone term. Financial sanctions can be defined as restrictions that
limit the provision of certain financial services or restrict access to financial markets, funds and
economic resources in order to achieve a specific foreign policy or national security objective
(Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation HM Treasury). As the international financial system
has become more globalized, and as a result more difficult to avoid while engaging in practically
any form of economic transaction, the efficacy of financial sanctions has increased over more
traditional forms of economic sanctions. Modern financial sanctions also have the added benefit of
being more precise than their alternatives. This enables initiator states to institute sanctions in a
more stylized manner and

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