The document discusses Pakistan's energy crisis and provides potential solutions. It notes that Pakistan faces a significant shortage of electricity supply compared to demand. Some key points:
- Pakistan relies heavily on expensive oil and gas for electricity generation rather than cheaper domestic coal reserves.
- Load shedding is common and negatively impacts industry, agriculture, employment and foreign investment.
- Proposed solutions include increasing renewable energy utilization, developing domestic coal power, and pursuing regional energy import agreements.
- Both short-term measures like importing electricity and medium-long term plans around renewable energy, coal and regional cooperation are needed to overcome the crisis.
It's a short overviewic slidemania explaining the energy crisis that has hunted the Pakistan, its causes, consequences, solutions along with energy resources and many more.
It's a short overviewic slidemania explaining the energy crisis that has hunted the Pakistan, its causes, consequences, solutions along with energy resources and many more.
This presentation is about the energy crisis in Pakistan. In which I describe the shortfall of electricity since 2014. Further discussion related to the problems and causes which are actually creating the hindrance in the production of electricity.
This presentation is about the energy crisis in Pakistan. In which I describe the shortfall of electricity since 2014. Further discussion related to the problems and causes which are actually creating the hindrance in the production of electricity.
Pakathon Webinar: EcoEnergyFinance and Energy in PakistanPakathonTO
On Thursday, May 28 Pakathon held its first webinar of 2015, on energy in Pakistan. This is the slide deck used in that webinar.
The webinar began with an introduction to the context of energy in Pakistan, followed by a short talk by Jeremy on EcoEnergyFinance. The second half of the webinar was dedicated to Q&A.
Join the conversation on Muut here: https://muut.com/pakathon#!/energy
Webinar recorded here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIdjFVjQgWE
Audio recording: https://soundcloud.com/pakathon-toronto/webinar-energy-ecoenergyfinance/
Sign up for updates on PakathonTO: http://www.pakathon.com/cities/toronto
Follow us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/PakathonTO
Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/PakathonTO
Speakers:
- Jeremy Higgs: Director of Operations & Co-Founder, EcoEnergyFinance on running a clean energy social enterprise in Pakistan
- Ammar Habib Khan: Energy Economist at Global Mining China & Head of Risk Management NIT on the macroeconomics of energy in Pakistan
- Nameerah Hameed: Policy Specialist at Energy Department, Government of Punjab & Assistant Manager, Quaid-e-Azam Solar Power on energy policy in Punjab
About EcoEnergyFinance
EcoEnergyFinance makes clean energy products and services affordable and accessible to rural Pakistan.
About Pakathon:
Pakathon is a global movement with a mission to connect entrepreneurs, researchers and technologists around the world and support the creation of sustainable projects and companies that make a positive impact in Pakistan and beyond. Pakathon's flagship event is a weekend hackathon held simultaneously across over a dozen cities in Pakistan and North America.
History of Economic Thought Revisited: Beyond Left and RightJoffre Balce
As much as many of us hate economists, we all love to sound like one. Some simplify arguments that limit people's choices between the left and the right, between the government and the market or, worse, between two political parties. By reflecting on the origins and evolution of economic thought, we will endeavour to widen our gaze beyond such limited binary thinking and open new directions in economic discourse.
Critically Analyze the Transitional Dynamics in the Agriculture sector. What is Green Revolution? How Agriculture sector can be made an engine of economic growth with special reference to Pakistan?
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
3. ENERGY :
• Life on earth is driven by energy, it is a fundamental requirement and
energy is crucial to provide for adequate living such as food, water,
health care, education, shelter and employment
• Electricity is the most convenient form of energy available to human
beings. This energy is fundamental to human well being and prosperity,
it is indeed a matter of life and death
• Without sufficient energy the wheel can't run on roads, industry and
agriculture can't sustain, hospitals and operation theaters can't function,
schools and laboratories can't work and public and private sector
businesses can't operate
4. WHAT IS ENERGY CRISIS:
Energy crisis is any great shortfall in the supply of energy to an
economy.
It is usually to the shortage of oil, electricity or other natural
resources.
5. ENERGY SECTOR IN PAKISTAN
• At present energy is generated by only three modes
1. Thermal 65%
2. Hydel 33%
3. Nuclear 2
• Two companies that produces electricity in Pakistan
1. WAPDA
2. KESC
6. SUPPLY AND DEMAND
• The total power production capacity in country is 19,500MW
• Country is falling short of 4500MW
• The demand of electricity is growing at the annual rate of 9%,while supply
of electricity is increasing at comparatively slower rate of 7%
• According to a survey
1. Household sector 44.2%
2. Industries 31.1%
3. Agriculture 14.3%
4. Government sector 7.4%
5. Commercial 5.5%
6. Street lights 0.7%
7. PAKISTAN INDIGENOUS NATURAL
RESERVES:
• Conventional gas 30TCF, tight gas 40TCF, coal 185 billion tones,
oil 436bbls
• Energy consumption mix(%): gas 43.2, oil 29, electricity 16.2,
coal 10.4
• Energy supply by source: gas 48.3%, oil 32.1%, hydro electricity
10.6%, coal 7.6%, nuclear 0.6%
8. CONTI…
•Oil consumption: power 40%, industry 9.50%,
agriculture 0.60%, transport 47.40%, total 16.85 million TOE
•Gas consumption: power 35.5%, transport 4.6%,
industry 25%, commercial 2.6%, total 29.32 million TOE
14. ELECTRICITY GENERATION(%):
• In Pakistan Hydel 33.6, gas 27.3, oil 35.1, coal 0.1, nuclear
2
• Pakistan has a small nuclear power program, with 425 MW
capacity, but there are plans to increase this capacity
substantially
• Power generation through wind is in initial stages in
Pakistan and currently 06 MW has been installed in first
phase in Jhampir through a Turkish company and 50 MW
will be installed shortly.
15. POWER SECTOR:
• Prior to 1998, there were two vertically integrated utilities, i.E, KESC,
which served the karachi area and WAPDA which served the rest of the
country.
• The power sector was restructured in 1998 with the creation of pepco
(pakistan electric power company), wapda is responsible for water and
hydropower development whereas pepco is vested with the responsibility of
thermal power generation, transmission, distribution and billing
• Later on, wapda’s power wing has been structured into distinct corporate
entities comprising of 4 gencos,10 discos and one trans-co (NTDC)
• National electric power regulatory authority, NEPRA, is another important
player. It regulates the power sector, determines the tariffs and efficiencies,
technologies and performance standards
• Gencos
• Water and power development authority (WAPDA)
16. CONTI…
• Karachi electric supply company (KESC)
• Independent power producers (IPPS)
• Pakistan atomic energy commission (PAEC).
• There are around 25 independent power producers that
contribute significantly in electricity generation in Pakistan
(IPPS’ total installed capacity:6,365mw). In the total
installed capacity, the share of public sector is around 70%,
and the private sector is 30% (now it is about 40%)
• Capacity 22797 MV, average dependable capacity in summer
15000 MW, at peak period the supply demand gap even
reached 8000MV( energy demand-supply gap is projected
about 57% in 2030)
17. LOADSHEDDING :
• Consequently, load-shedding is a common phenomenon
through power shutdown
• Nearly 53 percent of the Pakistan's population remains
without electricity far more than 8 hours daily through out
the year
• Due to this crisis the daily life has come to a standstill.
Even more ominously the shortage is endangering the future
economic and social prospects of the country, putting its
very fabric under strain.
18. Energy sources:
Hydel energy:
• Pakistan is endowed with a hydel potential of approximately 41722 MW, most of
which lies in the KPK, northern areas, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab.
Wind energy:
• The wind map of Pakistan has been developed after extensive analysis carried out
by national renewable energy laboratory (NREL), us, with USAID, PMD and
alternative energy development board (AEDB). The total potential of wind power in
the country has been estimated very high, only Gharo-keti Bunder wind corridor
potential is estimated to be 50000MV
Solar Enrgy:
• Pakistan receives 16-21 MJ/m2 per day of solar radiation as an annual mean value,
with 19 MJ/m2 per day over most areas of the country
• The annual mean values of sunshine duration lie between 8 and 10 hours per day all
over the country, except for the northern parts.
19. Comparison of energy:
• Among all renewable energy sources, the solar energy is the most
abundant and widely spread in the country, Pakistan has potential of
more than 100,000 mw from solar energy
Thar coal:
• In 1992, the geological survey of Pakistan (GSP) discovered more than
185 billion tons of lignite reserves in Thar coalfield
20. CONTI…
• Pakistan is blessed with abundantly available and inexhaustible renewable
energy (RE) resources, which if tapped effectively can play a considerable
role in contributing towards energy security and energy independence of the
country.
21. CONT:
• Irrational product mix (about 67% of electricity generation is from
thermal sources which is very expensive). In case of thermal power
choice of fuel and technology has a large impact on the cost of power
generation—diesel power being the most expensive, followed by
furnace oil; and coal being the cheapest. Pakistan is producing its
thermal power mainly from furnace oil.
22. CONTI…
• Rapid demand growth (at about 6 to 8 percent per annum) .It has been projected that the
primary commercial energy demand would increases at 4.3, 7.3 and 10.4% per annum
average growth rates and would reach at 150, 320 and 670 MTOE by the year 2030 under
LEG (low economic growth), BAU (business as usual), and HEG (high economic growth)
scenarios respectively.
• The actual production is well below the installed capacity, the transmission infrastructure
in Pakistan is old and creaking. It further suffers from relative lack of investment into its
maintenance and development, system losses in the power sector of Pakistan at 19 percent
• Why?
• Till late 1970s, the share of hydel power in the fuel mix was about 70 percent and thermal
power was about 30 per cent
• In Pakistan, the government has monopolized the generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity, the monopoly does not have to worry about the competition, it
has no one to answer to, it works with complete impunity
• Tanenbaum et al. (1992) argue that "when the state owns, nobody owns; and when nobody
owns, nobody cares". This then is the situation in Pakistan
23. GOVT FAILURE:
• WAPDA and ministry for power badly failed to project the population
growth, looking at the environment, analyzing the international energy
markets, studying the developments in the energy sector
• Poor quality of governance lead to corruption and line losses, non recoveries
• Weak regulator
• The technologies to exploit renewable resources are not much promising in
its current state.
• No attempt has ever been made to formulate a comprehensive and integrated
energy policy for the country.
• The absence of a single energy institution and lack of coordination and
synergy between various institutions dealing with different sub-sectors of
energy is an important issue that has never been addressed.
• Introduction of independent power producers (IPPS)
24. CONTI…
• The answer for this failure is that executive jobs in these institutions
are distributed at the whim of powerful, without any regard to the
merit and on the basis of nepotism and favoritism
• In such a case why should WAPDA or any one at the MINISTRY
care. And if someone does who is going to listen to them
• Lack of vision, lack of political will, chronic one man rule (even in
the civilian set ups or so called democratic setups)
• Absence of rule of law with no individual liberty, protection of
property rights and no peace and security
• In most countries production is in public hands while transmission
and distribution is in private hand but in Pakistan the case is inverse
25. CONTI…
• Due to all these Pakistan electric power sector is characterized by chronic
problems of low productivity, higher system losses
• Despite nearly 8% annual increase in the demand of electricity, no power
plant or power generation unit has been installed for last many years in
Pakistan
26. ENERGY FROM COAL:
• Compared to china (78% of energy from coal), USA ( 60 %
) and India ( 53 % ) Pakistan produces 10 % of energy from
coal. Why?
27. COAL MINING AND ASSOCIATED
DISASTERS
• Pakistan is blessed with huge deposits but so far we
do not have the requisite expertise to remove the
overburden and extract the coal. Thereby, owing to
non-availability of modern equipment to extract deep
seated coal, our workers always remain susceptible to
life dangers.
28. CONT:
• The government considers Thar coal development as
a flagship project. Thar coal projects have been
enlisted as early harvest projects by the CPEC (china-
Pakistan economic corridor), Sindh engro coal mining
company (SECMS) and Sino Sindh resources (pvt.)
Limited (SSRL) have been prioritized as top priority
projects to be financed by Chinese institutions. There
is a complete synergy between the federal and the
provincial government of Sindh. Total power
generation anticipated from these three projects is
2400 MW in 2018.
29. THAR COAL RESOURCES
In the Thar area, Pakistan
has the 7th largest coal
reserve in the world and yet
Pakistan only produces
0.2% of its electricity from
coal. If all the oil reserves of
Saudia Arabia & Iran Put
together, these are
approximately 375 Billion
Barrels, but A Single Thar
Coal Reserve of Sind is
about 850 Trillion Cubic
Feet, which is More Than Oil
Reserves of Saudia & Iran.
30. EFFECTS OF ENERGY CRISIS IN
PAKISTAN..
EFFECT ON INDUSTRY
EFFECT ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
EFFECT ON AGRICULTURE
31. INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS DUE TO POWER
CRISIS
• The prevailing energy crisis in Pakistan is taking away 2 percent (or rs400
billion) of the economy, despite the government has spent rs1.1 trillion as
subsidies on the sector in the last four-year which accounts for 2.5 percent of
the total volume of economy.
• Industrial sector represents as one of the most grievous victims of the crisis
because it is most energy intensive sector
• The crisis has increased the industrial cost of production, lead to delay in
orders, output losses from 12 to 37 percent with in Punjab, employment has
not been reduced significantly due to alternative energy arrangements by
firms (Rihanna Siddiqui et al.)
• Units being shut down or run at low capacity, layoffs taking place, and
overall loss of competitiveness of the country, all of which is also hurting the
economy and comparative advantage
32. LOW FOREIGN INVESTMENT:
• Another consequence for this sector is flight of capital; not only foreign but
local investors are investing, for instance, in Bangladesh, moving textile
units there.
• If this crisis is not solved immediately, the industrial growth may be reversed
completely, allowing foreigners to decimate local industry and innovation
forever
• The industrial sector, like all others in the country, is not aware of the
financial losses being incurred as a result of inefficient practices which lead
to waste of energy, even the most modern of the industries in Pakistan do not
have an internal energy auditing and monitoring policy in place which is a
key to energy conservation and management.
• Reduce energy consumption through applying energy conservation and
management measures
33. EFFECT ON AGRICULTURE:
Load shedding is destroying the agriculture sector because there
are 200,000 electric tube wells in the country to irrigate the
land, which could not be run due to electricity shortage
decrease in agriculture production and food shortage in the
country
34. UNEMPLOYMENT:
According to the labor department sources,
approximately 800,000 laborers have been
dispelled from their jobs. While, 400,000 to
800,000 laborers were receiving less wage.
36. SOLUTION:
• A well planned policy shift should be made to correct the
energy-mix by shifting our focus from oil-based thermal
power to hydel and nuclear power (possible in long term
only). Focus should be on run of the river projects. Expedite
work on non-controversial hydel projects such as diamer
bahsa(gilgit), dasu*punjab and bunji(Sindh) dams etc
• Provincial governments should generate energy and start
building power plants on their own (article 157(2) of
constitution allow it)
38. SHORT TERM PLAN
INCREASE IPPS(INDEPENDENT POWER
PRODUCER)
REACTIVATE CLOSED POWER STATIONS
RENEW POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
IMPORT ELECTRICITY TILL CRISIS
40. LONG-TERM PLAN:
Developing and installing coal based powerhouses
Initiate energy agreements with friendly countries
exploration of more oil,gas and coal fields
upgradation in training courses for engineers
41. CONT.:
• In order to meet the massive demand of energy, Pakistan has
four external options: the Iran-Pakistan (IP) gas pipeline,
Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas
pipeline, Pak-Qatar gas pipeline project and import of
Liquefied natural gas (LNG). These are long term options
again
• The formation of a single ministry in charge of the entire
energy sector, the formulation of a long-term integrated
policy
• In the long run private sector should be encourage to play
role in transmission and distributions with strong and
independent regular to safeguard the interest of the poor
people and society
42. CONT.:
• Pakistan top ten cities create 50,000 tons of waste which is
enough to produce 6,000MV of electricity. The
government should support these cities to initiate Biomass
projects
43. CONTI…
• Conservation of energy is a huge source of adding to the energy
supply. Both volunteer, legal and financial measures may be
adopted.
• Public-private partnership in hydropower sector should be
reinvigorated. This will help in raising financial resources for
these projects
• Political consensus on the big hydro projects should be
developed
44. CONTI…
• The government may import electricity from the neighboring
countries as a temporary measure to minimize the adverse
impact of high cost energy mix. Around 1500MW or even
higher could be available from India & Iran and has the
potential of reducing the 4000-7000MW shortfall by 30-50%.
• The government may convert the idle capacity in the thermal
sector into coal-based plants to bring down national average
cost. In the short-term, it is important to set up coal-fired power
plants based on imported coal, and in the medium-to-long-term,
this must be substituted with locally extracted coal.
45. CONCLUSION
. the energy issue is still top priority of the government. the
government is intended to fulfill its commitments realizing the fact
that good governance and regulation will contribute to a
sustainable, affordable and reliable energy system. the
government is sincerely committed to add electricity generation of
10,400 megawatts to Pakistan's national grid by 2017-18 along
with reduction in the cost of generation and transmission losses.
46. CONCLUSION
• under the plan vision 2025, the government is
committed in power generation to 45,000 mw
with provision of uninterrupted, affordable and
clean ‘energy for all’. thus the government is
encouraging private investment to achieve
power generation mix through development of
indigenous energy resources particularly hydel,
coal, etc. to achieve zero load-shedding along
with the reduction in average electricity rates.