Endometriosis
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Final Presentation for a college Medical Terminology course. Put together by Allison Aboud. Endometriosis is one of the top causes of infertility, affecting millions of women around the world.
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Endometrial cancer
This document discusses endometrial cancer, including its classification, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and management. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in UK women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46. Abnormal uterine bleeding is the classic symptom. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or hysteroscopy with D&C. Staging requires total hysterectomy and BSO. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen exposure, and hereditary conditions like Lynch syndrome.
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This document discusses leiomyomas (uterine fibroids), including their epidemiology, pathology, classification, symptoms, diagnoses, and various treatment options. Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that commonly occur in women of reproductive age. They are estrogen dependent and rarely cancerous. Treatment options include monitoring, medical therapies to shrink fibroids, arterial embolization, ablation therapies, myomectomy (removal of just the fibroids), and hysterectomy (removal of the entire uterus). Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy weight and diet to help control estrogen levels.
Uterine leiomyoma (fibroid)
Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors that are the most common pelvic tumor in women. Fibroids can be described by their location in the uterus and may cause abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain, or reproductive dysfunction. Symptoms are often relieved at menopause.
Ovarian Cancer
1) Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers due to its rapid invasiveness, lack of screening tests, and vague symptoms.
2) The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity and are responsible for hormone production and releasing eggs.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like CT or MRI, and tumor markers like CA-125. Surgery to remove all visible tumors followed by chemotherapy is the standard treatment.
Classification of the tumors of the ovary
This document discusses the World Health Organization classification of ovarian tumors. It outlines the major categories of epithelial tumors, the most common type of ovarian tumors, comprising 60% of cases. Within epithelial tumors, it describes the histological features and classifications of serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner, and seromucinous tumors. It notes that serous and mucinous cystadenomas are the most prevalent epithelial tumors, together accounting for 30% of ovarian cancers. Details are provided on the benign, borderline, and malignant subtypes for each tumor type based on histological appearance.
Uterine sarcoma
Uterine sarcoma is a rare and challenging type of cancer that grows rapidly. It accounts for 2-5% of uterine malignancies and is diagnosed in about 17 per 1000 women annually. Risk factors include prior pelvic radiation and black race. Long-term tamoxifen use also increases the risk. The most common presenting symptom is vaginal bleeding. Surgery is the primary treatment but the benefits of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy are unclear due to limited data. Prognosis is generally poor, especially for later stages, and more research is needed to determine optimal adjuvant therapies.
Leiomyomata uteri
A leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor that originates in the uterus. They are very common, affecting 20-40% of women during their reproductive years. The most common symptoms are abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medication/hormonal therapy, myomectomy (surgical removal), or hysterectomy depending on the severity of symptoms, size and location of fibroids, and desire for future fertility. Laparoscopic and vaginal approaches for myomectomy have benefits of less pain and faster recovery compared to open abdominal myomectomy.
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Endometrial cancer
This document discusses endometrial cancer, including its classification, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and management. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in UK women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46. Abnormal uterine bleeding is the classic symptom. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or hysteroscopy with D&C. Staging requires total hysterectomy and BSO. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen exposure, and hereditary conditions like Lynch syndrome.
Thyroid and comorbid conditions, Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Life Care Centre
Thyroid and comorbid conditions, menopause , depression, infertility , dyslipidemia , newborn , diabetes , CKD women pregnancy
Fibroids
This document discusses leiomyomas (uterine fibroids), including their epidemiology, pathology, classification, symptoms, diagnoses, and various treatment options. Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that commonly occur in women of reproductive age. They are estrogen dependent and rarely cancerous. Treatment options include monitoring, medical therapies to shrink fibroids, arterial embolization, ablation therapies, myomectomy (removal of just the fibroids), and hysterectomy (removal of the entire uterus). Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy weight and diet to help control estrogen levels.
Uterine leiomyoma (fibroid)
Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors that are the most common pelvic tumor in women. Fibroids can be described by their location in the uterus and may cause abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain, or reproductive dysfunction. Symptoms are often relieved at menopause.
Ovarian Cancer
1) Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers due to its rapid invasiveness, lack of screening tests, and vague symptoms.
2) The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity and are responsible for hormone production and releasing eggs.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like CT or MRI, and tumor markers like CA-125. Surgery to remove all visible tumors followed by chemotherapy is the standard treatment.
Classification of the tumors of the ovary
This document discusses the World Health Organization classification of ovarian tumors. It outlines the major categories of epithelial tumors, the most common type of ovarian tumors, comprising 60% of cases. Within epithelial tumors, it describes the histological features and classifications of serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner, and seromucinous tumors. It notes that serous and mucinous cystadenomas are the most prevalent epithelial tumors, together accounting for 30% of ovarian cancers. Details are provided on the benign, borderline, and malignant subtypes for each tumor type based on histological appearance.
Uterine sarcoma
Uterine sarcoma is a rare and challenging type of cancer that grows rapidly. It accounts for 2-5% of uterine malignancies and is diagnosed in about 17 per 1000 women annually. Risk factors include prior pelvic radiation and black race. Long-term tamoxifen use also increases the risk. The most common presenting symptom is vaginal bleeding. Surgery is the primary treatment but the benefits of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy are unclear due to limited data. Prognosis is generally poor, especially for later stages, and more research is needed to determine optimal adjuvant therapies.
Leiomyomata uteri
A leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor that originates in the uterus. They are very common, affecting 20-40% of women during their reproductive years. The most common symptoms are abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medication/hormonal therapy, myomectomy (surgical removal), or hysterectomy depending on the severity of symptoms, size and location of fibroids, and desire for future fertility. Laparoscopic and vaginal approaches for myomectomy have benefits of less pain and faster recovery compared to open abdominal myomectomy.
Endometrial cancer
This document summarizes information about endometrial cancer from Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, classification, diagnosis, staging, treatment approaches including surgery and adjuvant therapy, prognosis, and recurrent disease. The summary provides an overview of endometrial cancer including that it is the most common female genital tract cancer, obesity is a strong risk factor, around 80% of cases present at an early stage, surgery is the main treatment, and refinement of adjuvant therapy for early stage disease remains challenging.
Ovarian cancer
This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including definitions, anatomy, screening, epidemiology, symptoms, risk factors, types, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that ovarian cancer has no effective screening test and often presents at a late stage. The most common type is epithelial ovarian cancer, which mainly affects postmenopausal women. Diagnosis involves various tests and biopsy. Treatment typically involves surgical staging and debulking followed by chemotherapy for malignant cases.
Premalignant lesions of the endometrium
This document discusses pre-malignant lesions of the endometrium, including endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial adenocarcinoma. It defines endometrial hyperplasia as excessive proliferation of endometrial cells that is non-cancerous. Unopposed estrogen exposure increases the risk of developing hyperplasia. Hyperplasia can progress to cancer, with atypical forms having higher risk. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type of hyperplasia but aim to reduce estrogen levels using progesterone.
Uterine sarcoma
Uterine sarcomas are rare, aggressive cancers that arise from the muscular or connective tissues of the uterus. The main types are leiomyosarcomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas, and malignant mixed müllerian tumors. Uterine sarcomas commonly spread through the bloodstream to vital organs like the lungs and liver. Patients typically present with abnormal vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Diagnosis is made through histological examination of tissue samples obtained through procedures like uterine curettage.
Endometrial hyperplasia
The revised 2014 WHO classification of endometrial hyperplasia is recommended, distinguishing between hyperplasia without atypia and atypical hyperplasia. Diagnosis is typically via endometrial biopsy. For hyperplasia without atypia, initial treatment involves counseling and observation, with progestogen therapy or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device recommended if regression does not occur. For atypical hyperplasia or failure of medical treatment, total hysterectomy is usually recommended. Special considerations apply to fertility-preserving treatment and management in breast cancer patients on tamoxifen.
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a malignant proliferation of ovarian cells. The most common types are serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and undifferentiated epithelial ovarian cancers. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, BRCA gene mutations, nulliparity, infertility, and obesity. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and blood markers like CA-125. Staging determines prognosis and treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Prognosis depends on cancer type and stage, with 5-year survival rates over 90% for localized disease but only 30% for advanced stages.
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This document provides information on amenorrhea, including its classification and causes. It discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the various etiologies of primary and secondary amenorrhea at each level of the axis. Common causes of primary amenorrhea include müllerian agenesis, androgen insensitivity syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. The most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is pregnancy, while other causes include polycystic ovarian syndrome, thyroid disorders, weight loss, and pituitary tumors. Evaluation involves history, exam, hormone levels, imaging, and challenge tests. Treatment depends on the underlying etiology and addressing irregular periods, fertility, or contraception needs.
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This document summarizes information about fibroid uterus (uterine fibroids). It begins by defining fibroids as benign monoclonal tumors arising in the uterine smooth muscle. It then discusses the etiology, including potential genetic and hormonal factors. Symptoms are outlined, which can include abnormal bleeding, pain, and pressure effects. Diagnostic imaging options like ultrasound, MRI and hysteroscopy are presented. Treatment approaches covered include watchful waiting, medical therapies like hormonal treatments, surgical options like myomectomy and hysterectomy, and uterine artery embolization. Complications, effects on fertility and pregnancy, and new emerging treatment techniques are also summarized.
Myoma Uteri
Myoma uteri, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus that are quite common. The exact cause is unclear but they are hormonally responsive to estrogen. Symptoms vary depending on the size, position and condition of the fibroids and can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain. Treatment options include medication, myomectomy (surgical removal of the fibroids), or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). Investigation may involve ultrasound, MRI, or hysteroscopy to determine appropriate treatment.
امراض الدم الوراثية Blood diseases
هذه هى سلسلة من المحاضرات للتوعية الصحية لأجل العناية بأفضل مما يمكن لإنسان أن يحصل عليه - الصحة الجيدة - وأرجو منكم أن ننشر الخير سويا عبر الاصدقاء والعائلات والجيران وحتى الاطفال - فهذا واجب لمجتمعاتنا العربية فى زمن نحتاج فيه للوحدة والتكاتف والاعتدال والايجابية
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal overgrowth of the endometrial lining that can progress to cancer if left untreated. It is classified as either without atypia or with atypia based on presence of cell abnormalities. Treatment involves identifying risk factors like obesity and treating with progestogen therapy. For hyperplasia without atypia, the levonorgestrel IUD is first-line treatment for 6 months followed by surveillance. Hysterectomy may be considered if treatment fails or for atypical hyperplasia. Close monitoring is important to detect progression or recurrence of the condition.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Global health is affected by this problem, so this slide will give some knowledge regarding management of PCOS.
Amenore - Over - www.jinekolojivegebelik.com
This document discusses different types of amenorrhea (primary and secondary) and provides information on their causes and evaluations. Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation by age 16 with normal development or by age 14 without development. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for 6 months in a previously menstruating female. Causes of primary amenorrhea include hypogonadism, gonadal dysgenesis, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Causes of secondary amenorrhea include pregnancy, CNS disorders, pituitary disorders, ovarian disorders, uterine abnormalities, and systemic disorders/medications. Evaluations for amenorrhea involve pregnancy testing, physical exams, and laboratory tests
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This document discusses menorrhagia, or abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. It defines menorrhagia and lists common signs and symptoms. Potential causes of menorrhagia include hormone imbalances, uterine fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis, and inherited bleeding disorders. Risk factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding are also identified. The document outlines treatment options for menorrhagia which may include medical therapy, surgical procedures like dilation and curettage or endometrial ablation, or minimally invasive procedures like uterine artery embolization or focused ultrasound surgery.
Myoma
A 53-year-old female presented to the hospital with severe pelvic pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding. Her medical history included 11 previous births, two via c-section, hyperglycemia, asthma, and gallbladder removal. On examination, she had sharp pelvic pain that radiated to her back and was exacerbated by walking. Imaging revealed uterine fibroids. Treatment options for uterine fibroids include medication to reduce heavy bleeding or shrink the fibroids, or surgical procedures like myolysis, myomectomy, or hysterectomy.
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This document discusses adenomyosis and its relationship to infertility. It begins with background information on adenomyosis, including definitions, prevalence, symptoms, and theories of etiology. It then covers methods of diagnosis, including ultrasound, MRI, and hysteroscopy. Key diagnostic criteria on imaging studies are outlined. The document explores the association between adenomyosis and infertility, proposed mechanisms by which adenomyosis may impact fertility, and effects on outcomes of IVF treatment. While age is a confounding factor, studies suggest adenomyosis alone can increase rates of miscarriage and lower success of IVF. The document examines potential effects on utero-tubal transport, endometrial receptivity, implantation, and macrophage density.
Puberty menorrhagia Dr Sharda Jain , Dr Jyoti Agarwal
Puberty menorrhagia refers to heavy menstrual bleeding lasting longer than 7 days or exceeding 80 ml of blood loss during puberty. Common causes include dysfunctional uterine bleeding due to immature hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, bleeding disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, and complications of pregnancy. Evaluation involves detailed history, physical exam, ultrasound, blood counts, pregnancy test, and tests for underlying causes as needed. Treatment is usually medical, focusing on controlling bleeding through hemostatic agents like tranexamic acid or desmopressin, correcting anemia, and treating any underlying disorders found. Surgery is rarely needed.
Premature ovarian failure
This document summarizes information about premature ovarian failure (POF). It defines POF as amenorrhea, hypoestrogenism, and elevated gonadotropins in women under age 40. POF prevalence is 1-4% under age 40, increasing to 1% by age 30 and 4% by age 40. Causes include genetic factors, autoimmunity, environmental exposures, infections, and iatrogenic factors. Symptoms include menopausal symptoms and long term risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis involves lab tests of hormones and imaging. Treatment is hormone replacement therapy. Annual follow up is needed to monitor treatment and screen for other related conditions.
hyperprolactinemia
This document discusses prolactinomas, which are pituitary tumors that cause excessive prolactin secretion. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management approaches for prolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are small tumors less than 10mm, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors. The first line treatment is dopamine agonist medication to reduce prolactin levels. Surgical removal may be considered for resistant cases or tumors pressing on nearby structures. Prolactinomas are generally managed medically but require monitoring due to risks of vision changes or hypogonadism from high prolactin levels.
Adenomyosis and Assisted Conception
Adenomyosis is a benign disease of the uterus characterized by ectopic endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium.
It is associated with myometrial hypertrophy and may be either diffuse or focal.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome/PCOS
The polycystic ovarian syndrome was originally described in 1935 by Stein and Leventhal as a syndrome manifested by
Endometrosis
Endometriosis is a common disease where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissues lining the pelvis. It is not cancerous but can cause pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility. While its exact causes are unknown, retrograde menstruation where the menstrual flow backs up through the fallopian tubes is a leading theory. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through laparoscopy and treatment involves pain management, hormonal therapy, or surgery depending on the severity of symptoms and stage of disease. Endometriosis remains a poorly understood disease that has significant health impacts.
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Endometrial cancer
This document summarizes information about endometrial cancer from Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, classification, diagnosis, staging, treatment approaches including surgery and adjuvant therapy, prognosis, and recurrent disease. The summary provides an overview of endometrial cancer including that it is the most common female genital tract cancer, obesity is a strong risk factor, around 80% of cases present at an early stage, surgery is the main treatment, and refinement of adjuvant therapy for early stage disease remains challenging.
Ovarian cancer
This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including definitions, anatomy, screening, epidemiology, symptoms, risk factors, types, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that ovarian cancer has no effective screening test and often presents at a late stage. The most common type is epithelial ovarian cancer, which mainly affects postmenopausal women. Diagnosis involves various tests and biopsy. Treatment typically involves surgical staging and debulking followed by chemotherapy for malignant cases.
Premalignant lesions of the endometrium
This document discusses pre-malignant lesions of the endometrium, including endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial adenocarcinoma. It defines endometrial hyperplasia as excessive proliferation of endometrial cells that is non-cancerous. Unopposed estrogen exposure increases the risk of developing hyperplasia. Hyperplasia can progress to cancer, with atypical forms having higher risk. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type of hyperplasia but aim to reduce estrogen levels using progesterone.
Uterine sarcoma
Uterine sarcomas are rare, aggressive cancers that arise from the muscular or connective tissues of the uterus. The main types are leiomyosarcomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas, and malignant mixed müllerian tumors. Uterine sarcomas commonly spread through the bloodstream to vital organs like the lungs and liver. Patients typically present with abnormal vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Diagnosis is made through histological examination of tissue samples obtained through procedures like uterine curettage.
Endometrial hyperplasia
The revised 2014 WHO classification of endometrial hyperplasia is recommended, distinguishing between hyperplasia without atypia and atypical hyperplasia. Diagnosis is typically via endometrial biopsy. For hyperplasia without atypia, initial treatment involves counseling and observation, with progestogen therapy or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device recommended if regression does not occur. For atypical hyperplasia or failure of medical treatment, total hysterectomy is usually recommended. Special considerations apply to fertility-preserving treatment and management in breast cancer patients on tamoxifen.
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a malignant proliferation of ovarian cells. The most common types are serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and undifferentiated epithelial ovarian cancers. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, BRCA gene mutations, nulliparity, infertility, and obesity. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and blood markers like CA-125. Staging determines prognosis and treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Prognosis depends on cancer type and stage, with 5-year survival rates over 90% for localized disease but only 30% for advanced stages.
Amenorrhoea for undergraduates
This document provides information on amenorrhea, including its classification and causes. It discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the various etiologies of primary and secondary amenorrhea at each level of the axis. Common causes of primary amenorrhea include müllerian agenesis, androgen insensitivity syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. The most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is pregnancy, while other causes include polycystic ovarian syndrome, thyroid disorders, weight loss, and pituitary tumors. Evaluation involves history, exam, hormone levels, imaging, and challenge tests. Treatment depends on the underlying etiology and addressing irregular periods, fertility, or contraception needs.
Uterine fibroids
This document summarizes information about fibroid uterus (uterine fibroids). It begins by defining fibroids as benign monoclonal tumors arising in the uterine smooth muscle. It then discusses the etiology, including potential genetic and hormonal factors. Symptoms are outlined, which can include abnormal bleeding, pain, and pressure effects. Diagnostic imaging options like ultrasound, MRI and hysteroscopy are presented. Treatment approaches covered include watchful waiting, medical therapies like hormonal treatments, surgical options like myomectomy and hysterectomy, and uterine artery embolization. Complications, effects on fertility and pregnancy, and new emerging treatment techniques are also summarized.
Myoma Uteri
Myoma uteri, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus that are quite common. The exact cause is unclear but they are hormonally responsive to estrogen. Symptoms vary depending on the size, position and condition of the fibroids and can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain. Treatment options include medication, myomectomy (surgical removal of the fibroids), or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). Investigation may involve ultrasound, MRI, or hysteroscopy to determine appropriate treatment.
امراض الدم الوراثية Blood diseases
هذه هى سلسلة من المحاضرات للتوعية الصحية لأجل العناية بأفضل مما يمكن لإنسان أن يحصل عليه - الصحة الجيدة - وأرجو منكم أن ننشر الخير سويا عبر الاصدقاء والعائلات والجيران وحتى الاطفال - فهذا واجب لمجتمعاتنا العربية فى زمن نحتاج فيه للوحدة والتكاتف والاعتدال والايجابية
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal overgrowth of the endometrial lining that can progress to cancer if left untreated. It is classified as either without atypia or with atypia based on presence of cell abnormalities. Treatment involves identifying risk factors like obesity and treating with progestogen therapy. For hyperplasia without atypia, the levonorgestrel IUD is first-line treatment for 6 months followed by surveillance. Hysterectomy may be considered if treatment fails or for atypical hyperplasia. Close monitoring is important to detect progression or recurrence of the condition.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Global health is affected by this problem, so this slide will give some knowledge regarding management of PCOS.
Amenore - Over - www.jinekolojivegebelik.com
This document discusses different types of amenorrhea (primary and secondary) and provides information on their causes and evaluations. Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation by age 16 with normal development or by age 14 without development. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for 6 months in a previously menstruating female. Causes of primary amenorrhea include hypogonadism, gonadal dysgenesis, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Causes of secondary amenorrhea include pregnancy, CNS disorders, pituitary disorders, ovarian disorders, uterine abnormalities, and systemic disorders/medications. Evaluations for amenorrhea involve pregnancy testing, physical exams, and laboratory tests
Menorrhagia 02.12.2020
This document discusses menorrhagia, or abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. It defines menorrhagia and lists common signs and symptoms. Potential causes of menorrhagia include hormone imbalances, uterine fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis, and inherited bleeding disorders. Risk factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding are also identified. The document outlines treatment options for menorrhagia which may include medical therapy, surgical procedures like dilation and curettage or endometrial ablation, or minimally invasive procedures like uterine artery embolization or focused ultrasound surgery.
Myoma
A 53-year-old female presented to the hospital with severe pelvic pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding. Her medical history included 11 previous births, two via c-section, hyperglycemia, asthma, and gallbladder removal. On examination, she had sharp pelvic pain that radiated to her back and was exacerbated by walking. Imaging revealed uterine fibroids. Treatment options for uterine fibroids include medication to reduce heavy bleeding or shrink the fibroids, or surgical procedures like myolysis, myomectomy, or hysterectomy.
ADENOMYOSIS AND INFERTILITY: UPDATE
This document discusses adenomyosis and its relationship to infertility. It begins with background information on adenomyosis, including definitions, prevalence, symptoms, and theories of etiology. It then covers methods of diagnosis, including ultrasound, MRI, and hysteroscopy. Key diagnostic criteria on imaging studies are outlined. The document explores the association between adenomyosis and infertility, proposed mechanisms by which adenomyosis may impact fertility, and effects on outcomes of IVF treatment. While age is a confounding factor, studies suggest adenomyosis alone can increase rates of miscarriage and lower success of IVF. The document examines potential effects on utero-tubal transport, endometrial receptivity, implantation, and macrophage density.
Puberty menorrhagia Dr Sharda Jain , Dr Jyoti Agarwal
Puberty menorrhagia refers to heavy menstrual bleeding lasting longer than 7 days or exceeding 80 ml of blood loss during puberty. Common causes include dysfunctional uterine bleeding due to immature hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, bleeding disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, and complications of pregnancy. Evaluation involves detailed history, physical exam, ultrasound, blood counts, pregnancy test, and tests for underlying causes as needed. Treatment is usually medical, focusing on controlling bleeding through hemostatic agents like tranexamic acid or desmopressin, correcting anemia, and treating any underlying disorders found. Surgery is rarely needed.
Premature ovarian failure
This document summarizes information about premature ovarian failure (POF). It defines POF as amenorrhea, hypoestrogenism, and elevated gonadotropins in women under age 40. POF prevalence is 1-4% under age 40, increasing to 1% by age 30 and 4% by age 40. Causes include genetic factors, autoimmunity, environmental exposures, infections, and iatrogenic factors. Symptoms include menopausal symptoms and long term risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis involves lab tests of hormones and imaging. Treatment is hormone replacement therapy. Annual follow up is needed to monitor treatment and screen for other related conditions.
hyperprolactinemia
This document discusses prolactinomas, which are pituitary tumors that cause excessive prolactin secretion. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management approaches for prolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are small tumors less than 10mm, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors. The first line treatment is dopamine agonist medication to reduce prolactin levels. Surgical removal may be considered for resistant cases or tumors pressing on nearby structures. Prolactinomas are generally managed medically but require monitoring due to risks of vision changes or hypogonadism from high prolactin levels.
Adenomyosis and Assisted Conception
Adenomyosis is a benign disease of the uterus characterized by ectopic endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium.
It is associated with myometrial hypertrophy and may be either diffuse or focal.
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Puberty menorrhagia Dr Sharda Jain , Dr Jyoti Agarwal
Puberty menorrhagia Dr Sharda Jain , Dr Jyoti Agarwal
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This document provides information about polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including:
- PCOS is the most common cause of infertility in women, characterized by hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularity, and polycystic ovaries.
- The pathogenesis involves intraovarian androgen excess and insulin resistance. Abnormal steroidogenesis results in excessive small follicle growth and inhibited follicle maturation.
- Diagnostic criteria include hyperandrogenism, oligoovulation/anovulation, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
- Treatment involves weight loss, oral contraceptives, clomiphene citrate, metformin, and IVF to regulate cycles and fertility. Metformin improves ovulation rates and IV
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a disorder where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissues lining the pelvis. Main symptoms include pelvic pain and infertility in nearly half of those affected. While the exact cause is unknown, possible explanations include retrograde menstruation, transformation of peritoneal cells, and transportation of endometrial cells through blood or lymphatic vessels. Treatment options include pain medication, hormone therapy using contraceptives or GnRH agonists/antagonists, and surgery for severe cases or infertility.
Breast cancer
This document discusses breast cancer epidemiology and risk factors. It begins by describing the normal structure of the breast and types of breast cancer. The most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma. Risk factors include being a woman and aging, as well as factors like family history, early menstruation, late pregnancy/childbirth, and not breastfeeding. Environmental factors like chemicals that mimic estrogen may also increase risk. While some risk factors cannot be changed, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and limiting chemical exposure may help lower breast cancer risk.
Subfertility
This document discusses subfertility, which is defined as the failure to conceive within 1 year of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. It describes various factors that can affect fertility in both men and women, including ovulation disorders, tubal damage, age, sexually transmitted diseases, endometriosis, and male factors like varicocele and low semen quality. The management of subfertility involves taking a history, examination, and investigations to determine the cause, followed by treatments tailored to the specific diagnosis, such as clomiphene citrate for ovulation disorders or surgery for tubal disease.
Endometriosis 1
Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, often attaching to other organs. It is a common disease among women of childbearing age that causes pain and sometimes infertility. While its exact causes are unknown, endometriosis is thought to be due to retrograde menstruation or genetic/immune factors. It has no cure and is diagnosed through laparoscopy, though various hormone treatments, surgery, pregnancy, and alternative therapies can help manage symptoms. Endometriosis can range from minimal to severe depending on the extent and location of tissue growth outside the uterus.
Breast cancer
This document provides information about breast cancer, including:
1) Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the Philippines and its incidence rate is higher there than in some Western countries.
2) The document discusses the types, causes, risk factors, stages, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for breast cancer.
3) Nursing considerations for breast cancer include preparing patients for surgery, post-operative care like dressing changes and turning schedules, and providing psychological support.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.pptx
Science, practice and evidence are dynamic processes. This is typically vivid when it relates to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. PCOS is the commonest hyperandrogenic disorder in women and one of the most common causes of ovulatory infertility. Although polycystic ovaries were first described by the Italian scientist Vallisneri in 1721, it was largely forgotten until the 1930s, and then renamed after its rediscoverers as Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Even then, it still wasn’t until the invention of the ultrasound scanner in the 1980s and consensus of diagnosis in the early 1990s that PCOS was recognized on a wider scale in women of reproductive age. When attempting to diagnose with precision something that is complex, it is important that we first clearly define what it is we are trying to diagnose. PCOS is today seen as a heterogeneous syndrome where a range of symptoms may be present or absent, and may overlap with other conditions, it is perhaps best viewed as a spectrum of symptoms, pathologic findings and laboratory abnormalities. PCOS can be difficult to conceptualize, even for experts, as shown by the fact that there have been several different ways of diagnosing it over the years.
More recently, the fundamental role of hyperandrogenism has been pointed out.
However, PCOS compromises other pathological conditions that strongly modify the phenotype and play a dominant role in the pathophysiology of the disorder, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, obesity and metabolic disorders, all favoring together with androgen excess, an increased susceptibility to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and, possibly, cardiovascular diseases. PCOS by itself may also have some genetic component as documented by familial aggregation and recent genetic studies. All the clinical features may however change throughout the lifespan, starting from adolescence to postmenopausal age. Therefore, PCOS should be considered as a lifetime disorder.
I sincerely hope that with the recommended readings attached and lecture, you will be able to strengthen your knowledge, thereby providing evidence-based medicine practice for the management of PCOS in a successful manner to improve and better women’s Health care. The best investment you can make is an investment in yourself. The more you learn, the more you’ll earn (Warren Buffett), so read as much as you can.
Thank You.
Regards: Rafi Rozan
Evaluation and Treatment of Hirsutism
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Endometriosis
- 2. Table of Contents Definition and Wood Root Physiopathology Epidemiology Etiology and Theories S/S Dx Differential Dx Tx Px PPx Conclusion Bibliography Video
- 3. END/O- Meaning Within Meaning Mother or Uterus Meaning Abnormal Condition METRA -OSIS ENDOMETRIOSI S The abnormal condition where endometrium, or tissue that lines the uterus, also grows outside of the uterus.
- 5. Epidemiology Endometriosis affects 2 -10% of American women aged 25 - 40. * 30 – 50% of women found with the disease experience infertility. ** Can be found in post-menopausal women as well. * Increased Risk Factors: Women with a 'First Degree' relative with the disease. * Women with a naturally abnormal uterus. * Women who give birth for the first time over the age of 30. * Black and Hispanic individuals are found to be half as likely as Caucasians to develop Endometriosis. Asian individuals are found to be slightly higher in cases than all other ethnicities, according to clinical studies. *** * John Hopkins Medicine ** American Society for Reproductive Medicine *** Kronemyer, 2019
- 7. Four Theories of Endometriosis Theory One: Called Retrograde Menstruation, tissue from the Uterus backs up through the Fallopian Tubes into the Abdominal Cavity where the cells attach and grow. According to Research by John Hopkins Medicine Theory Two: Cells in any location may have the ability to transform themselves into Endometrial cells, when triggered by Estrogen or Progesterone.
- 8. Theory Three: Endometrial tissue may travel to other parts of the body by Blood or through Lymphatic Channels, much like cancer cells. Theory Four: There may be a genetic answer. There is proven to be higher risks of Endometriosis in diagnosed, blood related females.
- 9. Signs ■ Dismenorrhea ■ Dyspareunia ■ Dysuria ■ Dyschezia ■ Nausea ■ Menorrhagia ■ Oligomenorrhea ■ Diarrhea ■ Infertility ■ Peritoneal Adhesion ■ Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cysts & Symptoms
- 10. Diagnosis • Palpation • Ultrasound • Pelvic MRI • Laparoscopy
- 11. DIFFERENTIAL DX PCOS- Poly-Cystic Ovary Syndrome Hormonal Imbalances Hirsutism Thinning Hair Insulin Resistance *Slide Credit: Office onWomen's Health, USDHHS
- 12. Treatment Laparotomy Hormonal Birth Control Hysterectomy
- 13. Prognosis Endometriosis is not a life threatening disease. The pain, discomfort, medication use and possible surgical removals can be a lifelong commitment. Linked to Adenomyosis and Ovarian Cancer, but in small probabilities.
- 14. PROPHYLAXIS Although you cannot prevent Endometriosis, there are some ways you might be able to lower Estrogen levels and reduce your risk. • Exercising regularly. (Recommended more than four hours a week.) • If you take birth control, choosing an option with lower doses of the hormone Estrogen • Reducing alcohol and caffeine intake to one beverage a day. *Info by Office on Womens Health, US Dept. Health and Human Services
- 15. CONCLUSION Listen to your body. Menstruation should not be debilitating.
- 16. BIBLIOGRAPHY "Endometriosis: Does it Cause Infertility?" ReproductiveFacts.org, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2016, https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and- booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/endometriosis-does-it-cause- infertility/?_ga=2.99432606.1232864400.1612656037-1162994308.1612656037 "Endometriosis." Health, John Hopkins Medicine, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and- diseases/endometriosis Kronemyer, Bob. "How Race/Ethnicity Influences Endometriosis." Contemporary OB/GYN, 22 May 2019, https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/how-raceethnicity-influences-endometriosis "Endometriosis." US Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Womens Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." US Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Womens Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome
- 17. Source: AbbVie on Youtube Closing Video