Global technology trends and new directions in Higher Education will clearly affect the future of academic libraries and the nature of library technology. A common thread is the increasing focus on the user/consumer in an increasingly digital economy. For example a leading information technology research and advisory company, Gartner states ('Top 10 strategic predictions for 2015') that: "Renovating the customer experience is a digital priority." What should libraries and library tech companies do? Ken argues that the first step is looking again at user needs and suggests an innovative and practical methodology to help

1. kenchadconsulting
Ken Chad
Ken Chad Consulting Ltd
Twitter @kenchad
ken@kenchadconsulting.com
Tel: +44 (0)7788 727 845
www.kenchadconsulting.com
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND
THE FUTURE OF LIBRARIES
(and library systems)
Emerging technologies and future of libraries: issues and
challenges. January 30-31 2015 Gulbarga University, Karnataka
State, India

2. my focus………….
technology trends –in particular as they
affect the directions of library related
technology
Higher Education/academic libraries (in
the main)
(my view is biased by my UK setting)
kenchadconsulting

3. the point is to help work out
what to do
so it‘s about strategy
‗strategy…a cohesive response to an important
challenge‘
kenchadconsulting
'Good Strategy/Bad Strategy: The difference and why it matters'. Richard Rumelt . Profile Books 2011

4. a framework for strategy
to get the best return focus your efforts on meeting those customer needs
that are not met by your competitors but can be met with your capabilities
strategic sweet spot
Adapted from: 'Can you say what your strategy is'. By David J Collis and Michael G Rukstad. Harvard Business Review. April 2008
kenchadconsulting

5. what is the challenge?
kenchadconsulting
‗strategy…a cohesive response to an important
challenge…‗

6. context: what is going on?
kenchadconsulting
Context

7. context….
global technology trends
kenchadconsulting

8. New technologies will transform the global economy
It‘s clear that new technologies stand to profoundly equalize
access to information around the world, not simply for
developing countries but a range of social and economic
groups. Technology enables young entrepreneurs to reach a
global audience. New creation and distribution models stand
to profoundly disrupt the existing information chain.
―In the next 5 years Western businesses will be competing
with young African entrepreneurs who will successfully build
the next batch of billion dollar companies.‖
Mariéme Jamme - CEO, Spot One Global Solutions
http://trends.ifla.org/insights-document
kenchadconsulting

9. kenchadconsulting

10. This year's top technology trends take a customer-
oriented, outside-in view of information technology
changes using the themes of engaged, smart, nimble, and
secure.
…..strategists must understand these trends and how
specific emerging technologies can be employed to position
their firms ahead of the changes.
Top Technology Trends To Watch: 2014 To 2016. By Brian Hopkins with Leslie Owens, John C.
McCarthy, Abigail Komlenic. Forrester [blog] 4 November2013
top technology trends to watch: 2014 to 2016
http://www.forrester.com/Top+Technology+Trends+To+Watch+2014+To+2016/fulltext/-/E-RES104141
kenchadconsulting
including libraries

11. Digitalization and the digital business are catalysts of
change that are affecting the human-machine
relationship and driving better customer outcomes.
IT leaders should use Gartner's predictions as
planning assumptions on which to base their strategic
plans.
http://www.gartner.com/doc/2864817?refval=&pcp=mpe
kenchadconsulting

12. Key Findings
Renovating the customer experience is a digital priority.
http://www.gartner.com/doc/2864817?refval=&pcp=mpe
kenchadconsulting

13. Mobile Device Battles
Mobile Applications and HTML5
Personal Cloud
The Internet of Things
Hybrid IT and Cloud Computing
Strategic Big Data
Actionable Analytics
Integrated Ecosystems
Some past themes
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2209615
kenchadconsulting

14. “The big picture is
this. There are three
companies competing to
be the internet platform
of the future-Apple,
Google and Facebook‖.
Is Apple dying? By Bryan Appleyard. New
Statesman 22-28 November 2013
http://www.newstatesman.com/
kenchadconsulting

15. context
HE trends
kenchadconsulting

16. NMC Horizon Report 2014 Higher Education Edition
http://www.nmc.org/publication/nmc-horizon-report-2014-higher-
education-edition/
kenchadconsulting

17. kenchadconsulting

18. Higher Education Technology Trends
E-Textbooks: The trend is towards not so much
e-books, as 'digital learning environments‘
kenchadconsulting

19. “Publishers will have direct
access to consumers, they‟ll
have access to data about how
their content is performing,
and they‟ll be able to monetize
through the world‟s largest
storefront, which we think is
Google,‟‟ says MacInnis.
A Google spokesman says: ―Our goal with
search is to make information accessible to
people and help them get the answers
they‘re looking for. It‘s always a good thing
when there‘s more information out there.‖
new approaches to textbooks
Inkling Builds a Better (and Pricier) E-Book By
Danielle Kucera 12 February 2013
kenchadconsulting

20. Higher Education Technology Trends
Open Educational Resources: Higher education is
further along in thinking about open education
resources and the kinds of things that can be
licensed for use and reuse.
kenchadconsulting

21. Open is a key trend in future education and publication,
specifically in terms of open content, open educational
resources, massively open online courses, and open access.
As ―open‖ continues its diffusion as a buzzword in education, it is
increasingly important to understand the definition. Often mistakenly
equated only with ―free,‖ open education advocates are working
towards a common vision that defines ―open‖ as free, attributable,
and without any barriers.
NMC Horizon Project Preview 2013 Higher Education Edition
http://www.nmc.org/pdf/2013-horizon-higher-ed-preview.pdf
kenchadconsulting

22. the idea of openness, in multiple
ways, is having a profound effect
on the landscape of information
services and cultural provision The
Open Data movement has been
influential in the unlocking of publicly-
held information for analysis and re-use
by researchers, businesses and the
public. In academic research, the
scientific community is working through
the complex process of making research
data discoverable and accessible.
Open Access to research
publications has developed faster and
more extensively than many envisaged,
with growing volumes of publicly
funded research made available openly
on the web.
Living Knowledge: The British Library 2015 – 2023. 16
January 2015
http://www.bl.uk/projects/living-knowledge-the-british-
library-2015-2023?

23. Massively open online courses are proliferating. MOOCs
have captured the imagination of senior administrators and
trustees like few other educational innovations have.
MOOCs are increasingly seen as a very intriguing alternative to
credit-based instruction. The prospect of a single course achieving
enrollments in the tens of thousands is bringing serious
conversations on topics like micro-credit to the highest levels of
institutional leadership.
kenchadconsulting

24. Social media are changing the way people interact,
present ideas and information, and judge the quality of
content and contributions. Educators, students, alumni, and
even the general public routinely use social media to share news
about scientific and other developments. Likewise, scientists and
researchers use social media to keep their communities informed
of new developments. The fact that all of these various groups are
using social media speaks to its effectiveness in engaging people.
The impact of these changes in scholarly communication and on
the credibility of information remains to be seen, but it is clear that
social media has found significant traction in almost every
education sector
kenchadconsulting

25. There is an increasing interest in using data for
personalizing the learning experience and for performance
measures.
As learners participate in online activities, they leave a vast trace
of data that can be mined for a range of purposes. In some
instances, the data is used for intervention, enrichment, or
extension of the learning experience. This can be made available
to instructors and learners as dashboards so that student progress
can be monitored. In other cases, the data is made available to
appropriate audiences for measuring students‘ academic
performance. As this field matures, the hope is that this
information will be used to continually improve learning outcomes
kenchadconsulting

26. 'universities are clinging to a medieval concept
of education in an age of mass enrolment. In a
recent book, ―Reinventing Higher Education‖,
Ben Wildavsky and his colleagues at the
Kauffman Foundation, which focuses on
entrepreneurship, add that there has been
a failure to innovate.'
[Higher education] Not what it used to be. American universities represent declining value for
money to their students. Economist 1st Dec 2012http://www.economist.com/news/united-
states/21567373-american-universities-represent-declining-value-money-their-students-not-
what-it
kenchadconsulting
but are universities responding adequately?

27. how is Google responding?
‗The future of search.‘ By Tom Vanderbilt
04 January 2013
http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2013/01/fea
tures/the-future-of-search?page=all
kenchadconsulting

28. In just a few years we have gone from search engines -- the
name now sounds as archaic as the Victorian "difference
engines" -- with their roots in the staid academic discipline of
information retrieval, to, simply, "search―
Search has become embedded into everything, and has
reached well beyond its web-based roots."
‗search has become embedded
into everything‘
kenchadconsulting

29. Google does the work and understands
what you want. "As a scientist I can say
'understand' is a poorly understood concept,"
says Singhal. "Even how you and I understand
something is not well understood."
meaning
kenchadconsulting

30. "One of the things we're trying to do is first
to catalogue everything in the world you
might want to know about," he says.
"We're also trying to marry that with the
knowledge that the search engine already
has about what people are actually looking
for."
understanding & meaning
& context
kenchadconsulting

31. when the user searches for "Michael Bloomberg", Google
is not looking for the web pages that contain that string of
letters, but for the entity known as Michael Bloomberg.
"With the Knowledge Graph," says Singhal, "Google has
become smarter. " Things, not strings, as Google likes to
say.
understanding entities-
‘things not strings‘
kenchadconsulting

32. kenchadconsulting
Google page showing the ‗entity‘ describing Michael Bloomberg

33. With the Knowledge Graph, Google has
taken a different step towards the future of
search: providing answers, not links.
This raises the question of
authority, long on the mind of Google
engineers.
___________________________________
(and of course the authority of information is a key issue for
librarians)
the ‗knowledge graph‘
kenchadconsulting

34. 1 the vast knowledge of user behaviour and intent
it already has and is compiling every second;
2 the Knowledge Graph, in which strings become
things
3 Google's advances in artificial intelligence.
these are the pillars of
Google's future of search
kenchadconsulting

35. context
so what does all this mean for the library
and library technology?
kenchadconsulting

36. value of the industry (with a US bias)
US & Global
Marshall Breeding‘s annual review: ―For the 2012 ..the library technology
economy, including the total domestic and international revenues of all the
companies with a significant presence in the United States or Canada, at
$770 million, an increase of just under three per cent relative to last
year‘s estimate of $750 million.
estimate aggregate revenues of around $1.8 billion, which would
also include radio-frequency identification (RFID) and other self-service
products in addition to the technologies related to library management and
resource discovery.‖
(Automation Marketplace 2013: The Rush to Innovate. By Marshall Breeding, Digitalshift [library Journal] 2 April
2, 2013 http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2013/04/ils/automation-marketplace-2013-the-rush-to-innovate )
kenchadconsulting

37. the revenues of Google alone
exceed the aggregate revenues of
the global library technology
market by
50 X
kenchadconsulting

38. library services have to compete
for attention
kenchadconsulting

39. Libraries, ebooks and competition. Eric Hellman Library Journal August 2010 p 22-23
"libraries are so valuable that they
attract voracious new competition
with every technological advance"
kenchadconsulting

40. ‗We‘re good now at cataloguing and indexing stuff.‘
Eric Schmidt, Google CEO
‗Inside Google. The Man with all the answers‘.
By David Rowan. Wired [UK edition] August 2009
.....organize the
world's information
and make it
universally accessible
and useful
kenchadconsulting

41. http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2013/09/future-of-libraries/start-ups-take-library-jobs-reinventing-libraries/#_
the ‗library‘ business is booming
kenchadconsulting

42. http://www.getepic.com/
Epic! opens the doors to a new world of reading for kids 12 and
under by providing an unlimited selection of eBooks that can be
instantly discovered, read and shared with friends.
Personalized for each individual reader, Epic! is the only place
to access thousands of high quality, curated children's
books
kenchadconsulting
A commercial ebook library service …………co-founded by
online gaming veteran Suren Markosian and former YouTube
exec Kevin Donahue,

43. how can the (conventional) library
domain respond to these trends?
kenchadconsulting

44. Organizing content to support research
and learning is at the heart of the library's
institutional role.
A growing collection of technologies and tools can be
used to more granularly organize, customize, and
personalize the online information environment to fit
professional, learning, and research activities.
‗What Technology? Reflections on Evolving Services‘. By Sharon Collins (EDUCAUSE Review
online). October 30, 2009 http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/what-technology-reflections-
evolving-services
kenchadconsulting

45. it‟s a tough challenge: (Marshall Breeding)
―systems aren‘t as integrated or
comprehensive anymore as it takes maybe
eight or nine or ten different
applications … to do the things that
libraries do.‖
‗Current and future trends in information technologies for information units‘. By Breeding, Marshall. El profesional
de la información, 2011, v. 21, n. 1, pp. 9-15. http://www.elprofesionaldelainformacion.com/breeding-english.pdf
kenchadconsulting
The challenge for library systems

46. ‗The emergence of a new genre of library services platforms
that comprehensively manage library resources across all
formats, based on service-oriented architecture with web-
based interfaces designed for deployment through SaaS,
stands to reshape the industry over the next decade.
This transition, however, remains in its early phase‘
'Automation Marketplace 2013: The Rush to Innovate‗ By Marshall Breeding. Library Journal 2 April 2013
http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2013/04/ils/automation-marketplace-2013-the-rush-to-innovate/
kenchadconsulting
library services platforms

47. „sometimes you just have to
start over‟
‗the amount of change we‟ve seen, both in computer
technology and in library management/operations, is
so substantial that the best way to accommodate the
change is to start with a fresh design that can take
advantage of all of these changes.
‗The Future of Library Systems: Library Services Platforms‘. By Carl Grant. NISO. Information Standards Quarterly. Fall
2012. Vol 24 Issue 4 ISSN 1041-0031
http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/9922/FE_Grant_Future_Library_Systems_%20isqv24no4.pdf
kenchadconsulting

48. ―...a fully featured online gamification of library
activities, including awarding points and badges for
borrowing and returning items, leaving reviews,
entering the library, and using online resources.‖
http://www.hud.ac.uk/tali/projects/tl_projects_11/lemon_tree/
kenchadconsulting
Make the library experience more engaging for
users -----------‖gamification‖ is one approach
Walsh, Andrew (2011) Gamifying the University Library. In: Online Information Conference
2011, 29th November - 1st December 2011 http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/11938/

49. library centric discovery services
kenchadconsulting

50. 'A casual Google search may well be good enough for a daily task.
But if you are a college student conducting his or her first search for
peer-reviewed content, or an established scholar taking up a new
line of inquiry, then the stakes are a lot higher. The challenge for
academic libraries, caught in the seismic shift from print to electronic
resources, is to offer an experience that has the simplicity of
Google—which users expect—while searching the library‘s rich digital
and print collections—which users need.‘
'The Next Generation of Discovery The stage is set for a simpler search for users, but choosing a
product is much more complex.' By Judy Luther & Maureen C. Kelly Library Journal. 15th March
2011.
http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/ljinprintcurrentissue/889250-403/the_next_generation_of_discovery.html.csp
the challenge for library centric
discovery services
kenchadconsulting

51. While we may settle for sufficient and convenient
resources in our everyday lives, precision (just
relevant documents) and recall (all relevant
documents) are vital for scholarly information.
'The Next Generation of Discovery The stage is set for a simpler search for users, but choosing a
product is much more complex.' By Judy Luther & Maureen C. Kelly Library Journal. 15th March 2011.
http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/ljinprintcurrentissue/889250-
403/the_next_generation_of_discovery.html.csp
the challenge for library centric
discovery services
kenchadconsulting

52. "University libraries
have lost their role
in discovery....they
had better focus on
delivery"
'Thinking the unthinkable - doing
away with the library catalogue'
By Simone Kortekaas Utrecht
University. Plenary presentation at
the 2014 UKSG conference
(s.kortekaas@uu.nl
@simonekortekaas)
kenchadconsulting

53. library resource management
kenchadconsulting

54. The original Library Impact Data Project (LIDP) found a
statistically significant relationship across a
number of universities between library activity
data (specifically the number of items borrowed
and logins to e-resources in the library) and
student attainment.
http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/12973/
Managing resources to improve learning outcomes
kenchadconsulting

55. the challenge –library metadata
kenchadconsulting

56. ―As a result of the increasing level of digital
interconnection in the information world, the
established formats used by libraries for
exchanging data are no longer deemed fit for
purpose”
http://www.dnb.de/EN/Wir/Projekte/Laufend/bibframe.html
kenchadconsulting

57. ―Bibliographic Framework as a Web of Data: Linked
Data Model and Supporting Services‖
the future of bibliographic description that is
fully web-enabled. ―It is designed to integrate
with,‖ the report states, ‖ and engage in the wider
information community while also serving the very
specific needs of its maintenance community —
libraries and similar memory organizations.
Library of Congress‘ BIBFRAME Initiative: Part 1. By Roy Tennant. The Digitalshift (Library
Journal) 12 December 2012 . http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2012/12/roy-tennant-digital-
libraries/library-of-congress-bibframe-initiative-part-1/
‗Bibframe‘ …..farewell to the MARC record
kenchadconsulting

58. ―Potential benefits of publishing library catalogues as open linked
data
It is obvious that publishing the catalogues of major
libraries as open linked data will permit their use in
ways that will never be possible as long as they are
kept in-house as MARC records.
Libraries and linked data #6: Why publish library catalogues as open linked data? Semantic
Publishing. 1st March 2013
http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/03/01/lld6-catalogues-and-linked-data/
linked data
kenchadconsulting

59. "Schema.org introduces an important new standard," said Richard
Wallis, OCLC Technology Evangelist. "Making library
information compatible with the rich data
sources now being published widely on the Web
will establish libraries as a major hub in the
linked data universe......“
The Schema.org initiative —launched in 2011 by Google, Bing and Yahoo!
and later joined by Yandex—provides a core vocabulary for markup that
helps search engines and other Web crawlers more directly make use of
the underlying data that powers many online services.
http://www.oclc.org/news/releases/2012/201238.en.html
kenchadconsulting

60. it‘s time for a new approach
“It requires a shift from bureaucracy
to enterprise, an adaptive
organization that reviews and
reshapes what it does in light of
changing requirements”
―This may need reorganization, new staff skills, changing
priorities, reallocation of staff and resources, and so on.‖
kenchadconsulting

61. so how and where should we
start to make changes?
kenchadconsulting

62. start with the user
―By 2017, 50% of consumer product
investments will be redirected to customer
experience innovations.‖
―The customer experience may be the most impactful area of innovation
available to businesses today. With the rapid rise of personal digital
technology, customers have become savvier and more demanding about
how they want to interact through technology. No longer can a business
assume that the experience it has with its customers is good enough, or
that it will not need to change in a short time. So, surprising innovations
are beginning to arise‖
kenchadconsulting

63. what do users really want?
―people don‘t want quarter-inch
drills, they want quarter-inch holes.‖
Theodore Levitt of the Harvard Business
School
kenchadconsulting

64. people 'hire' (with money, time
effort) products and services to
accomplish a task, achieve a goal
or solve a problem.
these are the ―jobs-to-be-done‖
(JTBD)
kenchadconsulting

65. Jobs-to-be-done (JTBD) –
the key elements
kenchadconsulting
What is the job -problem that needs to be solved?
Who needs to get the job done/solve the problem?
What is the particular circumstance of the problem?
Gains/Outcomes-what (measurable) criteria does the
user consider in order to decide if the job has been
successfully accomplished?
Pain points and barriers to getting the job done
http://www.kenchadconsulting.com/how-we-can-help/innovation/

66. from function thinking to job thinking
- asking „why‟
kenchadconsulting
Process (each process may
help get several jobs done)
WHY some possible JTBD
search for an journal article WHY complete an assignment
find a book on the shelves WHY present a project
download an ebook WHY get a good degree
manage research data WHY improve my research reputation
(cataloguer) add/edit
metadata
WHY make the resource more discoverable

67. as well as looking at the jobs users
needs to get done, this methodology
is designed to test (or create)
potential solutions …
it can be used as an evaluation tool to
review existing or as a step in the process
to design/create new solutions
kenchadconsulting

68. in the end of course it's about value
how well do the solutions you offer
get user ‗jobs‘ done?
kenchadconsulting

69. kenchadconsulting
solutions-the products and
services you offer users
how do they meet outcomes (create gains) and
overcome barriers (relieve pains)
Adapted from: Business Model Foundry AG www.stattys.com
Think about the products and services that you have
already, or ones you can imagine, that might help your
customers get their jobs done

70. what barriers does it overcome?
(„pain relievers‟)
what outcomes can it address?
(„gain creators‟)
for what jobs is the solution applicable?
analysing (potential) solutions
-focus on the following….
kenchadconsulting

71. Gain/
outcome
How?
How?
Job
Gain
enhancer
Pain
reliever
Pain/
barrier
Product
kenchadconsulting

72. "The best way to predict the future
is to invent it." Alan Kay
Quoted in ―The Everything Book: reading in the age of Amazon‖
By Casey Newton The Verge December 2014
http://www.theverge.com/2014/12/17/7396525/amazon-kindle-design-lab-
audible-hachette
kenchadconsulting

73. kenchadconsulting
Ken Chad
Ken Chad Consulting Ltd
Twitter @kenchad
ken@kenchadconsulting.com
Tel: +44 (0)7788 727 845
www.kenchadconsulting.com
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND
THE FUTURE OF LIBRARIES
(and library systems)
International conference, emerging technologies and future of
libraries: issues and challenges. January 30-31 2015 Gulbarga
University, Karnataka State, India