3. INTRODUCTION
Increase in traffic results in congestion, delay and accidents, this can be controlled to some
extent by controlling the traffic, imposing regulatory measures and enforcing management
techniques, so as to make the most economic use of streets.
Traffic control measures include traffic signals, traffic control devices like signs and
markings. Regulatory measures like restrictions to speed, parking etc..
Traffic management measures – fundamental approach to retain as much as possible the
existing pattern of streets but to alter the pattern of traffic movement on these.
General aim – to reorient the traffic pattern on the existing streets, by minor alterations to
traffic lanes, islands, curbs etc, so that the conflict between vehicles and pedestrians is
reduced.
6. 1.One way streets
One way streets are the most immediate and least expensive
method of alleviating traffic conditions in a busy area.
Advantages of one way streets
Increased capacity
Increased speed
Reduction in points of conflict
7. Disadvantages of one – way street
• Although journey time and delays are reduced, the actual
distances to be covered by drivers increase
• Bus stops have to be relocated, and in many instances passengers
will have to walk extra distances
• The increase in speed as a result of one way may be hazardous to
residential areas, thus while the number of accidents may decrease,
the severity will increase with one way operation
• Confusion is likely to be created in the initial stages of its
introduction
8. Whenever a one way system is introduced, it should
be followed with installation of proper sign boards to
foster safe and efficient traffic.
No entry sign at all terminal points of one way
streets
One – way traffic signs to be displayed at the
entrance and exit of all intersections
9. 2. Restrictions on turning movements
left turning traffic does not obstruct traffic flows through
junctions
Heavy Right turning traffic cause loss of capacity by locking
the flow and bringing it to a halt
Measures –
Ban the turning movement altogether
introduce separate right turning phase in the signal scheme
10. 3. Closing side streets
When a main street has a number of side streets where the
traffic is light, it is possible to close some of the side streets
without adversely affecting the traffic.
Advantages of closing side streets
Since interference from traffic from side streets is
eliminated, the speed increases and journey time reduces
Accidents get reduced
11. Closed Side streets can be utilized for parking of
vehicles, if there is an acute shortage of parking
in that area
Closure of number of side streets may increase
the flow to and fro for the remaining cross roads
This may necessitate signal control & other
measures at these junctions
Disadvantages of closing side streets
13. Traffic Control Devices:
Catch the eye
Command respect
Convey the meaning / message
Important requirements of traffic control Devices
14. The requirements of traffic control devices are achieved by
ensuring the following five basic factors:
Design – size, colors & shape should be such
as to stand out & attract attention and convey
message clearly
operation – the device must be designed & operated in a
uniform & consistent manner so that the road user can properly
respond to it
Maintenance – device should be of high standard and
adequately maintained to retain its legibility & visibility. This
commands respect of the road users
15. Traffic signs
Traffic control devices – fixed or portable, convey warning,
information, requirements, restrictions or prohibition specified by law /
regulation, to the traffic on roads.
3 broad categories – regulatory signs, warning signs and informative
signs
Traffic signs should communicate their message by graphic
symbols. The size, color, combination & other stds for the road traffic
signs is given in code of practice for road signs (IRC:67 – 1977)
16.
17. Road Markings are simplest, cheapest and most cost
effective
They regulate, warn or guide traffic through lines,
symbols / words
Serve as symbolic barriers for separating the opposing
streams of traffic
Provide info for turning movements
Guide pedestrians across carriageway at intersections
Road Markings
18.
19.
20.
21. Traffic control device, operated manually, electrically or mechanically by which
traffic is alternately directed to stop and proceed.
Traffic Signals
Advantages of traffic signals:
Signals have std indications which all drivers can follow easily and are
understood more easily and effectively at night or in foggy weather than hand
signals of a policeman
It is desirable to link signals on a principal traffic route in order to reduce
delay and the number of stops at the signals
22.
23.
24.
25. Barricades used to warn and alert drivers of hazards created by
construction or maintenance activities on/ around the carriageway.
They could be of wood, fibre glass, PVC or mild steel
Painted with red/white stripes sloping downwards at an angle of 45
degrees in the direction along which the traffic has to pass
When lane / road is closed to vehicles, vertical red and white stripes are
used
The width of each stripe should not be less than 20 cm
Barricades
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28.
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30.
31.
32. Central Refugees
The refuge island provides a place of safety for pedestrians to
enable them to cross wide roads which, otherwise cannot be
crossed at one time because of changing traffic signals or
continuous stream of oncoming traffic from opposite direction
A pedestrian central refuge should have raised kerbs and should
not be less than 1.2 m in width and 3.6m in length
Central refuge reduces the width of carriageway which can reduce
vehicle speeds but sufficient width should be available for safe
passage of the largest vehicles likely to use the road
33. A refuge island is not provided on a road which has width less than 12 mts
Parking, loading/unloading restrictions should be considered on either
side upto a distance of 50m on each side
Lighted bollards to be fixed at each end of the refuge island to warn
vehicles of the impending obstruction on the road during night time
The lighted traffic bollard should be sufficiently high and wide to be
conspicuous, ideal height is 1.2m
Zebra crossing may be considered at such refuge island across the road
Refuge island should be invariably painted with black and white stripes so
as to be conspicuous from a distance
34.
35.
36.
37. Reflective devices
Reflective devices such as cat’s eye, stud, delineators, island
markers are placed on the pavement along the kerb to warn and
guide motorists during night time
Their principle of working is that when head light falls on such
devices, they reflect light and become self illuminating and
visible
Recommended for kerb line, guard stones, central dividers,
refuge island, channelizers, speed breakers, on sharp curves
and along central median
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. Traffic Segregation Techniques
• Classified as :
– Vehicle -vehicle segregation
– Pedestrian-Vehicle
segregation
– Time segregation
44. Vehicle – Vehicle segregation
– applied all over the world to separate slow moving traffic from fast one.
Achieved by imposing legal restrictions
Lorry traffic confined to outer areas and restrictions imposed on their
movements in the city limits during peak periods
On major roads with sufficient width, separate lanes designed for fast & slow
vehicles by using painted lines / physical dividers
Central dividers of sufficient width to serve as refuges for pedestrians to take
shelter and to accommodate other required road furniture such as signal and / or
lighting posts
53. Is mainly done to ensure safe crossing of pedestrians
across the path of vehicles. Includes:
Zebra crossing
Refuge Island
Railings along central dividers
Pedestrian traffic signal
Foot over bridges
Pedestrian subways
Sky walks
Lateral segregation
54.
55.
56. Streets with intense pedestrian pressure could be declared ‘ pedestrian only
streets’
Restrictions on the movement of vehicles is imposed either during the pedestrian
peak time only or throughout the day, depending upon the local situation
Where several such streets meet, the total area is converted into “pedestrian
only’ commonly known as ‘pedestrian plaza’ or ‘pedestrian precinct’ or
‘pedestrian mall’
All such area must have arrangement for easy access to emergency vehicles like
fire brigade, ambulance
Adequate parking space must be available in the vicinity so that the walking
distance is reasonable and the business in the area is not adversely affected
Bus service should not be adversely affected and passengers must be brought
within a reasonable walking distance
Total Segregation
57. Special segregation techniques for cyclists, buses etc
Cycle segregation achieved through cycle tracks
Bus segregation achieved through bus lanes and bus only streets
Time segregation
– meant to regulate the movement of vehicles by time of
the day
eg: heavy vehicles not allowed during the peak hour of
the day in busy areas
Spatial Segregations
59. Traffic restraint
• Inhibit or restrict car use in city centre
• Benefits the road user obtains from a perticular journey is more
than the price that he would be prepared to pay in order to make
the journey
• The demand for use of road network in perticular places, can be
curtailed with raising prices
• Those who are responsible for causing traffic congestion should
be made to pay extra
60. Restraint methods should be:
( i) Flexible -to meet differing and changing needs
(ii) Efficient-so that undue restriction is avoided
(iii) Selective -by type, area and time of journey
(iv) Fair and acceptable to the community at large:
(v) Simple, to administer and enforce, and not open to abuse
(vi) Easy to understand and to follow for both casual and regular
travelers.
62. Indirect Methods
The motorists are encouraged to switch over to
public transport by making the latter cheap,
convenient, comfortable, readily available, and
highly efficient one.
63. Restraints are imposed on the movement of the
personalized transport
• Banning of a particular class of vehicles at certain
time or areas
• Special bus Ianes and streets where space is
reserved exclusively for public buses and
emergency vehicles
• Prohibition of entry and turns and limited access
facilities
64. Direct Methods
• Parking controls
• Road and bridge tolls ·
• Road pricing
• Odd-even auto traffic restraint
• Staggering of office hours
65. Parking controls
• Parking restrictions along major arteries, either 24
hours or during the peak time, depending upon the
local conditions and requirements.
• Parking pricing -earns revenue.
• Make efficient use of parking spaces
• Recover the cost of providing parking spaces;
• Reduce congestion and prevent obstruction to moving
vehicles.
66. The parking pricing is effected through,
• Off street pay and park areas:
– designated parking lots
– Special multistory building or underground
parking garages
• On street parking meters:
– Off street parking facilities are limited and
demand for parking is very high
– parking meters are installed along the kerb line of
the roads
– Commercial and shopping areas
67. • Park-and-Ride System:
– Large off-street parking areas are created to
enable motorists to park their vehicles and switch
over to the public transport like buses. trains for
onward journey to their work places
• Road and bridge tolls:
-Tolls are introduced to recover the cost of the
facilities so provided.
68. Road Pricing:
• It is a technique that requires drivers of certain
categories of vehicles to purchase special licenses to use
such vehicles at specified times (generally peak-period)
in designated areas (generally the Central Business
District).
• It is based on the principle that vehicles that cause
congestion in the busy office and commercial areas
must be made to pay for it.
69. Requirements for Road pricing
• drivers entering the zone should display the
license on the wind screen.
• The area in which restrictions are intended
should be clearly defined by proper boundary
signs.
• The road pricing can be varied with time of
the day, but may be effected only during peak
hours.
70. Odd-even auto restrictions:
• The restrictions can also be imposed with
reference to odd and even dates, instead or
days of the week; Saturdays and Sundays are
generally excluded because of lean traffic
days.
71. Staggering of office hours:
• As most offices and establishments open at about
the same time, there is a heavy strain on the
public transport and on the main arteries during
peak hours.
• Therefore, the staggering of work hours for a
longer period can help spread the peak-load and
relieve the extreme overcrowding in buses, trains
and congestion on the main arteries.
73. Priority Manoeuvres
priority given to buses by permitting them turning
movements which are prohibited to other vehicles.
It is necessary to fix sign boards prominently indicating
Right turn only for buses’ etc…
74. Bus lanes
most common form of bus priority techniques, when road space is
set aside for buses either at a particular time or at all times
With flow bus lane – is one where buses move along the direction
of traffic. Such special lanes created when a part of the road is
exclusively reserved for buses. Usually reserved along the kerb side
and in the centre in special circumstances
Such lanes normally provided only if the frequency of buses is
atleast 60 per hour and number of passengers moved by these
buses at least 1.5 times the number carried by other vehicles in the
75. Bus precincts
are bus only streets also known as bus malls.
Normally introduced in city centers where pedestrians
and bus activity is very high.
Access to such streets is permitted only to buses,
emergency vehicles and pedestrians. The remaining
traffic normally diverted through other roads.
77. Self enforcing techniques make enforcement easy and simple, thus
optimizing use of manpower and eliminating / minimizing the need for
modern/ specialized equipment
Some of the self enforcing techniques –
Central dividers – ensure that vehicles confine their movements only
to the correct carriageway, thus avoiding any conflict with traffic from
opposite direction
Railing – railings over central dividers or along footpaths ensure that
pedestrians do not cross erratically or spill over the carriageway
Parabolic dividers – have a height nearly one metre ensure
pedestrian discipline. They serve the purpose more efficiently, besides
improving the environment
Channelizers – at intersection ensure safe turning movement and
proper lane discipline, to delineate the queue channels by the use of
raised kerbs
Self Enforcing techniques
78. Parking Notches – where footpaths are very wide while
the parking demand is very high, the authorities may
consider angular parking by providing notches in
footpaths to ensure orderly parking and in out
movements
Sleeping Policeman – to avoid speed breakers which
are normally detested by most motorists, artificial
bottlenecks can be created at such locations
79.
80. Useful for proper marshalling of buses to the bus stop without
interfering with the main traffic flow on the carriageway.
Width of bus channels should not be less than 3 mts
Delineated by a painted white strip
Where space permits bus bays should be segregated by constructing
raised dividers/islands
Lighted bollards to be fixed at the entrance of such bays to warn the
motorists
Lay byes are preferable
Where adequate space is not available for constructing a lay bye, bus
boxes should be painted in white for the guidance of drivers and
commuters
Bus bays / Bus Boxes
81.
82.
83.
84. Police-Public Interaction Techniques
• Large Displays
• Leaflets
• Periodical Press Notes
• Seminars and Talks
• Committees
• Students Participation
• Institutional Co-ordination
• Citizen’s participation
85. The various forms of public interaction techniques –
Traffic Management scheme cannot be successful without the active
participation and acceptance of the public
Large displays
Displays in the form of hoardings, banners etc..
Simple but interesting traffic messages can be conveyed
through hoardings located at vantage points & banners near
important intersections
These messages must be periodically changed to avoid
monotony
Normally the periodicity of changing these messages should be
one month
Bus shelters, foot over bridges and flyovers can also be
exploited for displaying such messages
Public Interaction Techniques
86. Leaflets
providing advance info about modifications & implementation of new
traffic schemes, special arrangements on the eve of imp festivals & public
functions, do’s & don’t’s of traffic safety, and other info of common public
interest can be very effective
These are printed in diff languages like English, Kannada and the local
language
87. Periodical press notes
should be issued at regular intervals through
leading newspapers and magazines informing the
public about the proposed traffic management plans,
enforcement drives, cautionary messages, accidents
statistics and other useful traffic info that may be of
interest to the public.
All traffic regulations & changes must be made
known to the public through such press notes
88. Social organizations, commercial groups, associations etc should
be encouraged to hold seminars, symposia, workshops and panel
discussions
All proposed imp traffic management schemes that are likely to
have major impact on the various road users can be discussed so
that the benefits get highlighted and apprehensions of the public of
the public, if any are removed
Also helps in getting objective feedback so that the authorities may
consider various suggestions and effect appropriate modifications,
Seminars & Talks
89. Committees –
various committees representing interests of different road users
should be formed so that all sections of road users feel that their
interests is safe guarded by their representatives
Special meetings should be held with the representatives of
various unions of taximen, transport operators, auto rickshaws etc.
Special consultative committees should be formed to deal with
specific issues as it helps in bringing members representing
divergent interests across the table to appreciate various pros and
cons of any important traffic management scheme
90. Students Participation – The students should be actively
involved in traffic discipline and road safety so that an era of traffic
culture can be ushered in
The authorities should encourage ‘road safety patrol’ activities in all
schools covering age group 9-14.
Traffic officers should visit such schools and impart them traffic
education
Should be shown traffic safety films guided about various dos and
dont’s on the road
It is equally necessary to involve the college students in similar activities
for promoting road safety, and in disciplining the pedestrians, other road
users and controlling the bus queues etc
91. Traffic control and management basically involve three components –
road, vehicle
road user
Unless all the concerned organizations interact with each other and
coordinate their efforts, the traffic police and traffic engineers alone cannot
successfully meet the ever growing challenges thrown by the Urban traffic
and transportation problems
Roads – the local municipal corporation/ PWD must ensure good
maintenance of all roads and footpaths including channelizes
Good street lighting in Urban areas can be very effective in
reducing accidents
Institutional Co-ordination
92. It is therefore essential and desirable to formulate certain
policies and guidelines for regulating the road side frictions
Joint survey can be arranged by concerned departments to
see how various poles on roads & footpaths can be put to
multipurpose usage
Such surveys help to reduce street furniture and thus improve
the movement on roads & footpaths
93. One variable that can throw even the best traffic management plan into
disarray is the lack of citizens confidence
It is unwise to initiate any new measures of traffic regulations and
enforcement without adequate preparation to ensure some measure of
public understanding & some degree of public acceptance
The success of any traffic management scheme thus rests on the pivots of
public participation and institutional coordination.
The lowest cost traffic management techniques therefore aim to win the
confidence of the road user and enhance the credibility of the
administration through the coordinated efforts of various public agencies
involved in traffic & transport management.
Citizen’s Participation
94. CONCLUSIONS
Traffic Management Technique aim to
to win the confidence of Road user
enhance the Creditability of the
administration through the coordinated
efforts of Public Agencies
