The document summarizes several experiments conducted using infrared and optical components:
1. Experiments 1-3 involved building circuits for a Morse code generator, one-wire telegraph system, and two-wire PA system.
2. Experiments 5-6 consisted of building an optical receiver and transmitter to transmit and receive light signals.
3. Later experiments included building an IR remote control receiver, IR proximity detectors, and an audible IR receiver to emit sounds from remote controls.
AUTOMATIC DOORBELL WITH OBJECT DETECTION USING ULTRA SONIC TRANSMITTER AND RE...AKSHAT GANGWAR
We all have a doorbell at our homes. When a visitor comes to our house, he searches for the doorbell switch and then rings it to let us know his presence. If the who came to our house cannot find the doorbell or else if the person is so short that he cannot reach the doorbell, what can be done? How will it be if we use an automatic doorbell which rings as soon as a person arrives at our place? There are no more hassles. The person who comes to our house need not search for the doorbell and press it any more. If we install this automatic doorbell using object detection circuit, the circuit will automatically sense the presence of the person and it rings the doorbell.
This circuit operates using a pair of ultrasonic transmitter and receiver modules which are used to detect the person and then if the person is detected, the doorbell is automatically turned ON when the person is in-front of the door.
The ultrasonic transmitter operates at a frequency of about 40 Kilo-Hertz. That means it continuously transmits the ultrasonic waves of about 40KHz. The power supply should be moderate such that the range of the transmitter is only about one or two meters. If the transmitting power is less than one meter, then there is a chance that the person who is one meter away is not detected. Also, if the range is set to be very large, then it may lead to false triggering, meaning that, the objects far away from our door are considered as the visitors and the alarm rings. This can be a nuisance for us if the alarm rings for every object or person far away. So, to avoid both the problems, the transmitting power is kept to an optimum level.
The ultrasonic receiver module receives the power at the frequency same as that of the transmitter’s so that noise will be eliminated and we get less false triggering. The sensitivity of the receiver can be tuned by using the 500K-ohm variable resistor arranged as a pot in the circuit. By tuning this properly, we can achieve the desired results. The output of our circuit is given to a buzzer circuit which acts as a doorbell in our case. The receiver in this circuit uses IC LM324 which is internally has four op-amps. Out of the four op-amps, we are using only four of them and leaving the other one unused as it is not much required in our case. The three op-amps are used in cascaded arrangement to provide high gain as well as noise free output.
Wireless communications is a hot topic in technology today, driven by technologies like Wireless Networking, Cellular Telephony, Wireless Connectivity and Satellite Communications among others. Traditionally, wireless and RF communications has been one of the last bastions of analog engineering. With the advent of low cost digital, high speed integrated circuits, this too has become part of the digital domain. Although information transmitted today is largely digital high frequency signals whether digital or analog always behave like analog signals so having fundamental knowledge of this high frequency behavior is key.
It is a minor project on how a dook knock alarm works.Is shows how one form of energy is transferred to another form of energy which follows the law of conservation of energy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications. In this seminar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
AUTOMATIC DOORBELL WITH OBJECT DETECTION USING ULTRA SONIC TRANSMITTER AND RE...AKSHAT GANGWAR
We all have a doorbell at our homes. When a visitor comes to our house, he searches for the doorbell switch and then rings it to let us know his presence. If the who came to our house cannot find the doorbell or else if the person is so short that he cannot reach the doorbell, what can be done? How will it be if we use an automatic doorbell which rings as soon as a person arrives at our place? There are no more hassles. The person who comes to our house need not search for the doorbell and press it any more. If we install this automatic doorbell using object detection circuit, the circuit will automatically sense the presence of the person and it rings the doorbell.
This circuit operates using a pair of ultrasonic transmitter and receiver modules which are used to detect the person and then if the person is detected, the doorbell is automatically turned ON when the person is in-front of the door.
The ultrasonic transmitter operates at a frequency of about 40 Kilo-Hertz. That means it continuously transmits the ultrasonic waves of about 40KHz. The power supply should be moderate such that the range of the transmitter is only about one or two meters. If the transmitting power is less than one meter, then there is a chance that the person who is one meter away is not detected. Also, if the range is set to be very large, then it may lead to false triggering, meaning that, the objects far away from our door are considered as the visitors and the alarm rings. This can be a nuisance for us if the alarm rings for every object or person far away. So, to avoid both the problems, the transmitting power is kept to an optimum level.
The ultrasonic receiver module receives the power at the frequency same as that of the transmitter’s so that noise will be eliminated and we get less false triggering. The sensitivity of the receiver can be tuned by using the 500K-ohm variable resistor arranged as a pot in the circuit. By tuning this properly, we can achieve the desired results. The output of our circuit is given to a buzzer circuit which acts as a doorbell in our case. The receiver in this circuit uses IC LM324 which is internally has four op-amps. Out of the four op-amps, we are using only four of them and leaving the other one unused as it is not much required in our case. The three op-amps are used in cascaded arrangement to provide high gain as well as noise free output.
Wireless communications is a hot topic in technology today, driven by technologies like Wireless Networking, Cellular Telephony, Wireless Connectivity and Satellite Communications among others. Traditionally, wireless and RF communications has been one of the last bastions of analog engineering. With the advent of low cost digital, high speed integrated circuits, this too has become part of the digital domain. Although information transmitted today is largely digital high frequency signals whether digital or analog always behave like analog signals so having fundamental knowledge of this high frequency behavior is key.
It is a minor project on how a dook knock alarm works.Is shows how one form of energy is transferred to another form of energy which follows the law of conservation of energy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications. In this seminar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
The USB 2.0 standard is widely deployed in both computer and embedded systems. Compliance testing for this standard includes signal integrity as well as a number of low-level protocol tests.
This presentation provides an overview of the test requirements for USB 2.0 compliance and provide background on each test case. Details of fixtures and signal integrity requirements are highlighted in detail.
For more information visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
(Slides from Live webinar on September 25, 2014, presented by Mike Schnecker. Watch the webinar On-Demand here: http://goo.gl/LkjUUg)
Attendees Will Learn:
An overview of switched mode power supplies
Common measurements (ie, what to measure and why)
Circuit loading and probing considerations
How instrument specifications impact measurement accuracy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications.
In this webinar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
Adding Remote Controller Functionality To Any StereoEditor IJCATR
Use of stereo has become common in our lives. They are used in cars, TVs, music players etc. And it is essential at least to control their volumes. Suppose there is a stereo amplifier which functions pretty well but it does not have a remote. It would be very annoying if its volume cannot be controlled. So this project is useful as it creates a device which makes use of any existing remote to control the volume. For controlling the volume, we use a volume controller IC. The electronic volume controller IC PT2258 is a digital potentiometer which can be controlled using I2C protocols. It is used to control the attenuation for every combination possible from 0 to -79 dB/step. Universal IR receiver is used to decode the IR codes and the data will be transferred to the Arduino which in turn communicates with the IC PT2258 and controls the volume. The device also consists of two buttons, which are used to synchronize the IR code of the existing remote with the device. So the user will be able to use the device easily.
A wave analyzer is an instrument designed to measure relative amplitudes of single frequency components in a complex waveform. Basically, a wave instrument acts as a frequency selective voltmeter which is tuned to the frequency of one signal while rejecting all other signal components.
Analysis and Construction of a Robot controlled by a Universal Remote ControlIJERD Editor
This paper aims at controlling a robot that is a tank like vehicle using a universal infrared remote
control. The infrared signal sent from the universal infrared remote control is received by IR receiver and
decoded by the microcontroller PIC16F873A using an algorithm embedded in the microcontroller. The output
from the microcontroller is fed to the motor driver which drives the left and right motors. The robot‟s motor
control can be speed controlled by using PWM/PDM (Pulse Width Modulation/ Pulse Duration Modulation)
technique
Remote Controlled Home Appliance is a microcontroller based wireless system. we choose infrared to design the remote control system for home appliances for our project. Here we used IR Transmitter (Commonly Used remotes for home appliances) and IR Sensor Modules The major aim of this project is to deliver the technology of modern world in our country at low price to general people. The overall performance of the power supply (PS) is excellent as a constant supply to drive any small load
The USB 2.0 standard is widely deployed in both computer and embedded systems. Compliance testing for this standard includes signal integrity as well as a number of low-level protocol tests.
This presentation provides an overview of the test requirements for USB 2.0 compliance and provide background on each test case. Details of fixtures and signal integrity requirements are highlighted in detail.
For more information visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
(Slides from Live webinar on September 25, 2014, presented by Mike Schnecker. Watch the webinar On-Demand here: http://goo.gl/LkjUUg)
Attendees Will Learn:
An overview of switched mode power supplies
Common measurements (ie, what to measure and why)
Circuit loading and probing considerations
How instrument specifications impact measurement accuracy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications.
In this webinar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
Adding Remote Controller Functionality To Any StereoEditor IJCATR
Use of stereo has become common in our lives. They are used in cars, TVs, music players etc. And it is essential at least to control their volumes. Suppose there is a stereo amplifier which functions pretty well but it does not have a remote. It would be very annoying if its volume cannot be controlled. So this project is useful as it creates a device which makes use of any existing remote to control the volume. For controlling the volume, we use a volume controller IC. The electronic volume controller IC PT2258 is a digital potentiometer which can be controlled using I2C protocols. It is used to control the attenuation for every combination possible from 0 to -79 dB/step. Universal IR receiver is used to decode the IR codes and the data will be transferred to the Arduino which in turn communicates with the IC PT2258 and controls the volume. The device also consists of two buttons, which are used to synchronize the IR code of the existing remote with the device. So the user will be able to use the device easily.
A wave analyzer is an instrument designed to measure relative amplitudes of single frequency components in a complex waveform. Basically, a wave instrument acts as a frequency selective voltmeter which is tuned to the frequency of one signal while rejecting all other signal components.
Analysis and Construction of a Robot controlled by a Universal Remote ControlIJERD Editor
This paper aims at controlling a robot that is a tank like vehicle using a universal infrared remote
control. The infrared signal sent from the universal infrared remote control is received by IR receiver and
decoded by the microcontroller PIC16F873A using an algorithm embedded in the microcontroller. The output
from the microcontroller is fed to the motor driver which drives the left and right motors. The robot‟s motor
control can be speed controlled by using PWM/PDM (Pulse Width Modulation/ Pulse Duration Modulation)
technique
Remote Controlled Home Appliance is a microcontroller based wireless system. we choose infrared to design the remote control system for home appliances for our project. Here we used IR Transmitter (Commonly Used remotes for home appliances) and IR Sensor Modules The major aim of this project is to deliver the technology of modern world in our country at low price to general people. The overall performance of the power supply (PS) is excellent as a constant supply to drive any small load
All the applications of ferrites is described in this presentation very briefly and presciously.
It would surely help you.
Please share it with your friends also.
To design and analyze the sound detector circuit.
Objective: - To analyze the sound detection using quad op-amp and getting the output across the led.
The LM324series consists of four independent High-gain, internally frequency-compensated operational amplifiers. Designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over aWide range of voltages
Transmitting audio signal using ir led.
other than audio we can also use melody generator(um66), in place of audio signal.
or we can use microphone in place of audio input.
and instead of ir receiver we can make use of photo transistor.
The presentation focuses on the components/concepts that build up any basic radio receiver. The presentation focuses on the concepts and characteristics of Receiving Antenna, LC or oscillatory circuits, rectifiers and Audio Amplifiers.
3. Experiment 1: Morse Code Generator
● Samuel F.B. Morse transmitted the first telegraphic message through a wire
from Washington to Baltimore in May of 1844
○ First Long distance electronic communication
● The telegraph uses Morse code
○ Dots and dashes represent letters
○ Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse collaborated
in the invention of Morse code
6. Experiment 2: One Wire Telegraph System
● First electronic communication system used by humanity
● Only one wire used and a ground wire on each end
○ Earth acts as the second wire
● In the past, one wire telegraph poles were seen near railroad tracks
○ Railroad used one wire telegraph systems
8. Experiment 2: One Wire Telegraph System
● Error:
○ System did not work with ground wires being open ended or connected by a group member
● Fixed the error by connecting the ground wires
○ Minimal losses in transition
○ Connected by a person creates a longer path for the current, therefore it will experience more
losses
10. Experiment 3: Two-Wire PA System
- The PA (Public Address) system is an amplification system used to reinforce
a sound source and distribute it through a venue or building. It is used to
make announcements in public spaces such as schools, shops, stadia, shops,
train stations and airports
- The PA system in its current form was invented by Edward Jensen and Peter
Pridham of Magnavox after they successfully began experimenting with
sound reproduction in the 1910’s
- In 1915, they built the first ever dynamic loudspeaker that consisted of a
2.5cm voice coil, a 7.6 cm corrugated diaphragm and a giant horn measring 86cm
11.
12. Our PA system was built on a much smaller scale and we used the following
components:
- R1 24kΩ Resistor – applies a positive voltage to the elctrect microphone
- P1 50kΩ Potentiometer – used to control volume
- C1 10µF Capacitor – sends audio signal produced by the microphone to the potentiometer
- C3 4.7µF Capacitor - determines the overall gain of the amplifier. The larger the value of this
capacitor, the higher the amplifier gain
- IC1 LM386 Integrated Circuit – amplifies the audio signal
- M1: Electrect Microphone
- SPK: Speaker
- C4 100µF Capacitor – sends amplified audio signal from the integrated circuit to the speaker
- Miscalleneous - battery snap, breadboard, wires
13. We built our device according to the schematic below. It did not work. We think the
problem was with our amplifier(integrated circuit)
14. Experiment 5: Opto (Optical) Receiver
- An opto receiver is a piece of fiber optical technology that receives
information from a transmitter in the form of light and converts that
information to whatever form that it needs to be used (which in the case of
this experiment the information is converted to sound.)
- The aim of the experiment was to make a circuit that would be able to receive
modulated light beam, process the modulated information then amplify and
reproduce it as sound through a speaker.
16. Components used in the experiment
Phototransistor – converts the light beam into a variable electric current
Electrolytic Capacitors
● C1: 10uF
○ The current is sent through capacitor C1 to the input of the audio amplifier, which corresponds to pin
3 of IC1
● C2: 47uF
○ Acts as a filter providing stability for the circuit
● C3: 10uF
○ Connected between pins 1 and 8 of IC1
○ Determines the overall gain of the amplifier
○ The greater the value of C3, the larger the amplifier’s gain
● C4: 100uF
24K Resistor – provides the necessary positive voltage to the collector of Q1 (Phototransistor)
LM 386 Integrated Circuit (IC1) – amplifies the signal from Q1 and sends it to the speaker through capacitor C4
17. We built our experiment
according to this schematic:
18. Experiment 6: Opto (Optical) Transmitter
- An optical transmitter is a piece of fiber optical technology that takes electrical energy
and converts it with light to be sent to a receiver.
- This experiment takes an electrical input from the battery and uses LED to emit a pulse
modulated light beam. In application, this pulse can contain information that needs to
be received by the Opto Receiver.
- A transceiver is a system created with the combination of an optical transmitter and an
optical receiver.
21. Components used in this experiment
Resistors
● R1: 24 K Resistor – Supplies microphone with positive voltage needed to function in circuit.
● R2: 220 ohm Resistor
● R3: 1 k Resistor
● R4:100 ohm Resistor – Limits current flowing to LED to a safe value that prevents burnout
Potentiometer
● 50K potentiometer
● Used to adjust voltage bias that is present at the base of the transistor which enables the transistor to function
properly
● Also used as a volume adjuster
Electret Microphone (M1)
● Captures sound and turns it into an electrical signal
Capacitors
● 0.1uF Disc Capacitor (C1) – connected to base of transistor to relay steady signal from Microphone
22. Clear LED (L1)
● Emits a beam of light within the visible spectrum
● The high frequency of the pulses (between 100Hz and 10,000Hz), will not be seen as variations in intensity but
instead a steady light beam
NPN Transistor: 2N3904 (Q1)
● Transistor takes audio signal present on its base and depending on the values of R2, R3 and P1 amplifies the signal
that then goes to the LED.
23. Procedure
The circuit was assembled as shown in the image below. The breadboards of the current experiment and experiment 5 were aligned with
LEDs facing each other. The Speaker failed to produce any sound when blowing into the microphone. It was possible that one of the
components may have been damaged due to a short circuit with two component leads touching.
27. Amplitude Modulation
Experiment used Analog Amplitude Modulation.
Carrier signal is varied according to instantaneous value of message signal.
Frequency remains constant.
Uses:
● CB transmitters
● Amateur radios
● Short distance radio links
28. How the Experiment
Works?
1. Blow into Microphone
2. Audio signal to base of transistor
3. Adjust potentiometer
4. Signal Amplified and sent to LED
5. Intensity of light varies(High frequency)
6. Light received by Phototransistor
7. Signal sent to audio amplifier
8. Greater the value of the capacitor the larger the gain
9. Out to Speaker
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30. What is IR light?
● Infrared radiation light
● Human eyes cannot see
● Between microwaves and visible light
31. How does the receiver work?
● The photodiode (IRM) receives the rectified IR signal to complete a command
● The receiver has to come in contact with signal, directly or indirectly
33. How does it work?
● First IR TV remote was made in 1980 by Viewstar Inc., a Canadian company.
● Digitally-coded impulses sent through infrared radiation through IR LED
35. Why not RF?
● It was more expensive to produce
● It is more complex to apply i.e. touch screen remote
However we are slowly converting to
the Radio Frequency receivers because
our technology is getting more
complex and need more than one
signal sent at a time to complete a task.
37. What is an audible infrared remote control receiver?
● Receives infrared signal
○ From any transmitter
○ TV or VCR remote
● Emits a sound from the speaker
● Used by handicapped people
38. Components
● R1 (100 Ω resistor) - supplies the infrared receiver module (IRM) with positive
voltage.
● D1 (1N4148 Diode) - while connected to the output of the IRM, rectified the
signal produced by the IRM and sends negative voltage to the base of Q1.
● Q1 (PNP Transistor 2N3906) - conducts when negative voltage is applied to
its base, thus causing the speaker to emit a sound.
● R2 (10 Ω resistor)
● IRM - Infrared Receiver Module
● SPK - Speaker
40. What is an infrared proximity detector?
● Motion activated
● Functions with a LED
○ Emits light beam
● Used in motion sensors
○ Used for short distance
○ Touchscreen sensors during calls
○ Parking sensors
41. Components
● L1 (Infrared LED) - emits an infrared light beam that bounces off the object and strikes the infrared
receiver module (IRM).
● R1 (4.7 kΩ resistor)
● R2 (1 kΩ resistor)
● R3 (100 Ω resistor)
● R4 (100 Ω resistor)
● C1 (0.1 µF disc capacitor - 104)
● C2 (0.01 µF disc capacitor - 103)
● IC1 (555 Integrated Circuit)
● IRM - Infrared Receiver Module
● D1 (1N4148 Diode) - tiny silicon diode
● Q1 (PNP Transistor 2N3906)
● L2 (Clear LED) - with mark on the case
● Miscellaneous - battery snap, breadboard, and wires
42. Sources of Error
● Detector would not function properly.
● Reevaluation of the circuit did not produce a different result
45. Sources of Error
● Due to the similarity between Experiments 20 and 21, 21 failed
○ Detector with hand did not function
● Configuration of circuit was checked
○ Possible source of error was IRM