EM waves (1).pptx
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Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to propagate and are formed by an oscillating electric field coupled with a magnetic field that vibrate perpendicular to each other and the direction of travel. They are produced when an electric charge vibrates, changing the electric field around it and generating a magnetic field. All electromagnetic waves travel at 3x10^8 m/s in a vacuum and have properties of being transverse waves that can be reflected, refracted, emitted, and absorbed but differ in their wavelengths and frequencies.
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heat transfer and thermodynamics .pptx
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics through multiple examples. It explains that the second law asserts that energy will spontaneously flow from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration, but not vice versa. All energy sources, whether human, machine, or natural, will eventually be converted to low-grade thermal energy as useful work is lost to friction and heat. The total energy remains constant, but becomes less concentrated and useful over time, in accordance with the second law.
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Methods for identifying plant diseases include checking for symptoms on specific plant parts, looking for signs of causal agents like fungal spores, and determining if symptoms are found across plant species or isolated to one. Modern molecular techniques allow for sensitive disease detection, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which amplifies DNA to identify bacteria, fungi and viruses through primer specificity. Other techniques are LAMP using multiple primer sets, RAPD analyzing DNA fragment polymorphisms, RFLP comparing fragment lengths after restriction enzyme digestion, and microarrays where probes detect complementary DNA sequences.
Synopsis ppt.pptx
This document presents a study on isolating fungal strains from dump soil that can biodegrade plastics like HDPE and LDPE. The objectives are to isolate fungal strains, evaluate their ability to biodegrade plastic biofilms, and identify the strains through morphological tests. Materials and methods include collecting soil samples, isolating microbes on agar plates, exposing cut plastic strips to fungal cultures, and analyzing degradation over 90 days. Possible results expected are identifying common fungal genera from soil and a 35-40% reduction in plastic weight. Further characterization of degradation mechanisms and enzymes is needed.
Plant disease management at molecular level.pptx
Methods for identifying plant diseases include checking for symptoms on specific plant parts, looking for signs of causal agents like fungal spores, and determining if symptoms are found across plant species or isolated to one. Modern molecular techniques allow for precise diagnosis, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which amplifies DNA to detect bacteria, fungi and viruses through primer specificity. Other techniques are LAMP using multiple primers, RAPD analyzing DNA fragment polymorphisms, RFLP comparing fragment lengths after restriction enzyme digestion, and microarrays where probes detect complementary DNA sequences.
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EM waves (1).pptx
- 2. Submitted to : Dr. Kashif shb Submitted by: Muhammad Nadeem Roll No: bsf1800584 University of education , Lahore.
- 3. Electromagnetic Waves If you have ever tuned in to listen to a radio , a spoken headphone , turned on a light , hand on X ray taken, felt the warmth of the sun on your skin. You have experienced ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.
- 4. Definition “Electromagnetic waves are the waves which do not require any medium for their propagation. These are formed when an electric field couples with a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of waves.”
- 5. How do moving charges create magnetic fields? Any moving electric charge is surrounded by an electric field and a magnetic field.
- 6. Production of E.M Waves : when an electric charge vibrates , the electric field around it changes a magnetic field.
- 7. The electric and magnetic fields vibrate at right angles to the direction of wave travels so it is a transverse wave.
- 8. What is the speed of E.M Waves ? All E.M waves travel with speed 3*10^8 m/s E.M waves usually travel slowest in solids and fastest in gases.
- 9. Properties of E.M waves : All the E.M waves are transverse. they do not require any medium to travel though. they travel at speed 3*10^8 m/s in vacuum. they can be reflected and refracted. they can all be emitted and absorbed by matter.
- 11. Chart of wave length and frequency:
- 12. What question do you have?