Enbe process journal

Contents
1. Introduction
2. A City
3. InvestigationonBetterCityGuidelines andIssues
4. Investigation&Data Collection:Ancientandoldcities
5. Investigation&Data Collection:The presentcity/cities
6. Investigation&Data Collection:The future city/cities
7. The New“X” City- Setiagon
8. All aboutThe Pamphlet
9. Conclusion
10. References

Introduction
In thisproject, we were requiredtoplana cityin a specificplace suchas the following:
i. An undergroundcity(orina cave)
ii. An underwaterorfloatingonwatercity(sea/saltwaterwetlands)
iii. An underwaterorfloatingonwater city(freshwaterwetlands)
iv. A citythat blendsinthe forest(SwampArea)
v. A cityin the air (skyscrapercity/inthe mountains)
Each of the studentsare requiredtoproduce an A4 size foldedpamphlettopromote the new city
development.Studentswillneed tounderstandwhata“city”is,its developmentandhistory,
componentsandelementsof acity.
The size of the proposednewcityshouldbe between30-50km2
,withapopulationbetween
100,000-250,000. The people of the cityare Malaysianand the location of the citywill be inMalaysia
withMalaysiansettingsandenvironment.

A City
The Definition
A cityis an inhabitedplace of greatersize,population,orimportance thana townor village.
Althoughthere isnoagreementonhowa city is distinguishedfromatown,manycitieshave a
particularadministrative,legal,orhistorical statusbasedonlocal law. Citiesalsohave complex
systemsforsanitation,utilities,landusage,housing,andtransportation.
Brief history of city formation
Citiesfirstformafterthe Neolithicrevolution.Atthat
time,agriculture isthe mainactivitywhichsupporta
city’sdevelopment,encouragingthe increase inhuman
population.AccordingtoVere GordonChilde,fora
settlementtoqualifyasa city,raw materials isamust
to supportthe growinghumanpopulation.
The reasonfor city formationcanbe alsorelatedtothe reductionof transportationcostsforgoods,
people andideas. A citywasalsoformedas central placesfortradingand the benefitsinclude
exchangingof ideas,sharingof natural resources andprovidingamenitiessuchassewage disposal.A
cityhas professional administrators,regulations,taxationsasthe payforgovernmentworkers.
Ancientcitiesare builtdue todifferentreasonswhichincludereligion,politics, commerce,industrial
activitiesandetc.Some of the ancientcitiesare Uruk,Greece,Rome,etc.
Uruk Rome

Components of a City
Networks
Everymoderncitycontainsan amazingarray of pathways
to carry flowsof people,goods,water,energy,and
information.Transportationnetworksare the largestand
mostvisible of these.Ancientcitiesreliedonstreets,most
of themquite narrow bymodernstandards,tocarry foot
trafficand carts. The moderncitycontainsa complex
hierarchyof transportationchannels,rangingfromten-
lane freewaystosidewalks.
Moderncitiesrelyoncomplex networksof utilities.When
citieswere small,obtainingpure wateranddisposingof
wasteswasnot a major problem,butcitieswithlarge
populationsandhighdensitiesrequire expensive public
infrastructure. Rapidurbangrowthandindustrialization
causedovercrowding,pollution,anddisease inurbanareas.
Afterthe connectionbetweenimpure wateranddisease was
established,citiesbegantoinstall adequate sewerandwater
systems.Citieshave alsobeenlacedwithwiresandconduits
carryingelectricity,gas,andcommunicationssignals.
Buildings
Buildingsare the mostvisibleelementsof the
city,the featuresthatgive eachcity itsunique
character. Residential structuresoccupyalmost
half of all urbanland,withthe buildingtypes
rangingfromscatteredsingle-familyhomesto
dense high-rise apartments.Commercial
buildingsare clustereddowntownandatvarious
subcenters,withskyscraperspackedintothe
central businessdistrictandlow-rise structures
prevailingelsewhere. Industrial buildingscome
inmany formsrangingfromlarge factory complexesinindustrialdistrictstosmall workshops.

OpenSpaces
Openspace issometimestreatedasaleftover,butit
contributesgreatlytothe qualityof urbanlife. "Hard"
spacessuch as plazas,malls,andcourtyardsprovide
settingsforpublicactivitiesof all kinds."Soft"spaces
such as parks,gardens,lawns,andnature preserves
provide essential relief fromharshurbanconditionsand
serve asspace forrecreational activities.
Structure of a City
CBD: Industrial oradministrative core of the cityandis
oftenthe citycentre,if not geographicallytheninterms
of transportitwill be where the transportroutes
converge andwhere the maintrain,subwayandbus
stationswill be located.
Transition Zone:Mixture of industryandhousingis
located
Blue-collarResidential:Housingforthe workingclass---
the zone of independentworkers’homes.
Middle-income Residential:Newerandlargerhouses
occupiedbythe middle-class.
Commuterresidential:Residential suburbs.

Investigation on Better City Guidelines and Issues
What makes a better future city?
a) Dense:
i. Withmore people inlessspace,denserareasencourage publictransportation andprioritize
pedestrianandcyclistmodesof mobilitybylinkingall areaswithfine-grainednetworkof
paths, and by designing local streets to support all ways of getting around, rather than
emphasizing vehicular needs.
ii. A compact citycan also meanmore energyefficiency. Forexample, powerplantscanbe
connectedtosmart buildingswhichwill reduce the waste of energy. The reductionof energy
wastage leadstolesspollutionandcheaperutilitybills.
b) Sustainable:
i. LocalizedFood Production- A substantial proportionof the foodbeingconsumedinthe city
shouldbe producedwithinthe cityitself orinthe immediate surroundings.
ii. Passive BuildingDesign- Throughthe use of intelligentdesign,potential heatingandcooling
costs can be greatlyreduced.
iii. LocalizedEnergy Production- Reliable energyproductionsuchassolarenergytechnology
production,hydroelectric,etc.
iv. GoodPublic Transportation, Liveable CityCentres- Reliablepublictransportationsystem, one
where walkingisanenjoyablething todoand notjustan exercise inavoidingbeingrunover
and cut downunnecessaryuse of personal automobiles.
v. LocalizedResource Extraction & Reliance- Withdrawal fromreliance onresourcesthatare
expensive toextractorproduce,anda reappraisal of locallyavailableresourcesthatare far
cheaper,simplerandeasiertoextractand produce.Therebydecreasingreliance onan
increasinglyvolatile globalizedmarket,andincreasingself-sufficiency.

Common Issues in the ModernCity
There are a listof issuesoccurringinthe city whichrevolvesaroundthe people andthe
environment,some whichincludesthe following:
 Trafficand automobile problems: Increasingnumberof carscausingmore traffic
 Pollutions:Air,water,sound,andland pollutions
 Communications:Miscommunicationorlackof communicationbetweenthe local government
and business,residentsandotherentities.
 Downtownmanagement: Difficultyaccessinglocal resourcestosynchronize initiativesfor
maximumimpact.
 Water supplyproblems:Lackof water resourcesandincreasingwaterwastage
 Poorurban planning
 Highlivingexpenses:High-endlifestyle causingincreasedcrime rates andunbalanceddistribution
for differentclassesof people
 Economicissues: The income of the citydecreases,causingthe residentstolive inharsh
situations.

Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient/old cities
1. Machu Picchu, Peru
Machu Picchu is located 2,430 m above sea level.
The location of the city was a military secret, and its deep precipices and steep mountains
provide excellent natural defences.
It has a water supply from springs and enough land to grow food for about four times as
many people as ever lived there.
The hillsides leading to it have been terraced, provide more farmland to grow crops and
steepen the slopes which invaders would have to ascend. The terraces reduce
soil erosion and protected against landslides. Inca would also use the chips which they
carved off of the stones in their construction and as a method to avoid mudslides, landslides
and floods.
The buildings in Machu Picchu are arranged on wide parallel terraces around a vast central
square. The central buildings of Machu Picchu use the classical Inca architectural style of
polished dry-stone walls of regular shape. The ashlar technique was used, where blocks of
stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar. Many junctions in the central city are so
perfect that it is said not even a blade of grass fits between the stones.
Viewof residencesectionof the City

What elements andinformation I can use for my new city? What did I learn
from it?
Referring to Machu Picchu, although a city built on a mountain may be challenging and
cannot be accessed easily, the geography of the city itself can be used as a natural defence
system of the city. With the need of terracing the mountain for better accessibility and
easier development, the pieces of carved rocks can be used in constructions and creating
barriers. The terracing of hillsides can also serve as a method to overcome natural disasters
such as landslides and flooding. For my new city, I plan to develop it on a terraced land to
create a larger space for agriculture purposes. With the terraced site, the development of
transportation can be more convenient.
2. Ronda, Spain
Ronda is situated in a very mountainous area about 750 m above mean sea level. The
Guadalevín River runs through the city, dividing it in two and carving out the steep, 100 plus
meters deep El Tajo canyon upon which the city perches.
Three bridges, Puente Romano, Puente Viejo and Puente Nuevo, span the canyon.
The Puente Nuevo is the tallest of the bridges, towering 120 m above the canyon floor, and
all three serve as some of the city's most impressive features. The former town hall, which
sits next to the Puente Nuevo, is the site of a parador, and has a view of the Tajo canyon.
The ‘Corrida Goyesca’ is a unique and historical bullfight that takes place once a year in
Ronda in the Plaza de toros de Ronda, the oldest bullfighting ring in Spain.
Ronda is accessible via highways and by rail from Algeciras and from Córdoba.

What elements andinformationI can use for my new city? What did I learn
from it?
Although Ronda is built on the mountain, it becomes more accessible when bridges were
built. My new city can be also accessible by building bridges but highways and rails will be a
more effective way to reach the city.

Investigation & Data Collection: The present city
Fira, Greece
Fira is a city of white-washed houses built on the edge of the 400 m high caldera on the
western edge of the semi-circular island of Thera. Access to Fira is mainly by roads on its
eastern side, climbing from its port via the Z-shaped footpath on foot or on donkeys, or by
riding the steep cable car from its lower terminal by the port. The central square of Fira is
called Plateia Theotokopoulou, with a bus and taxi station, banks and pharmacies.
What elements andinformationI can use for my new city? What did I learn
from it?
With a city built on a mountain, the modes of transportation are limited. Even so, people can
still reach the city via cable car that acts as both a transportation system and tourist
attraction. The city central can be determined with a main transport system in it. It should be
accessible to all modes of transportation. Health institutions such as hospitals should be
included into the city in order to sustain the overall health of the citizens.

Investigation & Data Collection: The future city
Masdar City, UnitedArabEmirates
Masdar City isa project to developthe world’smostsustainable eco-city.The city,whichcombines
ancientArabicarchitectural techniqueswithmoderntechnologyandcapturesprevailingwindsis
coolerand more comfortable duringthe highsummertemperatures.Beinginthe locationwithhigh
sunexposure, MasdarCityusesenergygeneratedthroughsolarpanels.
The low-carbondevelopmentof MasdarCityhas an integral role intransformingAbuDhabi’s
economyfroman oil foundationtoone withaknowledge andinnovationbase.Itservesasa
centralisedtestbedforglobal renewable energyandtechnologycompanies.
The city itself isdesignedtomaximise convenience andreduce environmental impacts.
A 10-megawattsolarphotovoltaicplantandanarray of
building-mountedsolarpanelsprovideselectricity,
reducingthe needforpowerproducedbyfossil fuels. A
45-meterhighwindtowermodelledontraditionalArab
designssucksairfromabove and pushesacoolingbreeze
throughMasdar's streets. The streetsmaximiseshade all
day long,capturingcoolingbreezesandreducingthe need
for air-conditioning.
Masdar is a sustainable mixed-usedevelopmentdesignedtobe
veryfriendlytopedestriansandcyclists. The initial designbanned
automobiles,astravel will be accomplishedviapublicmass
transitand personal rapidtransit (PRT) systems,withexisting
road and railwaysconnectingtootherlocationsoutside the city.
The absence of motor vehiclescoupledwithMasdar'sperimeter
wall,designedtokeepoutthe hotdesertwinds,allowsfor
narrow andshadedstreetsthathelpfunnel coolerbreezesacross
the city.

A mix of educational andrecreational,housing,retail,manufacturing,andoffice spacesgive
commutersandresidentseasyaccesstoeverythingtheyneed,reducingtransportneeds.Buildings
are denselypopulated,allowingresidentstolive andworkinthe same location.Thisreduces
heating,coolingandinternal transportationneeds.
There are nolightswitchesorwatertaps inthe city. Movementsensorscontrol lightingandwaterto
cut electricityandwaterconsumptionby51 and55 percentrespectively.Watermanagementhas
beenplannedinanenvironmentallysoundmanneraswell. Waterconservationisensuredbyhigh-
efficiencyappliances,low-flowshowers, awatertariff,smartwatermetersandtreatedwastewater,
whichisrecycledforplantirrigation.
Conclusionabout the city and what can I implement inmy city
The worldis full of pollutionsandMotherEarth iscontinuouslybeingdestroyedbitbybit. The
creationof an eco-cityisveryimportantbecause everyeco-friendlytechnologiescanhelppreserve
the environmentwhilethe people continue tochase afterthe bettertechnology.Since myplanned
citywill be builtatthe mountains,the use of solarenergywill be suitableforthe generationof
electricity.Icanalsoimplementthe PRTsystemsince mycitydoesnot allow the use of anyfuelled
cars. Besides,the PRTsystemcanbe highlyaccessible andtravelsmuchfasterthanthe tram.Even
thoughthe electricity andwatercanbe foundedeasily,the cityshouldhave technologiestosave
electricityandcutdownwaterconsumption.Usedwatershouldalsobe treatedandrecycledto be
usedagain.

The New ‘X’ City - SETIAGON
Introduction to Setiagon
Setiagonisa citysituatedat MountNuang,Selangor,nearthe bordersof the Pahang andSelangor
state.The distance betweenthe mountainandthe nation’scapital,KualaLumpuris justabout45 km.
Althoughitissituatedin the mountains, the cityhasthe potential of developingasagreat mountain
citysince it hasits watersource fromthe Sungai Langat Dams.Witha higheraltitude,Setiagon focuses
on agriculture andtourismasthe mainincome of the city.The aim of the city is to functionasan eco-
citywithits developmentasa commercial,tourismandagriculture hub.The cityalsocreatesa
differentlivingexperiencefromthe usual crowdedcity inthe central region.Setiagonstrivestobe an
eco-friendlycitywhilstdevelopingasa sustainable citywithself-suppliedfoodsources,efficient
transportationandgreateconomicvalue.

Setiagonis a hexagonal shapedcity.Some partsof the hillsof the cityis
terracedto supporta largerland foragricultural purposesanddeveloping
the residentialareasandcitycentres.The total covered areaof the city is
33.01 kmsquare.The estimatedpopulationof the cityisaround
200,000 to 220,000 people.
The name of the city ‘Setiagon’isacombinationof twoMalaywords,
SEGI TIGAand HEKSAGON,whichis the shape,triangle andhexagon.In
anotherpointof view, SETIAmeansloyalty,where the citizensare loyal
towardsthe city council.
Some of the inspirational imagesof the City:
Canberra
Gamcheon dong culture village

Aims ofcity:
 Reduce reliance onotherplacestogainfoodsupply
 Reduce pollutionfromenergygainingbyusingrenewableresourcesasenergysupply
 Reduce usage of fuelsfortransportationbyprovidingpathwaysforbicyclesandusing
electrical tramformainplace
Whypeople have to move here?
 The typical cityof Malaysiais toocongestedwithpeopleandthe environmentwasheavy
polluted
 The newcity providesamore pleasantandhealthierlivingforthe people
 The citizensinthe newcitycan obtainfood,energyandwatersupplyfromthe cityitself and
doesnotdependonotherplacesforresources
-Environmental approaches:Generationof electrical energythroughHydroelectricDam, Solar
energy,biomassenergyandwindenergy.Nousage of carsor transportationusingfossil fuelsto
improve airquality.Reusingwaste watersthroughpurification.
-Recreational areasare situatednearthe residential areasforeasyaccess.Theyconsistof a stadium,
clubhouses,sportscourts,swimmingpools,etc.
-The newcity’ssecurityisimprovedbyapolice stationwhichissituatedatthe citycentre
-2 educational areasnearresidential areasforeasieraccessandto avoidtoocongestedschools
-To preventcrimes,the residential areasare dividedinto3categories:low class,middleclassand
highclassareas. Thisdivisionreducescrimesinvolvingthe 3classesof people inthe city
-Religiousareaissituated atthe citycentre for easieraccess,consistsof churches,mosques,
temples,etc.
-Mainincome ofthe citizens:Throughagriculture activities,Commerce,Businessanda small
amountfrom tourism
Benefitofthe city beingat the mountain:
 Solarenergycan be gainedeasily
 Sufficientenergygeneratedfromwindturbines
 Cleaneraircomparedto regularcities
 The slope/heightenablesmore force forhydroelectricdamtoworkefficiently

Zoning of the city

Constant Vacuum System
(CVS)
Step 1: The user pushes the push-
button, the interface valve is opened
and the wastewater is evacuated. Air,
which also helps to transport the
waste, is also sucked into the system.
At the same time, the clean water
valve is opened and rinsing water is
sprayed into the bowl.
Step 2: The vacuum valve is closed but the water valve remains open. A small amount of fresh
water is sprayed into the bowl.
Step 3: The water valve is closed, a small volume of clean water is retained in the bowl and
the toilet is ready for use again.
The collected blackwater can be discharged in different ways (JETSGROUP 2011):
 Semi-centralised treatment plant (e.g. free surface, horizontal or vertical constructed
wetland)
 Biogas production (e.g. biogas settler)
 Sewage tank (which is emptied by a vacuum truck periodically)
 Public sewer system (e.g. conventional- or separate sewer)
Applicability
Vacuum technology for sanitary installations is an advanced technique in both economic and
ecologic aspects. Its application is flexible and independent from a (natural) slope. New buildings
as well as the sanitation of old buildings or the reconstruction of existing buildings are all
appropriate fields of application. Vacuum sanitation systems are preferably used in buildings where
the wastewater flow is high or varies greatly (hotels, restaurants, motorway services areas,
airports, railway stations etc.), in bigger building complexes and in commercial and industrial halls,
where the sanitary installations are often located at remote distances (adapted from ROEVAC
2011). Vacuum toilets are also a convenient solution for decentralised wastewater
treatment. Effluents, such as urine and faeces can be treated by a biogas settler or a bio tank with
a following small scale composting attachment.
Advantages
 Large water savings
 No deposits in the toilet, reduced use of detergents
 Very hygienic
 Flexible and convenient
 No deposits in the pipes
 Odour-free
 Facilitates reuse of urine and faeces
 Applicable in many different constructions

Sewage systemof the city:
Wastewatercollectedwill be
processedtobe usedagainas
cleanwater
Water supplysystemfor
plantationarea

Automated Vacuum Waste Managementsystem
Biomass energyproduction chart

Transportation- Ronda is accessible via highways and by
rail from Algeciras and from Córdoba.
The single track railway between Ronda and Algeciras was
built between 1890 and 1892 by the Gibraltar Railway
Company. It enabled the British military officers to escape the
summer heat of Gibraltar. The railway was built by James
Morrison, an engineer, in partnership with Sir Alexander
Henderson, a financier. The station at Ronda was opened in
1892.
Tram System-Tramways powered by electricity
Bicycle routesavailable forrent.Reduce airpollution.
Increase accessibility.

All about the Pamphlet
A pamphletisanunboundbooklet(thatis,withoutahard coveror binding).Itmayconsistof a
single sheetof paperthatisprintedonboth sidesandfoldedinhalf,inthirds,orinfourths(calleda
leaflet),oritmay consistof a fewpagesthat are foldedinhalf andsaddle stapledatthe crease to
make a simple book.
In orderto count as a pamphlet,UNESCOrequiresapublication(otherthana periodical) tohave "at
least5 but not more than 48 pagesexclusive of the coverpages";alongeritemisa book
The purpose of a pamphlet is
 Pamphletsare useful inbusinesscommunications.
 To educate,inform,persuade,orentertainyourintendedaudience.
 To mobilise peopletosupportyourcause.
 To advertise ameetingorspecificevent.
 To popularise yourslogansandmessages.
Step by Stepbrochure guidelines
#1:Knowthepurposeofyourbrochureandbeclearonyourmessage.
#2:Usetheformatofyourbrochuretoyouradvantage,butdon'tletitrestrictyourdesign.
#3:Considercarefullythenumberandsizeofpages(orpanels)
#4:Beselectiveaboutpaperstockforyourbrochure
#5:Createacompellingcover.

Types of Folds of Pamphlets

References
 http://www.sswm.info/content/vacuum-toilet
 http://cronodon.com/PlanetTech/Cities_Structure.html
 http://www.masdar.ae/en/masdar-city/detail/masdar-city-at-a-glance
 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/agricultures-sustainable-future/
 http://www.citylab.com/work/2012/11/cities-denser-cores-do-better/3911/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda
 http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/machu-picchu/
 http://www.hollistercreative.com/try-something-new-and-see-what-unfolds/
 http://www.creativebloq.com/graphic-design-tips/how-to-design-a-brochure-123267

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