This presentation is done under the academic study by students of Masters of Science in Energy Efficient Building of IOE-Pulchowk Campus, Tribhuvan University.

1. Comparative analysis of energy performance in
post disaster housing reconstruction and
vernacular building
(A case of Lalitpur)
PRESENTED BY
073-MSEB
8/4/2018 1Comparative Analysis of energy performance in post disaster housing reconstruction

2.  This mini research aims at carrying out
comparative evaluation in energy
performance of vernacular and prototype
building.
 The tools used for collecting a field data
were structured questionnaire, formulated
through KoBo Toolbox.
 Detail analysis of two vernacular and two
prototype buildings
 Eighteen interviews were carried out.
 Analysis was carried out using energy plus
and Openstudio simulation
 Analysis of Social survey method under co-
relational research strategy using SPSS.
8/4/2018 2
Keywords: Post Disaster Reconstruction, Energy Performance, Vernacular Building, Prototype Housing,
Energy Efficiency
Traditional building
Prototype building
ABSTRACT

3.  Gorkha Earthquake : - Nepal have faced devastating Earthquakes in 25 April and
12 May 2015.
: Approximately 9,000 people lost their lives and more than
22,000 people were injured. (PDNA, 2015)
Building type Destroyed Partially damaged
Private houses 498,852 256,697
Government buildings 2,656 3,622
Classrooms 19,000 11,000
Cultural heritage 2,313 16,910
 Mostly traditional houses at the rural area were damaged due to their inferior
condition.
 Rural areas in the central and western regions were particularly devastated
and further isolated due to road damage and obstructions due to landslide
caused right after the earthquake.
8/4/2018 3
INTRODUCTION
(PDNA, 2015)

4. Post disaster reconstruction: A continuous complex process which begins
immediately after the disaster and carried out for several years. (Ismail, Majid, R, & Samah,
2014)
Post disaster relief reconstruction process in 3 stages, (UNISDR, 2009),
1. Response stage : Immediate emergency services and public assistance to save
lives, reduces health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic needs.
2. Recover stage : Restoration and improvement of appropriate facilities,
livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts
to reduce disaster risk factors.
3. Reconstruction stage : Management of need of sustainable livelihoods, their
protection done to reduce hazards, prevent disasters, and prepare for emergencies
in future.
- Government takes these steps with the help of humanitarian and development
agencies.
Response1 Recover2 Reconstruction3
INTRODUCTION

5.  Vernacular buildings are the unique buildings that
are design and construct based on local needs and
availability of construction materials by reflecting
local traditions of a particular community.
(Naturalhomes,2017)
 Prototype housing is a flexible house design, which
can be adopted and adapted by the disaster-affected
communities, which provides a wide range of
varieties in cost, size, layout, and typology. -(Garrison
Architects, 2018)
 Energy performance of a building is “the
calculated or measured amount of energy
needed to meet the energy demand associated
with a typical use of the building, which includes
energy used for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot
water and lighting.-(Directive 2010/31/EU 19 May 2010
on the energy performance of buildings (recast), 2010).
 Energy Efficiency is the goal of efforts to reduce the
amount of energy required to provide products and
services. -(NEEP, 2018)
8/4/2018 5
INTRODUCTION
Local building of lele
Prototype building of lele

6.  Post reconstruction should ensure sustainable and environmentally
conscious processes that keep in mind issues such as climate change,
natural resource management and scientific risk assessments (PDNA, 2015).
 PDRF (2015, pp5) guidelines include Central policy will provide the basis
for decentralized implementation of reconstruction that encourages the
use of local materials, furnishings, knowledge, skills, labor, and
traditional architecture.
 PDRF (2015) does not contain energy performance of a building. However,
solar panel installation as renewable energy source to fulfil energy
demands has made compulsory for final installment.
8/4/2018 6
NEED OF RESEARCH

7.  Post-disaster reconstruction does not consider in prospect of energy
performance and thermal comfort.
 This research provides comparative study of building energy
consumption inside the Vernacular and post reconstruction prototype
housing which provides information to government for the preparation
of policy and guidelines for post-reconstruction.
 It helps to produce knowledge by comparison of energy performance.
Beneficiaries can distinguish reconstruct their building with generalized
information.
8/4/2018 7
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

8.  PDRF (2015), states to rebuild in its original form with local
building materials and local techniques while improving the
resilience of the structure. Nevertheless, the prototype
design of a housing does not represent local construction
materials.
 New prototype design is not analyzed, reviewed, in context
of the energy performance.
 This prototype design is changing the fabric of village and
omitting the place identity of the village.
 The local building material and local construction
techniques are being replaced.
 Barenstein, (2005) confirms many of the drawbacks and
risks associated with a contractordriven approach: lack of
flexibility, cultural insensitivity, low capacity to adapt to
local conditions; a tendency to introduce exogenous
construction materials that are inadequate under local
climatic conditions and that are difficult for local
communities to maintain and upgrade.
8/4/2018 8
PROBLEM STATEMENT

9.  To carry out comparative evaluation of energy performance in Vernacular
and Prototype building.
 To find out the energy use and consumption pattern.
 To study energy performance of important physical attributes of a
building.
 To study the change in lifestyle of the affected people due to the post
reconstruction housing.
8/4/2018 9
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

10. The research uses different paradigms to understand or
to explain the problematic social reality.
Positivist approach problematic social reality
objectively and they are concerned with making
findings that can be generalized.
Comparing the energy performance of prototype and
vernacular buildings in post-disaster reconstruction
context, the theme of this research, could not be
approached from interpretive paradigm.
So, this research is located within positivist and post-
positivist paradigms or can be referred as a pragmatic
paradigm.
8/4/2018 10
METHODOLOGY

11.  In the first stage, literature review was done to validate the need of
research and develop research questions. This research studied the basic
scenario of reconstruction along with the implementation on ground.
 The method used for this research was co-relational research where the
relationship between two variables was identified.
 Correlational research strategy/methodology includes both field
observation and social survey method. Social survey uses three distinct
stages of data collection:
a. Sampling
b. Questionnaire
c. Operationalization
8/4/2018 11
METHODOLOGY

12. a. Sampling
 For this research, the stratified random sampling method
was used. Stratified random sampling is the method of
sampling that involves the division of population into
small groups called strata.
 This research studied those houses, which were built
after the Earthquake so that we could compare the
energy performance of the traditional building with
prototype building.
b. Questionnaire
 The major variables identified from the literature review
were occupation, income, electrical appliances, heating
system used, building type, building style, building
material, orientation of building and energy efficiency
techniques used in the building.
 The questionaire was divided into three different
categories of which included general information,
economic information and the building information.
8/4/2018 12
METHODOLOGY

13. c. Operationalization
 Operationalization in the field was done by four groups. Each group are
assigned with different task such as questionnaire, measurement,
qualitative and quantitative.
 Two Traditional and two Prototype building were measured.
 The acquired field data and sample analysis were followed by discussion
aiming to draw results and conclusion.
8/4/2018 13
METHODOLOGY

14. 8/4/2018 14
METHODOLOGY

15. 8/4/2018
 Focus on the energy performance of prototype and vernacular buildings in post-
disaster reconstruction context along with energy consumption pattern as perceived
in Syangtang and Charghare VDC.
 The energy use also depends upon social, cultural as well as economic aspects. In
addition, a qualitative study of the area adds a flavor of social and cultural trend and
its effect on energy use
 Moreover, the community itself has not completely settled and adopted to new
built-environment in Syantang and Charghare VDC.
Scope and Limitations

16. LITERATURE REVIEW

17. LITERATURE REVIEW
 At least 250 natural disasters and
125 human-made catastrophes
occur each year in the modern
world.
 preserving the original vernacular
architecture and its energy
performance is the major
challenge after reconstruction.
 Energy performance of buildings
highly depends on the types of
buildings, materials used and the
technology used.
 At present, buildings account for
>40% of the total energy
consumption.
http://donegalhardware.ie/builders-self-build/insulation/
8/4/2018

18. CONTEXT OF NEPAL
Vernacular building in different parts of Nepal use different construction
materials
8/4/2018
Source:http://www.mountainsoftravelphotos.com/Dhaulag
iri/Lete%20to%20Chomrong/slides/503%20Dana%20Ho
uses%20With%20Carved%20Windows.html
 Himalayan region:
 use 24” (thick) stone masonry building
 a high thermal wall for heat absorption in
daytime and storing the same heat within it and
radiate it in night to create a thermal
comfortable environment
 sloppy roof to avoid snow accumulation.
 Thermal barrier in between the main entrance
and outer boundary wall of building to resist the
cold breeze.
 Small openings are made to avoid cold breeze
entering the house and heat loss from the
building.
 Orientation towards southern slope

19. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Hilly region also use stone masonry wall but the thickness is relatively
less
8/4/2018
 Hilly region:
 use 18” (medium thick) stone masonry
building
 roof is made sloppy to avoid rainfall
accumulation
 Roof made up of Jhingati and CGI
Sheet
 Direct entrance to house from porch
 Relatively larger openings than
Himalayan region for adequate passive
lighting and ventilations
Source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/4350900139729664
08/?autologin=true

20. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Terai Region
 Walls are light and mostly made of
wattle, daub and adobe
 Straw and semi-circular clay tiles
(Khapta) in Roof
 Sloppy roof to increase floor height and
small openings in roof to avoid
recirculation of hot-air
 Upper portion of exterior wall are of
bamboo strips, loosen woven as an
open mesh : provide day lighting and
permanent ventilation
8/4/2018 20
Source:
https://ruprama.wordpress.com/tag/vernacula
r-architecture/

21. PROTOTYPE (NRA)
 17 models of houses in each Volume I and II
 materials used : bricks, stones, cement, mud, wood, steel, bamboo,
earth bags, confined hollow concrete blocks and CGI sheets
 adequate passive design for extreme climatic conditions is not
considered
8/4/2018 21

22. HEAT TRANSFER
 Occurs :
 Conduction,
 Convection and
 Radiation
 Depends on :
 Building orientation
 maximum use of solar radiation
 use of proper ventilation
 use of passive solar heating
techniques
8/4/2018 22
Source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/4350900139729664
08/?autologin=true

23. ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIABLES:
Thermal mass
 Time-lag
 thickness of façade used
 type of bond used
 cavity or insulating materials used
 type of material used for the construction.
In Lele V.D.C.
 18" thick brick wall with mud mortar (traditional buildings)
 very small openings (almost enough to pass on the light)
brick wall with cement-sand mortar (prototype building)
 thickness of the wall = 9”
 Jhingati to CGI Sheet roofing (traditional buildings)
concrete slab (prototype house)
8/4/2018 23

24. Thermal transmittance (U)
 rate of transfer of heat through a structure
 divided by the difference in temperature
 The units = W/m²K
U=1/R,
where R is thermal resistance of the substance
R = thickness (d) / thermal conductivity (k)
[unit = m2K/W]
8/4/2018 24
ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIABLES

25. Orientation
maintaining enough solar radiation enter the building
 is the basic passive design strategy for the better energy
performance
In Lele V.D.C.
 normal ambient temperature of the place is cooler
 the building is faced towards the south direction
 both traditional as well as the prototype are faced towards
the South
8/4/2018 25
ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIABLES

26. Occupants' behavior
 energy consumption of the place varies unexpectedly.
 In Lele V.D.C.
No any mechanical Heating and cooling equipment used in
traditional buildings
multiple use of television, use of refrigerators, lights and
other HVAC appliances
Use of Heating and cooling equipment in some prototype
buildings
8/4/2018 26
ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIABLES

27. Passive Heating
Generally, done in windows, walls and floor
 Basic principle is
to capture the solar radiation from the sun
 store the heat energy
 transfer to the desired space.
8/4/2018 27
ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIABLES:

28. Passive Heating
The energy flow through the window Qw can be estimated on
the following basis:
Qw = (SHGC) × Is × Aw - Uw × Aw × (Ti - To)
The energy flow through the external wall Qc is calculated as:
Qc = Uew × Aew × (Ti - Tsol-air)
The energy flow caused by air infiltration through crack and
openings Qv is calculated as:
Qv = 1004 × 1.204 ×((N × V)/3600) × (Ti - To)
8/4/2018 28
ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIABLES:

29. LITERATURE REVIEW
House Hold Energy Use Pattern of Nepal
8/4/2018 29
Nepal’s total energy consumption in 2014/2015 is 475 PJ (11.3 mtoe)
according to the economic survey 2014/2015 (A.M. Nakarmi, 2016).

30. LITERATURE REVIEW
House Hold Energy Use Pattern of Nepal
8/4/2018 30
Similarly, according to energy synopsis report, 2010, only 14.5% of total
residential energy is consumed by urban household.

31. LITERATURE REVIEW
House Hold Energy Use Pattern of Nepal
8/4/2018 31

32. Case Study

33. Case Study
 Syangtang and Charghare village is located at the foothill of
Phulchoki hill at the distance of about 14km from Lagankhel,
Lalitpur.
 a small valley within the Kathmandu Valley and a river is the
main source for irrigation for the farmland.8/4/2018
Source: Google Map
Introduction

34. Case Study
 Hindu religion
 In the Santang area, most of the residents were Tamang
whereas most of the residents were Kshetri at Charghare.
 the space in the prototype houses is not sufficient as
compared to their previous house (traditional house).
 The traditional house of the area is generally 3 storied.
Ground floor is used for store, kitchen and cattle shed.
 First floor is used as bedroom and top floor is used as dry
store.
 in the prototype building, there are only one, two or three
rooms.
8/4/2018
Socio-cultural life

35.  found that new prototype buildings were not found to be
thermal comfort in compare to the traditional buildings.
 People are using electric heater to warm their space.
 In the traditional building there used to be fire place at the
center of the building, from which building gets warm
8/4/2018
Energy performance
Case Study

36.  The rectangular shape
with dimension of 26’ x
30’ is oriented along N-S
Axis.
 main entrance of the
building is at West with
4’-6” wide patio.
 Plinth level 1’-6”8/4/2018
Traditional Building 1
West Elevation
Ground Floor Plan
Case Study

37. Case Study
• the walls are made of sundried brick with mud mortar and are 19
inches thick including mud plaster
• Ground floor and first floor are 6’-5” high, whereas, attic is 7’-11”
high.
8/4/2018
Traditional Building 1
Section At A-A Figure 7: Kitchen

38. First Floor Plan
8/4/2018
Traditional Building 1
• the partition wall in the first-floor level is made up of wood.
• natural red mud is used for floor finish. On the other hand, the first
floor was made of wooden
First Floor
Case Study

39. 8/4/2018
Traditional Building 1
Store
 The ground floor comprises of a kitchen, dining and store.
 The kitchen is situated in north-west side of the house, whereas,
the first floor comprises of three bedrooms and storage at attic.
 30 deg. gradient slope with 2’-0” projection made up of CGI sheets
Case Study

40. Prototype BuildingSite Plan
8/4/2018
Prototype building 1
 The Prototype Building is constructed at south of the plot next to
the road.
 The Garden and temporary shelter are on left and above the
prototype building respectively.
Case Study

41. 8/4/2018
Prototype building 1
 The rectangular shape with dimension of 24’ x 23’ is oriented along
N-S Axis.
 The main entrance of the building is at North-West with 6’-4” x 11’-
5” patio and flat roof with 1’- 0” projection made up of RCC
Case Study
Ground Floor Plan

42. 8/4/2018
Prototype building 1
 The building rests on 8” high bed constructed with PCC. The building has
load bearing walls with concept of constructing a storey only.
 Additionally, the walls are made of brick with cement mortar and are 9
inches thick including cement plaster on interior as well as on exterior.
Case Study
Ground Floor Plan

43. 8/4/2018
Prototype building 1
 Ground floor 9’-0” with windows of dimensions 6’-0” x 4’-0” with
3’-0” high sill level provides cross-ventilation
 The ground floor comprises of two bedrooms and a living room.
Case Study
Ground Floor Plan

44. DATA ANALYSIS

45. 25%
50%
12.50% 12.50%
9.10%
36.40%
27.30% 27.30%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Highly_satisfied Satisfied Neutral Not satisfied
Satisfaction Level
Traditional Modern
• 1/4thof the people residing in traditional households were highly satisfied and half of the people were
satisfied with traditional houses.
• However only about 1/3rd of the people were satisfied with modern houses.
• The dissatisfaction level in modern households is more than double than that of traditional households.

46. 55.60%
11.10%
33.30%
70.00%
10.00%
20.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Firewood Electric_heater None
Heating SystemUsed
Traditional Modern
• The consumption of firewood for heating in modern households was marginally
higher than that of traditional households.
• Moreover, 1/3rd of traditional households used no heating system but only 1/5th of
modern households used no heating system.

47. 37.50%
37.50%
6.30%
6.30%
6.30%
6.30%
Cooking Method used in Traditional Buildings
LPG Chulo Improve_stove Electrical cooker Daura Biogas
55.00%35.00%
0.00%
0.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Cooking Method used in Modern Buildings
LPG Chulo Improve_stove Electrical cooker Daura Biogas
• The use of LPG is significantly higher than others in modern households.
• However the use of firewood (“daura”) and chulo is closely similar in both types of
households.
• Improved stove, electrical cooker and biogas were seemed to be used only in
traditional households.

48. 60%
50%
33.30%
25%
40%
50%
66.70%
75%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0-7500 7501-20000 20001-30000 30000+
IncomeVs Building Type
Traditional Modern
• The study of income and building types resulted that with the increase in income, the
choice for modern residence is increased and vice versa.
• In the range of income group of 7501-20000, there is similar choice for both types of
buildings.

49. 33.30%
25%
80%
75%
33.30%
25%
25%
16.70%
50%
20%
16.70%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0-7500 7501-20000 20001-30000 30000+
IncomeVs Wall System
9" Wall 18" Wall 14" Wall CGI Wall
• In the relation between income and wall system, the lower income group chose 18”
wall system with mud mortar possibly due to affordability.
• However this choice is shifting towards 9” or 14” wall system with cement mortar
with increase in income level.

50. 89.28
116.79
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
Traditional Modern
Per person electricity costper month (NRs)
Bill People
Bill 1
People 0.960152 1
• For those who responded to this survey, higher bill amount was co-related with higher
number of individuals in the household, r=0.96, which can be considered a large effect.
• It was found that the per person electricity cost per month for modern households was
marginally more than that of traditional households.

51. SIMULATION

52. Software for simulation
 The software used for the simulation of the buildings in our research program is Energyplus with
Openstudio. The simulation model is prepared in the sketchup17 which runs the openstudio engine
to simulate through energyplus.
 EnergyPlus is a whole building energy simulation program that engineers, architects, and researchers
use to model both energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting and plug and process
loads and water use in buildings (Anon., n.d.)
 EnergyPlus is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO),
and managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
 The simulation of the two buildings has been done. The first one is of post-earthquake modern
building and another of the vernacular traditional house.

53. limitation
 The software makes use of the ASHRAE data and is more concentrated on the energy
related components of America.
 Energyplus simulation is a complex software and needs years of study and practice to
obtain the realistic scenario of the model and its settings.
 The building components such as loads, equipment's, building materials types, etc. are
limited and can only be obtained by building component library of NREL.
 The data availability in the context of Nepal is another limitation for the simulation in our
case
 And about the data available, the data format acceptance by the energyplus is another
limitation we face

54. Model design
Traditional
Vernacular House
Post-Earthquake
Prototype House
Simulation Model
Model Thermal Zone

55. Data Input: Post-Earthquake Prototype
House
Area [m2]
Total Building Area 31.03
Net Conditioned Building Area 0.00
Unconditioned Building Area 31.03
Value
Weather File
KATHMANDU_INTL_ARPT
- NPL SWERA
WMO#=444540
Latitude [deg] 27.70
Longitude [deg] 85.37
Elevation [m] 1337.00
Time Zone 5.75
North Axis Angle
[deg]
-0.00
Rotation for
Appendix G
[deg]
0.00
Hours Simulated
[hrs]
8760.00
Total Outdoors
Wall 11 9
Floor 3 3
Roof 3 3
Internal Mass 1 0
Building Detached
Shading
2 2
Window 3 3
Door 2 2
Table: Building surface count summary
Table: Weather file Input
Table: Building Area

56. Data Input: Post-Earthquake Prototype
HouseTable: Building Space use

57. Data Input: Post-Earthquake Prototype
HouseTable: Building loads assigned

58. Data Input: Post-Earthquake Prototype
HouseTable: Building construction properties assigned

59. Data Input: Traditional Vernacular
House
Value
Weather File
KATHMANDU_INTL_ARPT
- NPL SWERA
WMO#=444540
Latitude [deg] 27.70
Longitude [deg] 85.37
Elevation [m] 1337.00
Time Zone 5.75
North Axis Angle
[deg]
-0.00
Rotation for
Appendix G
[deg]
0.00
Hours Simulated
[hrs]
8760.00
Table: Building surface count summary
Table: Weather file Input
Table: Building Area
Area [m2]
Total Building Area 94.94
Net Conditioned Building Area 0.00
Unconditioned Building Area 94.94
Total Outdoors
Wall 28 18
Floor 6 3
Roof 8 5
Internal Mass 1 0
Building Detached Shading 2 2
Window 10 10
Door 2 2

60. Data Input: Traditional Vernacular
HouseTable: Building Space Use

61. Data Input: Traditional Vernacular
HouseTable: Building loads assigned

62. Data Input: Traditional Vernacular
HouseTable: Building loads assigned

63. Results
1980.7
3869.75
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Post-earthquake
construction
Traditional
vernacular
building
TOTALENERGYUSEPERYEAR(KWH)
Building type
TOTAL ENERGY USE
63.89
40.73
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Post-earthquake
construction
Traditional
vernacular
building
ENERGYUSEPERSQ.M.PERYEAR
(KWH/SQ.M)
Building type
ENERGY USE PER AREA

64. Results
Building Type Construction Reflectance U-Factor with Film
[W/m2-K]
POST EARTHQUKE
PROTOTYPE HOUSE
BRICK 14" WALL 0.35 1.208
ASHRAE 189.1-2009 EXTROOF IEAD CLIMATEZONE 2-5 0.30 0.223
INTERIOR FLOOR 0.70 1.174
TRADITIONAL
VERNACULAR HOUSE
BRICK 18" WALL 0.35 0.979
INTERIOR CEILING 0.50 1.209
INTERIOR FLOOR 0.70 1.174
ASHRAE 189.1-2009 EXTROOF IEAD CLIMATEZONE 2-5 0.30 0.223
Table: Comparison of Building Envelope
Building Type Interior Equipment Electrical energy
per area( MJ/Sq.m.)
Interior Lighting Electrical energy
(MJ/Sq.m.)
Post earthquake prototype house 95.71 134
Traditional vernacular house 19 127.6
Table: Comparison of Building Electricity use

65. Discussion
 The simulation result shows that the energy usage of the post-earthquake prototype building is 1.5
times more than that of traditional vernacular house.
 It means that the energy consumption pattern of our case study area Chareghare & Syantang has now
increased after the post earthquake construction
 The elements of the building that resulted in this output are the building envelope used and the
design and space usage of the house.
 The Vernacular house makes use of various passive design strategy while the post-earthquake
prototype house is more focused on the structural properties of the house and the vernacular aspects
have been neglected by the presently constructed prototype house in Charghare & Syantang.
Building type Passsive strategies
TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR HOUSE Direct solar heat gain, south orientation, Store room in attic floor,
Shading from roof and porch, 18” Thick wall, wooden floor with
mud plaster
POST EARTHQUKE PROTOTYPE
HOUSE
Direct solar heat gain from window

66. 8/4/2018 66
 http://seedengr.com/A%20review%20on%20buildings%20energy%20consumption%2
0information.pdf A review on buildings energy consumption information Luis Pe´rez-Lombard
a, *, Jose´ Ortiz b , Christine Pout
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265014931_Enhancing_the_Seismic_Resp
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