The document discusses Just War Theory, outlining its key criteria for determining whether a war can be considered "just". It explains that early Christian approaches were pacifist but that Augustine and Aquinas later developed arguments for use of force. Their criteria included that war must be undertaken as a last resort, for just cause by legitimate authority, intended to establish peace, and conducted humanely. Modern philosophers continue debating how to apply just war theory to today's globalized world of war and terrorism.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of jus post bellum, or postwar justice, in just war theory. It outlines maximalist and minimalist views on the demands of postwar justice. Maximalists argue that postwar justice requires victorious nations to undertake ambitious political, social, economic and legal reconstruction efforts in defeated nations to fully establish rights and democracy. Minimalists argue that postwar justice only requires respecting basic rights, limiting occupation, and allowing self-determination. The document also examines debates around the obligations created by different types of wars, such as wars of self-defense versus humanitarian interventions.
Winter 2011-12 1Beyond Vom Kriege The Character and.docxadolphoyonker
Winter 2011-12 1
Beyond Vom Kriege: The
Character and Conduct of
Modern War
R. D. HookeR, JR.
This article was first published in the Summer 2005 issue of Parameters.
“You may not be interested in war . . . but war is interested in you.”
— Leon Trotsky
It is the tragedy of history that man cannot free himself from war. Indeed, far more than by the development of art or literature or trade or political
institutions, the history of man has been determined by the wars he has fought.
Time and again, advanced and cultured societies have been laid low by more
primitive and virile enemies with superior military institutions and a stronger
will to fight. The end of the Cold War, the rise of globalization, the spread of
democracy, and the advent of a new millennium raised hopes that mankind
might move beyond the catastrophic wars that shaped the 20th century. Those
hopes were dashed by Somalia and Rwanda and Bosnia, by the Sudan and the
Congo and Kosovo, by Chechnya and Afghanistan and Iraq. Understanding
war, not as we would like it but as it is, remains the central question of interna-
tional politics. And for the most primal of reasons: War isn’t going anywhere.
Political and military leaders are notoriously averse to theory, but if
there is a theorist about war who matters, it remains Carl von Clausewitz,
whose Vom Kriege (“On War”) has shaped Western views about war since the
middle of the 19th century. While it goes too far to say, as John Keegan has,
that Clausewitz “influenced every statesman and soldier interested in war for
the past 100 years”—most never actually read or grasped him—Clausewitz
endures, not because he is universally understood or accepted but because he is
so often right about first principles.1 Much of what he wrote about the conduct
of war in the pre-industrial era, about marches and magazines and the “war of
Colonel Richard D. Hooker, Jr., commands the XVIII Airborne Corps Combat
Support Brigade (“Dragon Brigade”) now deployed to Iraq. He commanded an infan-
try battalion in the 82d Airborne Division and has served as Special Assistant to the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, with the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army, as Aide
de Camp to the Secretary of the Army, and with the National Security Council. Colonel
Hooker holds an M.S. in national security studies from the National Defense University
and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Virginia in international relations.
R. D. Hooker, Jr.
2 Parameters
posts,” fits best with his own time. But his insights about the nature of war itself
remain uniquely and enduringly prescient.
Clausewitz described war as “nothing more than a duel on a larger scale
. . . an act of force to compel the enemy to do our will.”2 Today, “war” is used to
mean very different things in very different contexts, from the war on poverty
to the war on drugs to the war on terror.
Barry Buzan - Will the ‘global war on terrorism’ be the new Cold.docxjasoninnes20
This document discusses whether the "global war on terrorism" (GWoT) declared by the United States after 9/11 could become the new dominant framing of global security in the same way that the Cold War was. It argues that while the GWoT has had some success in being constructed as a threat, it is unlikely to achieve the same level of sustained dominance as the Cold War due to differences in its scope and means pursued potentially threatening liberal values and Western unity.
This document examines Clausewitz's categories of war and argues that his concept of "absolute war" was abandoned and replaced by his later concept of "ideal war". It discusses how Clausewitz's thinking evolved over time as he revised his manuscripts, but the published version of On War retained discussions of "absolute war" that did not reflect his final views. It argues this has led to much confusion about Clausewitz's framework and categories of war. The document analyzes issues of translation, categorization of war, and Clausewitz's conceptual development to better understand his strategic theory.
How to Reverse the Tide of War. A Global People’s Movement. Say No to Nuclear...Chris Helweg
- The document discusses the need for a legitimate anti-war movement that challenges the propaganda and lies used to justify wars. It argues that an effective movement must: 1) Fully expose the lies and complicity of governments in terrorist attacks like 9/11 that are used as pretexts for war. 2) Question the legitimacy of political leaders rather than just protest their policies. 3) Work to undermine the propaganda that sustains public support for wars by spreading truthful information. A movement funded or influenced by those who profit from war will not succeed in preventing war.
Assignment 2 Recipe for Success!Every individual approaches life .docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Recipe for Success!
Every individual approaches life and situations differently. We all use communication as a means to express ourselves. However, communication is as much about listening as it is about talking. Communication is a mutual exchange.
Everyone has had a disagreement with someone in which the other person may respond with “You aren’t listening to me!” or “You don’t understand me!” The fact is, you are not validating the other person or are perceived as someone who is not providing validation. Validation can defuse a potentially explosive scenario.
Consider your personal experiences and communication skills.
What are the skills you use to communicate and how do they impact your interactions with others?
How do you plan to manage conflict communication?
Do you set a goal for the outcome you are seeking to achieve?
Do you consider your audience?
What point of view do you try to convey?
What is your message or argument in communication?
Have you ever applied the principles above? Have they worked for you? If not, what has worked for you?
Write your responses in two to three paragraphs
.
The document discusses Just War Theory, outlining its key criteria for determining whether a war can be considered "just". It explains that early Christian approaches were pacifist but that Augustine and Aquinas later developed arguments for use of force. Their criteria included that war must be undertaken as a last resort, for just cause by legitimate authority, intended to establish peace, and conducted humanely. Modern philosophers continue debating how to apply just war theory to today's globalized world of war and terrorism.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of jus post bellum, or postwar justice, in just war theory. It outlines maximalist and minimalist views on the demands of postwar justice. Maximalists argue that postwar justice requires victorious nations to undertake ambitious political, social, economic and legal reconstruction efforts in defeated nations to fully establish rights and democracy. Minimalists argue that postwar justice only requires respecting basic rights, limiting occupation, and allowing self-determination. The document also examines debates around the obligations created by different types of wars, such as wars of self-defense versus humanitarian interventions.
Winter 2011-12 1Beyond Vom Kriege The Character and.docxadolphoyonker
Winter 2011-12 1
Beyond Vom Kriege: The
Character and Conduct of
Modern War
R. D. HookeR, JR.
This article was first published in the Summer 2005 issue of Parameters.
“You may not be interested in war . . . but war is interested in you.”
— Leon Trotsky
It is the tragedy of history that man cannot free himself from war. Indeed, far more than by the development of art or literature or trade or political
institutions, the history of man has been determined by the wars he has fought.
Time and again, advanced and cultured societies have been laid low by more
primitive and virile enemies with superior military institutions and a stronger
will to fight. The end of the Cold War, the rise of globalization, the spread of
democracy, and the advent of a new millennium raised hopes that mankind
might move beyond the catastrophic wars that shaped the 20th century. Those
hopes were dashed by Somalia and Rwanda and Bosnia, by the Sudan and the
Congo and Kosovo, by Chechnya and Afghanistan and Iraq. Understanding
war, not as we would like it but as it is, remains the central question of interna-
tional politics. And for the most primal of reasons: War isn’t going anywhere.
Political and military leaders are notoriously averse to theory, but if
there is a theorist about war who matters, it remains Carl von Clausewitz,
whose Vom Kriege (“On War”) has shaped Western views about war since the
middle of the 19th century. While it goes too far to say, as John Keegan has,
that Clausewitz “influenced every statesman and soldier interested in war for
the past 100 years”—most never actually read or grasped him—Clausewitz
endures, not because he is universally understood or accepted but because he is
so often right about first principles.1 Much of what he wrote about the conduct
of war in the pre-industrial era, about marches and magazines and the “war of
Colonel Richard D. Hooker, Jr., commands the XVIII Airborne Corps Combat
Support Brigade (“Dragon Brigade”) now deployed to Iraq. He commanded an infan-
try battalion in the 82d Airborne Division and has served as Special Assistant to the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, with the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army, as Aide
de Camp to the Secretary of the Army, and with the National Security Council. Colonel
Hooker holds an M.S. in national security studies from the National Defense University
and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Virginia in international relations.
R. D. Hooker, Jr.
2 Parameters
posts,” fits best with his own time. But his insights about the nature of war itself
remain uniquely and enduringly prescient.
Clausewitz described war as “nothing more than a duel on a larger scale
. . . an act of force to compel the enemy to do our will.”2 Today, “war” is used to
mean very different things in very different contexts, from the war on poverty
to the war on drugs to the war on terror.
Barry Buzan - Will the ‘global war on terrorism’ be the new Cold.docxjasoninnes20
This document discusses whether the "global war on terrorism" (GWoT) declared by the United States after 9/11 could become the new dominant framing of global security in the same way that the Cold War was. It argues that while the GWoT has had some success in being constructed as a threat, it is unlikely to achieve the same level of sustained dominance as the Cold War due to differences in its scope and means pursued potentially threatening liberal values and Western unity.
This document examines Clausewitz's categories of war and argues that his concept of "absolute war" was abandoned and replaced by his later concept of "ideal war". It discusses how Clausewitz's thinking evolved over time as he revised his manuscripts, but the published version of On War retained discussions of "absolute war" that did not reflect his final views. It argues this has led to much confusion about Clausewitz's framework and categories of war. The document analyzes issues of translation, categorization of war, and Clausewitz's conceptual development to better understand his strategic theory.
How to Reverse the Tide of War. A Global People’s Movement. Say No to Nuclear...Chris Helweg
- The document discusses the need for a legitimate anti-war movement that challenges the propaganda and lies used to justify wars. It argues that an effective movement must: 1) Fully expose the lies and complicity of governments in terrorist attacks like 9/11 that are used as pretexts for war. 2) Question the legitimacy of political leaders rather than just protest their policies. 3) Work to undermine the propaganda that sustains public support for wars by spreading truthful information. A movement funded or influenced by those who profit from war will not succeed in preventing war.
Assignment 2 Recipe for Success!Every individual approaches life .docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Recipe for Success!
Every individual approaches life and situations differently. We all use communication as a means to express ourselves. However, communication is as much about listening as it is about talking. Communication is a mutual exchange.
Everyone has had a disagreement with someone in which the other person may respond with “You aren’t listening to me!” or “You don’t understand me!” The fact is, you are not validating the other person or are perceived as someone who is not providing validation. Validation can defuse a potentially explosive scenario.
Consider your personal experiences and communication skills.
What are the skills you use to communicate and how do they impact your interactions with others?
How do you plan to manage conflict communication?
Do you set a goal for the outcome you are seeking to achieve?
Do you consider your audience?
What point of view do you try to convey?
What is your message or argument in communication?
Have you ever applied the principles above? Have they worked for you? If not, what has worked for you?
Write your responses in two to three paragraphs
.
Assignment 2 Secure Intranet Portal LoginBackgroundYou are the.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Secure Intranet Portal Login
Background:
You are the security professional for a medium-sized manufacturing company. The organization would like to deploy a secure portal for in-house use only. The portal will be available from the company's intranet. The company is utilizing a Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) server to run the local intranet website. The portal will be created by in-house programming staff utilizing ASP.NET technology and scripting.
The management requires the login to be protected using Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). In addition, the management would like to use an integrated login so that users do not have to remember or create a separate username or password for this portal login. The company is using a Windows Server 2012 Active Directory infrastructure. All users logging on to the portal also have existing active directory user accounts. The company also has an in-house Windows Server that serves as a local certificate authority for other existing web applications and services.
Tasks:
Create a 4- to 5-page report that will be shared with the company's board of directors, providing guidance and recommendations on how to best secure the web portal. Your report should cover the following aspects:
Describe what Windows-integrated authentication is and how it could potentially be used to provide secure access control to the portal.
Describe the use of Windows security groups and explain how a connection to active directory could be performed using the existing technology (existing IIS server and Windows Server 2012 Active Directory).
Describe how Windows certificate services work. Recommend a solution that would utilize the in-house Windows certificate authority server to provide a certificate to the new portal.
Explain how users can connect and log on to the portal in a secure fashion using secured socket layer (SSL) or HTTPS to ensure that all login credentials and activities on the portal are secure and encrypted.
Ensure that you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Submission Details:
Create your report in a Microsoft Word document.
Save the document as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc.
By
Wednesday, June 14, 2017
, submit your document to the
M4 Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described what Windows-integrated authentication is and explained how it could potentially be used to provide secure access control to the portal.
20
Described the use of Windows security groups and how a connection to active directory could be performed using the existing technology (existing IIS server and Windows Server 2012 Active Directory).
20
Described how Windows certificate services work. Recommended a solution that would utilize the in-house Windows certificate authority server to provide a certificate to the ne.
Assignment 2 Research proposal1)Introduce the issue a.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Research proposal
1)
Introduce the issue and then present it in question form.
2)
Explain briefly why you are interested in the issue (no need for details here since you have already discussed this in your personal experience paper)
3)
Describe what you already know about the issue. (its general context, history behind it, etc.)
4)
Explain what you need to learn to present an effective argument.
5)
Show your plans for conducting research about this topic.
read the attachment and wright two pages research proposal based on this steps above.
.
Assignment 2 Required Assignment 1—The FMLA in PracticeThe Family.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 1—The FMLA in Practice
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was enacted in 1993 and entitles eligible employees of employers covered under it to take unpaid, job-protected leave for specific family and medical reasons. During this leave, group health insurance coverage continues under the same terms and conditions applicable if the employees had not taken leave.
You may access the latest rules covered under the FMLA at the following Web site:
U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.)
Wage and Hour Division (WHD): Family Leave and Medical Act
. Retrieved from
http://www.dol.gov/whd/fmla/
In this assignment, you will analyze the FMLA policy of an organization to understand the policy's role and importance in employee management.
Tasks:
Click
here
to access and read a portion of the employee handbook of Widgets Inc. that outlines the company's FMLA policy statement. Analyze the handbook on the basis of FMLA guidelines. Identify a minimum of five errors or oversights that relate to the FMLA and list their solutions in a separate document.
In addition, in the same document, include answers to the following questions:
What are three alternative methods of calculating twelve weeks of leave within a twelve-month period? Which method do you believe is the best and why?
An employee should give as much notice as possible to his or her employer. The Department of Labor suggests a minimum notice of thirty days. What if an employee needs emergency FMLA leave? Is the employee still allowed to take FMLA leave, although he or she was unable to give the thirty-day notice?
What are the legal ramifications if the same position is not available to an employee on his or her returning from FMLA leave?
During an employee's FMLA leave, Widgets Inc. downsizes and closes the department in which the employee works. What will happen to the employee? What are the legal ramifications?
Submission Details:
Save your final document as M3_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and, by
Wednesday, February 1, 2017
, submit it to the
M3: Assignment 2 RA 1 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Identified a minimum of five errors or oversights on the basis of the FMLA policy and suggested practical solutions for each.
56
Evaluated alternative methods of calculating twelve weeks of leave within a twelve-month period.
32
Explained the stand of the FMLA policy if an employee needs emergency FMLA leave without giving the thirty-day notice.
24
Explained the legal ramifications if the same position is not available to an employee on his or her returning from FMLA leave.
24
Explained the legal ramifications if a company downsizes and closes the department in which the employee works during the employee’s FMLA leave.
24
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
40
Total:
200
WIDGETS FAMILY LEAVE HANDBOOK.
Assignment 2 Research ProjectThis assignment consists of two pa.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Research Project
This assignment consists of two parts. The first part consists of the third installment for the research paper and is worth 20 points out of the 200 points allotted for this assignment. The second part requires application of concepts learned in
Weeks 1–3
and is worth significantly more than previous assignments and more than the first part of the assignment.
Part I—Research Paper
This week, you will research laws or regulations related to the topic you selected. The information may require research of federal and/or state laws, as well as administrative agency laws. Compare the laws of two states, if applicable. For example, if you are writing about gender discrimination, compare the federal law with law from one of the states that also provides protection at the state level. State laws often provide more protection than the federal law. Summarize the information about the laws or regulations you found related to your topic.
Compile your response to Part I in a Microsoft Word document
Part II—Legal and Ethical Challenges in Business Organizations
Read the scenarios and the questions that follow. Identify the legal issue(s) and apply legal concepts and possible arguments for each question. After reading the scenarios, prepare a resolution for each question using laws, cases, examples, and/or other relevant materials. Consider using short headings (consult APA materials) to separate the topics. Summarize the facts; do not copy the scenarios into the paper. After you have answered the questions and before the conclusion, identify potential ethical issues and propose recommendations to help the organization avoid future occurrences of the legal and ethical issues discussed in the assignment. Support your answers with information from the textbook and at least five scholarly sources other than the text and course lectures.
Prepare an 8- to 12-page paper that identifies the legal issues and potential solutions and answers all questions presented, supported by relevant legal authority. Properly cite all sources using APA format. Do not exceed the page length by more than two pages, as the instructor is not required to read excess pages.
Compile your response to Part II in a Microsoft Word document
Overview
Famous Subs and Pizza Company (FSPC) is a publicly traded corporation headquartered in Tallahassee, Florida, operating restaurants in ten states. The company also owns a food processing and distribution facility in Jackson, Mississippi. Approximately 20% of the employees work full time; however, FSPC primarily hires part-time employees as delivery drivers, cooks, and sandwich makers. FSPC leases space for most of its restaurants in shopping centers, but the company owns a few of the properties, as well as its headquarters office and the distribution facility. The company has experienced explosive growth over the last three years, but the growth has been accompanied by an increase in legal issues. The CEO, C.
Assignment 2 Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainability.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainability in an Organization
All consumers and firms affect sustainability in different ways, either directly or indirectly. In practicing sustainability, a firm could create value for consumers, investors, and other stakeholders, such as the community in which the firm operates within its value chain. In addition, a firm engaging in good sustainable practices can fulfill the needs of its customers, earn a profit, and preserve the environment. This assignment will allow you, as a consumer, to explore how you can impact sustainability.
Tasks:
Propose a sustainability investment plan to improve the performance of your work group or organization or an organization you hope to work for. The investment can be made in human resources, in expansion of tangible or intangible assets toward new uses, or in capital equipment or new technology.
Analyze how the investment plan achieves the following:
Contributes to the mission of the company
Expands rewards for all major components of the value chain, which should include the company, employees, suppliers, and customers
Generates wealth or value and is sustainable over time
Evaluates and anticipates risks associated with the investment
Organize your work to create a 2- to 3-page professional memo in a Microsoft Word document outlining your investment plan to the director and an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation script with complete endnotes explaining your recommendations to employees in your work group. Follow APA standards for citation of sources.
Submission Details:
.
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 1—Intercultural Employee Motivation and Rewards
Culture plays a major role in the motivation of employees. Consider that though you have a mix of ethnicities on your team, you also need to be aware of cultural differences including gender, generation, and other categories of human differences.
Write an 8–10-page report on employee motivation, including a recommendation for an employee reward system that will meet the needs of the variety of cultural groups you manage based on the following motivation factors:
Job security
Professional development
Job performance
Goal setting
Employee recognition
Compensation
Discuss employee motivation as it relates to culture, and consider how you might develop a reward system that recognizes diversity and is equitable and legally sound. Support your recommendations with scholarly references.
Write an 8–10-page report in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2.doc.
.
Assignment 2 Rape and PornographyA long-standing question in the .docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Rape and Pornography
A long-standing question in the field of psychology concerns the relationship between exposure to sexually explicit material, pornography, and criminal behavior. One of the most significant issues focuses on the impact that pornography has on an individual’s propensity to commit rape.
Select
two
peer-reviewed journal articles to examine the correlation between rape and pornography.
Write a paper that includes the following:
Analyze the selected journal articles and identify any correlation between rape and pornography. Provide statistical information in support.
Synthesize your research and conclude, with reasons, whether pornography leads to sexual violence. If not, state the factors that contribute to sexual violence.
Analyze whether the regulation of pornography is warranted based on the evidence so far.
Give reasons for your responses. Support your statements with appropriate examples.
.
Assignment 2 Rape and Pornography Due Tuesday January 3rd, 2.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
The document provides instructions for an assignment to analyze the relationship between rape and pornography. Students are asked to select two peer-reviewed journal articles on the topic and write a 3-4 page paper that analyzes any correlation found in the research, synthesizes whether pornography leads to sexual violence or other factors contribute, and analyzes if regulation of pornography is warranted based on evidence.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Case ScenarioBackgroundThe defendant is a f.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: RA 2: Case Scenario
Background:
The defendant is a forty-year-old, single, black female charged with a first-degree assault. Specifically, she is alleged to have splashed liquid fire, a liquid drain cleaner, onto another woman's face, thus incidentally splashing five bystanders. Per the court order you received, Ms. Tyler was referred some time after the alleged crime for evaluation of her criminal responsibility. Her competency to stand trial (CST) was also at issue. At the time of the evaluation, Ms. Tyler was being held at the Southern County Detention Center. You met with Ms. Tyler. The defendant was informed that the results of the evaluation will be released to the court and that the results may be used against her in the court. Ms. Tyler gave her written consent to be evaluated.
Psychosocial History:
Only limited information is available regarding Ms. Tyler's background. She is a lifetime resident of the state. Her mother died of cancer at the age of seventy-nine years. Her father, L. Defendant, is eighty-four years old and is a retired farmer. Ms. Tyler has five living sisters, four living brothers, and two deceased siblings. Three of her sisters have received inpatient psychiatric treatment. One sister lives in Close Town, one in Europe with her husband who is in the military, and one sister died in a drowning accident. One brother committed suicide by hanging himself. There is no history of psychiatric problems among the other brothers.
Ms. Tyler has completed the tenth grade. She is literate. Ms. Tyler has worked on an assembly line for five years until 1988 when the factory closed. She then did an office-cleaning job. Her reasons for leaving this position are vague. She was unemployed for several years and was supported by her family. She lives in rent-free government housing. Her church pastor, A. Reverend, arranged for her to get employment at Helpful Industries through a vocational office at the State Psychiatric Hospital. She was employed at Helpful Industries for approximately two months prior to the incident. Ms. Tyler has never married. She has a thirteen-year-old son who lives with his father.
Psychiatric History:
Ms. Tyler denies any previous psychiatric treatment. Family members and individuals who know Ms. Tyler state that she has a long history of psychiatric symptoms such as loose associations and persecutory delusions. Ms. Tyler's sister, Ms. Sister, reports that Ms. Tyler has been violent in the past, threatening her niece with a knife. Her emotional difficulties were also apparently common knowledge among her congregation. As stated above, Ms. Tyler has a positive family history for psychiatric illness. Ms. Tyler is currently on haloperidol, an antipsychotic medication.
Ms. Tyler denies any alcohol or substance abuse. She states that she has one previous arrest for prostitution in 1975. She spent six months in jail for this offense.
Report of the Crime:
When asked to report what happened, Ms. Tyler st.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Characteristics of Effective Treatment Programs.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: RA 2: Characteristics of Effective Treatment Programs
Several types of intervention and treatment approaches have been presented in your course textbook. In addition, evidence-based treatment programs are presented on the recommended government website,
http://www.crimesolutions.gov/
. The Office of Justice Programs' Crime
Solution
s.gov uses rigorous research to determine what works in criminal justice, juvenile justice, and crime victim services. On Crime
.
Assignment 2 Pay Increase Demands of EmployeesYou are an HR manag.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Pay Increase Demands of Employees
You are an HR manager with Spring Valley Laboratories. The organization pays its employees according to specific pay grades and ranges but maintains secrecy surrounding the specific numbers.
Nancy Lopez, a highly skilled medical technician, discovers that a male employee whose qualifications, experience, and job profile are similar to Nancy's is getting a considerably better package than she. Nancy serves a notice to the executive director, John Morrison, and threatens to resign if the organization does not grant her an immediate pay increase.
John does not want to lose Nancy because she is a skilled employee who has performed well in her eight-month career with the organization. John writes you an e-mail and seeks your advice on the case. You check Nancy's employment records and find that Nancy was given the compensation package that she had asked for during her final interview. You also find that Nancy's package is toward the lower limit of the pay range applicable for her job position. Nancy's salary is due for review after four months.
Based on this information frame your response to John. The response should answer the following:
Is Nancy's case a situation where a pay increase is called for? Why or why not? Justify your response with facts.
Is Nancy's case eligible as a pay inequity grievance? Why or why not? Explain.
How should Spring Valley Laboratories handle the situation? Provide John with a detailed plan of how the situation should be handled.
What impact would granting or not granting Nancy an immediate pay increase have on other employees? Why?
Articulate your response to John's e-mail. Your response should be in e-mail format and approximately two pages in MSWord. Use structured text (bolding, headings, bulleted lists, tables/charts) where appropriate to improve communicating your points. Send your email response to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
by
Wednesday, April 19, 2017
. Ensure that the tone of your response is formal and appropriate for the audience and use references to support your response.
.
Assignment 2 Policy and Client Impact DevelopmentFor this assig.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Policy and Client Impact Development
For this assignment
, you are expected to identify a sub-population within the field agency, then research and discuss with your field coordinator the state
(Idaho)
and federal policies that may impact the identified clients. Finally, discuss if there is a possibility for you to advocate on behalf of those clients.
The Assignment, submit a 2-3 page paper in which you:
o
Identify the subpopulation (Sexual Assault Victims)
o
Identify State and federal policies and discuss their impact on the clients identified
o
Provide suggestions for the agency
o
Discuss possibilities to advocate for the clients
References (use 3 or more)
Garthwait, C. L. (2017).
The social work practicum: A guide and workbook for students
(7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
.
Assignment 2 Public Health Administration Modern medical an.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2:
Public Health Administration
Modern medical and public health education was defined by two early 20
th
Century landmark documents: the
Flexner Report
and the
Welch-Rose Report
. These created two parallel and sometimes divergent systems. Review this 2008
NPR interview
about the Flexner Report and Pages 49-55 of the
Welch-Rose Report
. Then, expand your research to how (and if) medical care and public health intersect. Are they mutually supportive or do they operate in silos? Is there room for improvement?
Submit your critical analysis in a 4-5 page paper (not including your title page and references) with appropriate supporting references
.
Assignment 2 Nuclear MedicineNuclear medicine is a specialized br.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a specialized branch of modern medicine that exploits the process of radioactivity for imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. Many imaging techniques inject small amounts of radioactive material into the body, which are then tracked by a sensing device specific to the type of radiation emitted from that material. Radiation has also been used to destroy diseased tissue, typically beyond the reach of standard surgical techniques.
Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, write a paper on nuclear medicine. Address the following:
Explain the scientific and technical concepts related to nuclear medicine. Consider the following questions when you construct your response:
What type of radiation is typically exploited in most nuclear medicine procedures?
How are patients prepared for nuclear medicine procedures?
What are the advantages and limitations of nuclear medicine?
What ailments are typically diagnosed and treated via nuclear medicine procedures?
Evaluate a minimum of three applications of nuclear medicine relating to any of the following topics:
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans
Gallium scans
Indium white blood cell scans
Iobenguane scans (MIBG)
Octreotide scans
Hybrid scanning techniques employing X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nuclear medicine therapy using radiopharmaceuticals
Support your statements with examples. Provide a minimum of three scholarly references.
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc.
By
Wednesday, April 19, 2017
, deliver your assignment to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Demonstrated an understanding of the basic scientific and technical concepts of nuclear medicine.
28
Evaluated current or future applications of nuclear medicine with three real-world examples.
32
Provided at least three reliable references to support examples of current and future nuclear medicine applications.
20
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
.
Assignment 2 RA 1 Human Service Needs Assessment ReportOver the .docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: RA 1: Human Service Needs Assessment Report
Over the past two decades, the terms "accountability" and "program evaluation" have become the focus within the human services arena. Due to budgetary constraints and decrease in availability of public funding, the competition for scarce resources has increased. This increased competition has subjected human services agencies to an intense examination where requests for resources are scrutinized carefully.
The first step to conducting a program evaluation is to conduct a
needs assessment
to determine and justify the reason for carrying out the evaluation of a particular program. A need can be defined as the gap between what is and what should be and can be experienced by an individual, a group, or an entire community.
Tasks:
Using at least 3–5 scholarly resources from the professional literature, research human service needs assessment. The literature may include the Argosy University online library resources, relevant textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles, and websites created by professional organizations, agencies, or institutions (.edu, .org, or .gov).
Create a 7- to 9-page report in a Microsoft Word document, including the following:
Identify a program at a social agency or other human services program to which you have access and provide a description of the organizational context including the mission and objectives of the program and why an evaluation is being considered.
Conduct a
needs assessment
using concepts presented previously to confirm and explain the scope of the problem, the perceived versus actual gap in service, the affected population, whether the need is changing, and in what manner the need may be changing.
Identify possible resources to meet the perceived needs. Discuss what existing resources can be used, what additional information would be needed, and what sources for obtaining data you would use.
Identify the stakeholders who need to be included in the assessment and subsequent evaluation.
Analyze the interpersonal, political, and ethical considerations of interacting with decision makers and stakeholders who may have conflicting priorities and determine strategies for reconciling those priorities.
.
Assignment 2 Music Analysis 3 pages pleasePURPOSE The purp.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Music Analysis 3 pages please
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this assignment is to use content analysis to critically analyze how one social issue/problem is discussed and represented in popular culture through music lyrics.
BACKGROUND:
There are many agents of popular culture though which the messages, themes and symbols of popular culture are produced and consumed. Media is a key agent of popular culture, and within it music is one mode for the production and consumption of popular culture. The music of the 1960s marked a key period of transition in the United States as themes of social problems and dissidence started to fill the radio waves. This assignment will allow you to explore one social issue or problem in music today.
See below (NOTE THAT THERE ARE TWO OPTIONS: OPTION 1 AND OPTION 2) for a detailed assignment description.
Option 1 Instructions:
1) Choose one social issue or social problem (i.e. drugs, the environment, war, teenage pregnancy, hate crimes, etc.).
2) Find at least 5 songs with lyrics that address your chosen social issue/problem. You will need to cite these songs using proper APA formatting (see below).
3) Analyze the songs for similarities and differences in how they address the social issue/problem. You may:
- look for themes within and among the songs (i.e. songs about war that talk about ‘ending war’
- consider the year the songs were copyrighted
- consider the genre the song fits in
- is the song directed at a particular audience? (think socio-demographic characteristics: age, race/ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status (SES), and sexuality)
- what type of vocabulary, words, grammar, euphemisms, vernacular is used for the lyrics?
- Consider the actual production of the song as well: tempo, emotion, male/female singer, individual singer/band, etc.
4) Find at least two sources that address music and your social problem (i.e. the sources are providing similar analysis or commentary on how your social problem is addressed through music). These may be popular sources (i.e. magazine articles or websites), but Wikipedia is not acceptable.
5) Find at least one peer-reviewed article (see attached Finding Peer Reviewed Journals guidelines) that discusses your social issue problem and how it is portrayed by the media (ideally this would be focused on your social issue and problem, but this may be difficult to find – so an article on TV, radio, internet, movies is OK).
6) Write-up your paper
a) Cover Page
b) Clearly identify your chosen social issue/problem.
a. Why are you interested in studying this?
c) Write-up your analysis of how this social issue/problem is addressed in the 5 songs you chose
a.
NOTE:
this is the majority of your paper. It is a ‘comparative critical’ analysis of how your chosen social issue/problem is addressed in these songs. It is NOT a summary of each song, and it should not include cutting and pastin.
Assignment 2 Methods of InquiryThe principle methods of inquiry.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2:
Methods of Inquiry
The principle methods of inquiry are divided into two broad, distinct categories: those that reconstruct the past and those that discover or create new knowledge. Based on your reading answer the following questions:
What are methods of inquiry and how are they used in criminal investigation?
Describe the steps to reconstruct a case and use an example to illustrate the concepts.
Describe how reconstructing a crime scene can aid in understanding the fundamentals of criminal investigations. Keep in mind the fundamentals are identifying witnesses, offenders, connecting evidence from the scene to the offender and victim, and but not limited to apprehending the offender(s).
Requirements
APA format and Style
5 pages, include Title and Reference page
1 resource, can include textbook
Standard American English Grammar, sustained point of view throughout the writing
.
Assignment 2 Legislator Communication Friday 01072 Tasks.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Legislator Communication Friday 01/07
2
Tasks:
This written assignment requires the student to investigate his/her local, state and federal legislators and explore their assigned committees and legislative commitments. The student is expected to investigate current and actual legislative initiatives that have either passed or pending approval by the house, senate or Governor’s office. The student will draft a letter to a specific legislator and offer support or constructive argument against pending policy or legislation. The letter must be supported with a minimum of 3 evidence based primary citations.
My state is Florida
.
Assignment 2 Last MileThe last mile is a term that is used to e.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Last Mile
The "last mile" is a term that is used to explain how the end user ultimately connects to a network. Regardless of which Internet service provider (ISP) a business or an individual uses, a network's connectivity, signal, noise ratios, and other network components are often determined by the last mile provider. Usually, there is only one, which makes it nearly impossible to have any form of true redundancy. It is an important element to understand while you study networking.
In this assignment, you will research and study the concept of the last mile and T1 communications.
Tasks:
Develop a 4- to 5-page paper and address the following:
Evaluate the last mile connection in terms of a link that is used between an end user and an ISP.
Explain the last mile link options that are typically available to most end users (such as cable and digital subscriber line [DSL] services). Keep in mind that these options are usually missing in small rural communities.
Identify two to three of the more common connections and summarize their associated data rates, typical uses, and approximate costs. Obtain the exact cost information from at least one of the service providers.
Examine the role that T1 communications lines play in long-distance communications in conjunction with repeaters.
Compare different carriers used by service providers (such as a telecommunication company versus a cable service provider). Also, differentiate the types of equipment used as carriers by these service providers.
Note
: Your paper should utilize at least three scholarly or professional sources (beyond your textbook). Your paper should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources (i.e., in APA format); and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Submission Details:
By
Wednesday, March 1, 2017
, save your paper as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the
M4 Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Evaluated the last mile connection.
20
Explained the last mile link options that are typically available to most end users.
20
Identified two to three of the more common connections and summarized their associated data rates, typical uses, and approximate costs.
20
Examined the role that T1 communications lines play in long-distance communications in conjunction with repeaters.
12
Compared different carriers used by service providers.
8
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2: LASA 2: Dropbox Assignment
This assignment comprises of four parts. All parts should be compiled into one Word document and submitted to the
M5 Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Part 1: Case Study 1: Textbook Chapter 2: "Security of Technical Systems in Organizations: An Introduction"
Many of the technical controls put into place can be circumvented with a simple phone call. Recently, famed hacker Kevin Mitnick demonstrated this, by breaking into Sprint's backbone network. Rather than mounting a buffer overrun or denial-of-service (DoS) attack, Mitnick simply placed a call posing as a Nortel service engineer and persuaded the staff at Sprint to provide log-in names and passwords to the company's switches, under the guise that he needed them to perform remote maintenance on the system. Once the password information had been obtained, Mitnick was able to dial in and manipulate Sprint's networks at will.
Many people believe this was an isolated incident, and they would not fall for a similar act of social engineering, but Mitnick gained notoriety during the 1980s and 1990s, by performing similar techniques on computer networks around the world. Mitnick's more notorious crimes included accessing computer systems at the Pentagon and the North American Defense Command (NORAD), and stealing software and source code from major computer manufacturers. Kevin Mitnick was arrested six times. He has been working as a consultant, specializing in social engineering techniques, having gone straight after serving a five-year sentence for his most recent crime. He has authored several books regarding social engineering, including
The Art of Intrusion
and
The Art of Deception
.
Create a 2- to 3-page report in a Microsoft Word document that includes responses to the following:
Analyze what procedures could help prevent a similar breach of security at your organization.
Phishing (the practice of luring unsuspected Internet users to fake Web sites by using authentic looking email) is usually associated with identity theft. Analyze whether this tactic could also be used to gain information needed to circumvent security controls. Why or why not?
Many social engineering breaches involve using what is believed to be insider information to gain the trust of individuals in an effort to obtain confidential information. Test your ability to obtain what some might consider insider information using a search engine to find contacts or other useful information referencing your organization. Report your findings.
Part 2: Case Study 2: Textbook Chapter 5: "Network Security"
A recent network security breach at Tucson, Arizona–based CardSystem
Solution
s Inc. has exposed 40 million credit card customers to possible fraud, and is considered one of the largest card-information heists ever. CardSystem
.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Assignment 2 Secure Intranet Portal LoginBackgroundYou are the.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Secure Intranet Portal Login
Background:
You are the security professional for a medium-sized manufacturing company. The organization would like to deploy a secure portal for in-house use only. The portal will be available from the company's intranet. The company is utilizing a Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) server to run the local intranet website. The portal will be created by in-house programming staff utilizing ASP.NET technology and scripting.
The management requires the login to be protected using Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). In addition, the management would like to use an integrated login so that users do not have to remember or create a separate username or password for this portal login. The company is using a Windows Server 2012 Active Directory infrastructure. All users logging on to the portal also have existing active directory user accounts. The company also has an in-house Windows Server that serves as a local certificate authority for other existing web applications and services.
Tasks:
Create a 4- to 5-page report that will be shared with the company's board of directors, providing guidance and recommendations on how to best secure the web portal. Your report should cover the following aspects:
Describe what Windows-integrated authentication is and how it could potentially be used to provide secure access control to the portal.
Describe the use of Windows security groups and explain how a connection to active directory could be performed using the existing technology (existing IIS server and Windows Server 2012 Active Directory).
Describe how Windows certificate services work. Recommend a solution that would utilize the in-house Windows certificate authority server to provide a certificate to the new portal.
Explain how users can connect and log on to the portal in a secure fashion using secured socket layer (SSL) or HTTPS to ensure that all login credentials and activities on the portal are secure and encrypted.
Ensure that you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Submission Details:
Create your report in a Microsoft Word document.
Save the document as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc.
By
Wednesday, June 14, 2017
, submit your document to the
M4 Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described what Windows-integrated authentication is and explained how it could potentially be used to provide secure access control to the portal.
20
Described the use of Windows security groups and how a connection to active directory could be performed using the existing technology (existing IIS server and Windows Server 2012 Active Directory).
20
Described how Windows certificate services work. Recommended a solution that would utilize the in-house Windows certificate authority server to provide a certificate to the ne.
Assignment 2 Research proposal1)Introduce the issue a.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Research proposal
1)
Introduce the issue and then present it in question form.
2)
Explain briefly why you are interested in the issue (no need for details here since you have already discussed this in your personal experience paper)
3)
Describe what you already know about the issue. (its general context, history behind it, etc.)
4)
Explain what you need to learn to present an effective argument.
5)
Show your plans for conducting research about this topic.
read the attachment and wright two pages research proposal based on this steps above.
.
Assignment 2 Required Assignment 1—The FMLA in PracticeThe Family.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 1—The FMLA in Practice
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was enacted in 1993 and entitles eligible employees of employers covered under it to take unpaid, job-protected leave for specific family and medical reasons. During this leave, group health insurance coverage continues under the same terms and conditions applicable if the employees had not taken leave.
You may access the latest rules covered under the FMLA at the following Web site:
U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.)
Wage and Hour Division (WHD): Family Leave and Medical Act
. Retrieved from
http://www.dol.gov/whd/fmla/
In this assignment, you will analyze the FMLA policy of an organization to understand the policy's role and importance in employee management.
Tasks:
Click
here
to access and read a portion of the employee handbook of Widgets Inc. that outlines the company's FMLA policy statement. Analyze the handbook on the basis of FMLA guidelines. Identify a minimum of five errors or oversights that relate to the FMLA and list their solutions in a separate document.
In addition, in the same document, include answers to the following questions:
What are three alternative methods of calculating twelve weeks of leave within a twelve-month period? Which method do you believe is the best and why?
An employee should give as much notice as possible to his or her employer. The Department of Labor suggests a minimum notice of thirty days. What if an employee needs emergency FMLA leave? Is the employee still allowed to take FMLA leave, although he or she was unable to give the thirty-day notice?
What are the legal ramifications if the same position is not available to an employee on his or her returning from FMLA leave?
During an employee's FMLA leave, Widgets Inc. downsizes and closes the department in which the employee works. What will happen to the employee? What are the legal ramifications?
Submission Details:
Save your final document as M3_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and, by
Wednesday, February 1, 2017
, submit it to the
M3: Assignment 2 RA 1 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Identified a minimum of five errors or oversights on the basis of the FMLA policy and suggested practical solutions for each.
56
Evaluated alternative methods of calculating twelve weeks of leave within a twelve-month period.
32
Explained the stand of the FMLA policy if an employee needs emergency FMLA leave without giving the thirty-day notice.
24
Explained the legal ramifications if the same position is not available to an employee on his or her returning from FMLA leave.
24
Explained the legal ramifications if a company downsizes and closes the department in which the employee works during the employee’s FMLA leave.
24
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
40
Total:
200
WIDGETS FAMILY LEAVE HANDBOOK.
Assignment 2 Research ProjectThis assignment consists of two pa.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Research Project
This assignment consists of two parts. The first part consists of the third installment for the research paper and is worth 20 points out of the 200 points allotted for this assignment. The second part requires application of concepts learned in
Weeks 1–3
and is worth significantly more than previous assignments and more than the first part of the assignment.
Part I—Research Paper
This week, you will research laws or regulations related to the topic you selected. The information may require research of federal and/or state laws, as well as administrative agency laws. Compare the laws of two states, if applicable. For example, if you are writing about gender discrimination, compare the federal law with law from one of the states that also provides protection at the state level. State laws often provide more protection than the federal law. Summarize the information about the laws or regulations you found related to your topic.
Compile your response to Part I in a Microsoft Word document
Part II—Legal and Ethical Challenges in Business Organizations
Read the scenarios and the questions that follow. Identify the legal issue(s) and apply legal concepts and possible arguments for each question. After reading the scenarios, prepare a resolution for each question using laws, cases, examples, and/or other relevant materials. Consider using short headings (consult APA materials) to separate the topics. Summarize the facts; do not copy the scenarios into the paper. After you have answered the questions and before the conclusion, identify potential ethical issues and propose recommendations to help the organization avoid future occurrences of the legal and ethical issues discussed in the assignment. Support your answers with information from the textbook and at least five scholarly sources other than the text and course lectures.
Prepare an 8- to 12-page paper that identifies the legal issues and potential solutions and answers all questions presented, supported by relevant legal authority. Properly cite all sources using APA format. Do not exceed the page length by more than two pages, as the instructor is not required to read excess pages.
Compile your response to Part II in a Microsoft Word document
Overview
Famous Subs and Pizza Company (FSPC) is a publicly traded corporation headquartered in Tallahassee, Florida, operating restaurants in ten states. The company also owns a food processing and distribution facility in Jackson, Mississippi. Approximately 20% of the employees work full time; however, FSPC primarily hires part-time employees as delivery drivers, cooks, and sandwich makers. FSPC leases space for most of its restaurants in shopping centers, but the company owns a few of the properties, as well as its headquarters office and the distribution facility. The company has experienced explosive growth over the last three years, but the growth has been accompanied by an increase in legal issues. The CEO, C.
Assignment 2 Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainability.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainability in an Organization
All consumers and firms affect sustainability in different ways, either directly or indirectly. In practicing sustainability, a firm could create value for consumers, investors, and other stakeholders, such as the community in which the firm operates within its value chain. In addition, a firm engaging in good sustainable practices can fulfill the needs of its customers, earn a profit, and preserve the environment. This assignment will allow you, as a consumer, to explore how you can impact sustainability.
Tasks:
Propose a sustainability investment plan to improve the performance of your work group or organization or an organization you hope to work for. The investment can be made in human resources, in expansion of tangible or intangible assets toward new uses, or in capital equipment or new technology.
Analyze how the investment plan achieves the following:
Contributes to the mission of the company
Expands rewards for all major components of the value chain, which should include the company, employees, suppliers, and customers
Generates wealth or value and is sustainable over time
Evaluates and anticipates risks associated with the investment
Organize your work to create a 2- to 3-page professional memo in a Microsoft Word document outlining your investment plan to the director and an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation script with complete endnotes explaining your recommendations to employees in your work group. Follow APA standards for citation of sources.
Submission Details:
.
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 1—Intercultural Employee Motivation and Rewards
Culture plays a major role in the motivation of employees. Consider that though you have a mix of ethnicities on your team, you also need to be aware of cultural differences including gender, generation, and other categories of human differences.
Write an 8–10-page report on employee motivation, including a recommendation for an employee reward system that will meet the needs of the variety of cultural groups you manage based on the following motivation factors:
Job security
Professional development
Job performance
Goal setting
Employee recognition
Compensation
Discuss employee motivation as it relates to culture, and consider how you might develop a reward system that recognizes diversity and is equitable and legally sound. Support your recommendations with scholarly references.
Write an 8–10-page report in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2.doc.
.
Assignment 2 Rape and PornographyA long-standing question in the .docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Rape and Pornography
A long-standing question in the field of psychology concerns the relationship between exposure to sexually explicit material, pornography, and criminal behavior. One of the most significant issues focuses on the impact that pornography has on an individual’s propensity to commit rape.
Select
two
peer-reviewed journal articles to examine the correlation between rape and pornography.
Write a paper that includes the following:
Analyze the selected journal articles and identify any correlation between rape and pornography. Provide statistical information in support.
Synthesize your research and conclude, with reasons, whether pornography leads to sexual violence. If not, state the factors that contribute to sexual violence.
Analyze whether the regulation of pornography is warranted based on the evidence so far.
Give reasons for your responses. Support your statements with appropriate examples.
.
Assignment 2 Rape and Pornography Due Tuesday January 3rd, 2.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
The document provides instructions for an assignment to analyze the relationship between rape and pornography. Students are asked to select two peer-reviewed journal articles on the topic and write a 3-4 page paper that analyzes any correlation found in the research, synthesizes whether pornography leads to sexual violence or other factors contribute, and analyzes if regulation of pornography is warranted based on evidence.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Case ScenarioBackgroundThe defendant is a f.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: RA 2: Case Scenario
Background:
The defendant is a forty-year-old, single, black female charged with a first-degree assault. Specifically, she is alleged to have splashed liquid fire, a liquid drain cleaner, onto another woman's face, thus incidentally splashing five bystanders. Per the court order you received, Ms. Tyler was referred some time after the alleged crime for evaluation of her criminal responsibility. Her competency to stand trial (CST) was also at issue. At the time of the evaluation, Ms. Tyler was being held at the Southern County Detention Center. You met with Ms. Tyler. The defendant was informed that the results of the evaluation will be released to the court and that the results may be used against her in the court. Ms. Tyler gave her written consent to be evaluated.
Psychosocial History:
Only limited information is available regarding Ms. Tyler's background. She is a lifetime resident of the state. Her mother died of cancer at the age of seventy-nine years. Her father, L. Defendant, is eighty-four years old and is a retired farmer. Ms. Tyler has five living sisters, four living brothers, and two deceased siblings. Three of her sisters have received inpatient psychiatric treatment. One sister lives in Close Town, one in Europe with her husband who is in the military, and one sister died in a drowning accident. One brother committed suicide by hanging himself. There is no history of psychiatric problems among the other brothers.
Ms. Tyler has completed the tenth grade. She is literate. Ms. Tyler has worked on an assembly line for five years until 1988 when the factory closed. She then did an office-cleaning job. Her reasons for leaving this position are vague. She was unemployed for several years and was supported by her family. She lives in rent-free government housing. Her church pastor, A. Reverend, arranged for her to get employment at Helpful Industries through a vocational office at the State Psychiatric Hospital. She was employed at Helpful Industries for approximately two months prior to the incident. Ms. Tyler has never married. She has a thirteen-year-old son who lives with his father.
Psychiatric History:
Ms. Tyler denies any previous psychiatric treatment. Family members and individuals who know Ms. Tyler state that she has a long history of psychiatric symptoms such as loose associations and persecutory delusions. Ms. Tyler's sister, Ms. Sister, reports that Ms. Tyler has been violent in the past, threatening her niece with a knife. Her emotional difficulties were also apparently common knowledge among her congregation. As stated above, Ms. Tyler has a positive family history for psychiatric illness. Ms. Tyler is currently on haloperidol, an antipsychotic medication.
Ms. Tyler denies any alcohol or substance abuse. She states that she has one previous arrest for prostitution in 1975. She spent six months in jail for this offense.
Report of the Crime:
When asked to report what happened, Ms. Tyler st.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Characteristics of Effective Treatment Programs.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: RA 2: Characteristics of Effective Treatment Programs
Several types of intervention and treatment approaches have been presented in your course textbook. In addition, evidence-based treatment programs are presented on the recommended government website,
http://www.crimesolutions.gov/
. The Office of Justice Programs' Crime
Solution
s.gov uses rigorous research to determine what works in criminal justice, juvenile justice, and crime victim services. On Crime
.
Assignment 2 Pay Increase Demands of EmployeesYou are an HR manag.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Pay Increase Demands of Employees
You are an HR manager with Spring Valley Laboratories. The organization pays its employees according to specific pay grades and ranges but maintains secrecy surrounding the specific numbers.
Nancy Lopez, a highly skilled medical technician, discovers that a male employee whose qualifications, experience, and job profile are similar to Nancy's is getting a considerably better package than she. Nancy serves a notice to the executive director, John Morrison, and threatens to resign if the organization does not grant her an immediate pay increase.
John does not want to lose Nancy because she is a skilled employee who has performed well in her eight-month career with the organization. John writes you an e-mail and seeks your advice on the case. You check Nancy's employment records and find that Nancy was given the compensation package that she had asked for during her final interview. You also find that Nancy's package is toward the lower limit of the pay range applicable for her job position. Nancy's salary is due for review after four months.
Based on this information frame your response to John. The response should answer the following:
Is Nancy's case a situation where a pay increase is called for? Why or why not? Justify your response with facts.
Is Nancy's case eligible as a pay inequity grievance? Why or why not? Explain.
How should Spring Valley Laboratories handle the situation? Provide John with a detailed plan of how the situation should be handled.
What impact would granting or not granting Nancy an immediate pay increase have on other employees? Why?
Articulate your response to John's e-mail. Your response should be in e-mail format and approximately two pages in MSWord. Use structured text (bolding, headings, bulleted lists, tables/charts) where appropriate to improve communicating your points. Send your email response to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
by
Wednesday, April 19, 2017
. Ensure that the tone of your response is formal and appropriate for the audience and use references to support your response.
.
Assignment 2 Policy and Client Impact DevelopmentFor this assig.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Policy and Client Impact Development
For this assignment
, you are expected to identify a sub-population within the field agency, then research and discuss with your field coordinator the state
(Idaho)
and federal policies that may impact the identified clients. Finally, discuss if there is a possibility for you to advocate on behalf of those clients.
The Assignment, submit a 2-3 page paper in which you:
o
Identify the subpopulation (Sexual Assault Victims)
o
Identify State and federal policies and discuss their impact on the clients identified
o
Provide suggestions for the agency
o
Discuss possibilities to advocate for the clients
References (use 3 or more)
Garthwait, C. L. (2017).
The social work practicum: A guide and workbook for students
(7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
.
Assignment 2 Public Health Administration Modern medical an.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2:
Public Health Administration
Modern medical and public health education was defined by two early 20
th
Century landmark documents: the
Flexner Report
and the
Welch-Rose Report
. These created two parallel and sometimes divergent systems. Review this 2008
NPR interview
about the Flexner Report and Pages 49-55 of the
Welch-Rose Report
. Then, expand your research to how (and if) medical care and public health intersect. Are they mutually supportive or do they operate in silos? Is there room for improvement?
Submit your critical analysis in a 4-5 page paper (not including your title page and references) with appropriate supporting references
.
Assignment 2 Nuclear MedicineNuclear medicine is a specialized br.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a specialized branch of modern medicine that exploits the process of radioactivity for imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. Many imaging techniques inject small amounts of radioactive material into the body, which are then tracked by a sensing device specific to the type of radiation emitted from that material. Radiation has also been used to destroy diseased tissue, typically beyond the reach of standard surgical techniques.
Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, write a paper on nuclear medicine. Address the following:
Explain the scientific and technical concepts related to nuclear medicine. Consider the following questions when you construct your response:
What type of radiation is typically exploited in most nuclear medicine procedures?
How are patients prepared for nuclear medicine procedures?
What are the advantages and limitations of nuclear medicine?
What ailments are typically diagnosed and treated via nuclear medicine procedures?
Evaluate a minimum of three applications of nuclear medicine relating to any of the following topics:
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans
Gallium scans
Indium white blood cell scans
Iobenguane scans (MIBG)
Octreotide scans
Hybrid scanning techniques employing X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nuclear medicine therapy using radiopharmaceuticals
Support your statements with examples. Provide a minimum of three scholarly references.
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc.
By
Wednesday, April 19, 2017
, deliver your assignment to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Demonstrated an understanding of the basic scientific and technical concepts of nuclear medicine.
28
Evaluated current or future applications of nuclear medicine with three real-world examples.
32
Provided at least three reliable references to support examples of current and future nuclear medicine applications.
20
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
.
Assignment 2 RA 1 Human Service Needs Assessment ReportOver the .docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: RA 1: Human Service Needs Assessment Report
Over the past two decades, the terms "accountability" and "program evaluation" have become the focus within the human services arena. Due to budgetary constraints and decrease in availability of public funding, the competition for scarce resources has increased. This increased competition has subjected human services agencies to an intense examination where requests for resources are scrutinized carefully.
The first step to conducting a program evaluation is to conduct a
needs assessment
to determine and justify the reason for carrying out the evaluation of a particular program. A need can be defined as the gap between what is and what should be and can be experienced by an individual, a group, or an entire community.
Tasks:
Using at least 3–5 scholarly resources from the professional literature, research human service needs assessment. The literature may include the Argosy University online library resources, relevant textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles, and websites created by professional organizations, agencies, or institutions (.edu, .org, or .gov).
Create a 7- to 9-page report in a Microsoft Word document, including the following:
Identify a program at a social agency or other human services program to which you have access and provide a description of the organizational context including the mission and objectives of the program and why an evaluation is being considered.
Conduct a
needs assessment
using concepts presented previously to confirm and explain the scope of the problem, the perceived versus actual gap in service, the affected population, whether the need is changing, and in what manner the need may be changing.
Identify possible resources to meet the perceived needs. Discuss what existing resources can be used, what additional information would be needed, and what sources for obtaining data you would use.
Identify the stakeholders who need to be included in the assessment and subsequent evaluation.
Analyze the interpersonal, political, and ethical considerations of interacting with decision makers and stakeholders who may have conflicting priorities and determine strategies for reconciling those priorities.
.
Assignment 2 Music Analysis 3 pages pleasePURPOSE The purp.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Music Analysis 3 pages please
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this assignment is to use content analysis to critically analyze how one social issue/problem is discussed and represented in popular culture through music lyrics.
BACKGROUND:
There are many agents of popular culture though which the messages, themes and symbols of popular culture are produced and consumed. Media is a key agent of popular culture, and within it music is one mode for the production and consumption of popular culture. The music of the 1960s marked a key period of transition in the United States as themes of social problems and dissidence started to fill the radio waves. This assignment will allow you to explore one social issue or problem in music today.
See below (NOTE THAT THERE ARE TWO OPTIONS: OPTION 1 AND OPTION 2) for a detailed assignment description.
Option 1 Instructions:
1) Choose one social issue or social problem (i.e. drugs, the environment, war, teenage pregnancy, hate crimes, etc.).
2) Find at least 5 songs with lyrics that address your chosen social issue/problem. You will need to cite these songs using proper APA formatting (see below).
3) Analyze the songs for similarities and differences in how they address the social issue/problem. You may:
- look for themes within and among the songs (i.e. songs about war that talk about ‘ending war’
- consider the year the songs were copyrighted
- consider the genre the song fits in
- is the song directed at a particular audience? (think socio-demographic characteristics: age, race/ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status (SES), and sexuality)
- what type of vocabulary, words, grammar, euphemisms, vernacular is used for the lyrics?
- Consider the actual production of the song as well: tempo, emotion, male/female singer, individual singer/band, etc.
4) Find at least two sources that address music and your social problem (i.e. the sources are providing similar analysis or commentary on how your social problem is addressed through music). These may be popular sources (i.e. magazine articles or websites), but Wikipedia is not acceptable.
5) Find at least one peer-reviewed article (see attached Finding Peer Reviewed Journals guidelines) that discusses your social issue problem and how it is portrayed by the media (ideally this would be focused on your social issue and problem, but this may be difficult to find – so an article on TV, radio, internet, movies is OK).
6) Write-up your paper
a) Cover Page
b) Clearly identify your chosen social issue/problem.
a. Why are you interested in studying this?
c) Write-up your analysis of how this social issue/problem is addressed in the 5 songs you chose
a.
NOTE:
this is the majority of your paper. It is a ‘comparative critical’ analysis of how your chosen social issue/problem is addressed in these songs. It is NOT a summary of each song, and it should not include cutting and pastin.
Assignment 2 Methods of InquiryThe principle methods of inquiry.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2:
Methods of Inquiry
The principle methods of inquiry are divided into two broad, distinct categories: those that reconstruct the past and those that discover or create new knowledge. Based on your reading answer the following questions:
What are methods of inquiry and how are they used in criminal investigation?
Describe the steps to reconstruct a case and use an example to illustrate the concepts.
Describe how reconstructing a crime scene can aid in understanding the fundamentals of criminal investigations. Keep in mind the fundamentals are identifying witnesses, offenders, connecting evidence from the scene to the offender and victim, and but not limited to apprehending the offender(s).
Requirements
APA format and Style
5 pages, include Title and Reference page
1 resource, can include textbook
Standard American English Grammar, sustained point of view throughout the writing
.
Assignment 2 Legislator Communication Friday 01072 Tasks.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Legislator Communication Friday 01/07
2
Tasks:
This written assignment requires the student to investigate his/her local, state and federal legislators and explore their assigned committees and legislative commitments. The student is expected to investigate current and actual legislative initiatives that have either passed or pending approval by the house, senate or Governor’s office. The student will draft a letter to a specific legislator and offer support or constructive argument against pending policy or legislation. The letter must be supported with a minimum of 3 evidence based primary citations.
My state is Florida
.
Assignment 2 Last MileThe last mile is a term that is used to e.docxMerrileeDelvalle969
Assignment 2: Last Mile
The "last mile" is a term that is used to explain how the end user ultimately connects to a network. Regardless of which Internet service provider (ISP) a business or an individual uses, a network's connectivity, signal, noise ratios, and other network components are often determined by the last mile provider. Usually, there is only one, which makes it nearly impossible to have any form of true redundancy. It is an important element to understand while you study networking.
In this assignment, you will research and study the concept of the last mile and T1 communications.
Tasks:
Develop a 4- to 5-page paper and address the following:
Evaluate the last mile connection in terms of a link that is used between an end user and an ISP.
Explain the last mile link options that are typically available to most end users (such as cable and digital subscriber line [DSL] services). Keep in mind that these options are usually missing in small rural communities.
Identify two to three of the more common connections and summarize their associated data rates, typical uses, and approximate costs. Obtain the exact cost information from at least one of the service providers.
Examine the role that T1 communications lines play in long-distance communications in conjunction with repeaters.
Compare different carriers used by service providers (such as a telecommunication company versus a cable service provider). Also, differentiate the types of equipment used as carriers by these service providers.
Note
: Your paper should utilize at least three scholarly or professional sources (beyond your textbook). Your paper should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources (i.e., in APA format); and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Submission Details:
By
Wednesday, March 1, 2017
, save your paper as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the
M4 Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Evaluated the last mile connection.
20
Explained the last mile link options that are typically available to most end users.
20
Identified two to three of the more common connections and summarized their associated data rates, typical uses, and approximate costs.
20
Examined the role that T1 communications lines play in long-distance communications in conjunction with repeaters.
12
Compared different carriers used by service providers.
8
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2: LASA 2: Dropbox Assignment
This assignment comprises of four parts. All parts should be compiled into one Word document and submitted to the
M5 Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Part 1: Case Study 1: Textbook Chapter 2: "Security of Technical Systems in Organizations: An Introduction"
Many of the technical controls put into place can be circumvented with a simple phone call. Recently, famed hacker Kevin Mitnick demonstrated this, by breaking into Sprint's backbone network. Rather than mounting a buffer overrun or denial-of-service (DoS) attack, Mitnick simply placed a call posing as a Nortel service engineer and persuaded the staff at Sprint to provide log-in names and passwords to the company's switches, under the guise that he needed them to perform remote maintenance on the system. Once the password information had been obtained, Mitnick was able to dial in and manipulate Sprint's networks at will.
Many people believe this was an isolated incident, and they would not fall for a similar act of social engineering, but Mitnick gained notoriety during the 1980s and 1990s, by performing similar techniques on computer networks around the world. Mitnick's more notorious crimes included accessing computer systems at the Pentagon and the North American Defense Command (NORAD), and stealing software and source code from major computer manufacturers. Kevin Mitnick was arrested six times. He has been working as a consultant, specializing in social engineering techniques, having gone straight after serving a five-year sentence for his most recent crime. He has authored several books regarding social engineering, including
The Art of Intrusion
and
The Art of Deception
.
Create a 2- to 3-page report in a Microsoft Word document that includes responses to the following:
Analyze what procedures could help prevent a similar breach of security at your organization.
Phishing (the practice of luring unsuspected Internet users to fake Web sites by using authentic looking email) is usually associated with identity theft. Analyze whether this tactic could also be used to gain information needed to circumvent security controls. Why or why not?
Many social engineering breaches involve using what is believed to be insider information to gain the trust of individuals in an effort to obtain confidential information. Test your ability to obtain what some might consider insider information using a search engine to find contacts or other useful information referencing your organization. Report your findings.
Part 2: Case Study 2: Textbook Chapter 5: "Network Security"
A recent network security breach at Tucson, Arizona–based CardSystem
Solution
s Inc. has exposed 40 million credit card customers to possible fraud, and is considered one of the largest card-information heists ever. CardSystem
.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Ellen Meiksins WoodIn nite WarWhen the US (and Britai
1. Ellen Meiksins Wood
In� nite War
When the US (and Britain) failed to launch a massive
attack on Afghanistan within days of the September
11 atrocities, there was almost universal surprise,
whether tinged with disappointment or relief. People
had come to expect, as a matter of course, an imme-
diate and massive high-tech assault, which would
spare the lives and limbs of US forces while in�ict-
ing much ‘collateral damage’. But this time, we were
told, the White House ‘moderates’ had won, at least
for a time, if only because the exigencies of preserving
the coalition against terrorism counselled caution, or
because winter was too near, or because the Taliban
might simply implode without a �ght. Any attack –
and there might be none at all – would be ‘measured’
and ‘proportionate’. Optimists hoped that Bush had
learned the virtues of multilateralism. Pessimists
feared the worst was still to come. But critics and
supporters were united in their wonder at the tem-
perance displayed by the world’s only superpower.
3. emerging is a
necessary corollary to a new form of empire.
War without end
Immediately after the September 11 atrocities, President Bush
announced that
his purpose was to rid the world of evil. At that moment, the
‘war against
terrorism’ was being called ‘Operation In�nite Justice’. Some
time later, Prime
Minister Blair told the Labour Party Conference that the present
campaign
should be part of a larger project of ‘reordering our world’.
Nothing that was
said before or after did much to clarify or narrow these
grandiose ambitions.
Sympathetic observers were no less at a loss than critics to
explain precisely
what the objective of the �rst military round would be: to
capture Osama bin
Laden, to destroy al-Qaida’s training camps (by then, surely,
empty), or to
overthrow the Taliban, with or without installing a new
government, to say
nothing of further objectives, such as attacks on Iraq to
complete the job left
un�nished by George Bush Senior.
In the face of these uncertainties, the tendency was to assume
either that
4. the White House is simply divided between hawks and doves, or
that the
administration is simply confused, with no real idea what to do;
and there
is a strong temptation to think that Blair is suffering from
almost pathologi-
cal delusions of grandeur, which have the advantage of
de�ecting scrutiny
from his failures at home. No doubt, there is something to be
said for all
these interpretations. But we need to take more seriousl y the
signi�cance of
Bush and Blair’s grand design.
If we discount the overblown self-righteous rhetoric, there
remains a new
military doctrine, which, while making the most extravagant
moral claims,
8 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
nonetheless departs from centuries of discourse on ‘just war’.
The just war
tradition has always been notoriously elastic and in�nitely
capable of adjust-
ment to the varying interests of dominant classes, encompassing
everything
up to and including the most aggressive and predatory imperial
adventures.
5. So, throughout the changing character of war and imperialism,
ideologies of
justi�cation have been able to remain within certain conceptual
limits and to
operate with certain basic principles. The new doctrine, while
invoking the
traditions of just war rather than amoral Realpolitik, has, for the
�rst time in
centuries, found those principles insuf�ciently �exible and has
effectively dis-
carded them. Just as earlier adjustments were made to �t
changing contexts
and requirements, the current rupture also has its speci�c
historical context
and bespeaks particular class needs.
The doctrine of ‘just war ’, throughout its permutations,
enunciates a few
basic requirements for going to war: there must be a just cause;
war must be
declared by a proper authority and with the right intention, and
after other
means have been exhausted; there must be a reasonable chance
of achieving
the desired end, and the means must be proportionate to that
end. In a
moment, we shall look at some of the ingenious ways in which
those appar-
ently stringent requirements have been made compatible with
the most
6. aggressive wars of commercial rivalry and imperial expansion.
But let us �rst
note how the current doctrine operates within those constraints
and how it
departs from them.
Every US war claims a just cause, a proper authority, and right
inten-
tions, while insisting that there is no other way. Those claims
are, of course,
more than a little debatable. But the point here is simply that
justi�cations
of US military campaigns, however contestable they may be, up
to this point
remain within the limits of just-war argumentation. The rupture
occurs most
clearly in the other two conditions: that there must be a
reasonable chance
of achieving the goals of any military action, and that the means
must be
proportionate.
There are two senses in which the new doctrine of war, most
recently enun-
ciated by Bush and Blair, violates the �rst of these two
principles. It is,
needless to say, clear that no military action could possibly rid
the world of
Bush’s ‘evil-doers’. For that matter, the ‘war against terrorism’
can hardly be
7. said to have a reasonable chance of ending terrorism. If
anything, it stands
a better chance of aggravating terrorist violence. Nor can
military action, with
In�nite War � 9
or without humanitarian admixtures, reorder the world in the
way outlined
by Blair.
But it is just as clear that the new doctrine departs from the
principle
of achievable goals in ways inconceivable to any earl ier
proponents of the
just-war doctrine. This particular principle was directed against
futile and
self-destructive adventures by forces lacking the means to
achieve their ends
and more likely to make their own conditions worse. The
present case has
to do with the world’s most powerful military force, the most
powerful the
world has ever known, which could con�dently expect to
achieve any rea-
sonable military goal. So, a new principle is being established
here: it could
simply mean that military action can, after all, be justi�ed
without any hope
8. of achieving its aim, but it would probably be more accurate to
say that mil-
itary action now requires no speci�c aim at all.
Such a principle naturally affects the means-ends calculus too.
We are accus-
tomed to criticising the US and its allies for undertaking actions
which, in
their massively destructive means, are unsuited to their
professed ends. But
we may now be compelled to discard the principle of
proportionality alto-
gether – not simply because we are being asked to accept
‘disproportionate’
means but because, in the absence of speci�c ends, no such
calculus is rele-
vant at all. There is a new principle of war without end, either
in purpose or
in time.
The ‘war against terrorism’ is not the �rst instance of the new
doctrine. It
certainly has roots in the Cold War. Even the ‘war on drugs’,
insofar as it
undoubtedly has a military component (whether directly
conducted by the
US or, with its assistance, by, say, Colombian forces), has had
something of
this �avour. The campaign against Iraq, too, has been going on
without appar-
9. ent end. But the most important step in establishing the new
doctrine has
been the notion of ‘humanitarian war ’. And it is certainly in
this connection
that the constraints of old just-war principles were �rst most
explicitly
discarded.
It is by now a well-known story that, in their con�ict over war
in the
Balkans, the former US Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright,
then Ambassador
to the UN, challenged the current Secretary of State, Colin
Powell, then head
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, over his objection to military
intervention in Bosnia.
Underlying his objection was the so-called ‘Powell Doctrine’, a
military doc-
trine in the old just-war tradition, requiring that military action
have clear
10 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
and �nite ends, adequate means, and exit strategies. ‘What’s
the point of hav-
ing this superb military that you’ve always been talking about,’
Albright
angrily protested, ‘if we can’t use it?’ What Albright was
challenging was
10. certainly not a doctrine opposed to any military action ever.
Powell, as a mil-
itary man, was hardly advocating paci�sm. Where they parted
company was
precisely at the point that traditional doctrines of just war
require speci�c
and �nite achievable ends and commensurate means.
But, if Madeleine Albright represents a milestone in the
development of
this new doctrine, it has long been a pattern in the US for
political �gures to
depart from the old one. When Henry Kissinger advocated the
unpredictable
use of military force, he, like Albright, had in mind the use of
force for polit-
ical purposes far more diffuse and inchoate than the
achievement of some
speci�c military goal, as did others throughout the Cold War.
To be sure, he
was not particularly given to just war arguments and was
generally quite
open about his adherence to the opposing principles of amoral
raison d’état.
But other political leaders, in support of the same policies, have
had no
dif�culty invoking the justice of war. Today, when Colin
Powell himself is
Secretary of State, he is being challenged by non-military
11. politicians such as
Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz, and probably Cheney, together with Bush
advisers such
as Richard Perle, whose views are even more clearly antithetical
to the old
just-war principles of ends and means. They have, according to
reports,
devised a plan called ‘Operation In�nite War ’, which calls for
an open-ended
war with no limits of time or geography.1
In�nite War � 11
1 On 30 September, The Observer in London carried a special
report by Ed Vulliamy,
‘Inside the Pentagon’. Here are the highlights of the piece:
As war begins in Afghanistan, so does the assault on the White
House – to win the ear
and signed orders of the military’s Commander in Chief,
President George W. Bush,
for what Pentagon hawks call ‘Operation In�nite War’ . . .
The Observer has learnt that two detailed proposals for warfare
without limit were
presented to the President this week by his Defence Secretary
Donald Rumsfeld, both
of which were temporarily put aside but remain on hold.
They were drawn up by his deputy, Paul Wolfowitz . . . the
plans argue for open-ended
war without constraint either of time or geography . . .
[T]he Pentagon militants prefer to speak of ‘revolving
alliances’, which look like a
12. Venn diagram, with an overlapping centre and only certain
countries coming within
the US orbit for different sectors and periods of an unending
war. The only countries
in the middle of the diagrammatic rose, where all the circles
overlap, are the US, Britain
and Turkey.
Of�cials say that in a war without precedent, the rules have to
be made up as it
develops, and that the so-called ‘Powell Doctrine’ arguing that
there should be no mil-
itary intervention without ‘clear and achievable’ political goals
is ‘irrelevant’ . . .
And there we have it: in�nite war – not necessarily continuous
war, but
war inde�nite in its duration, objectives, means and spatial
reach.
Just war and empire
To situate this new doctrine in its speci�c historical context
requires some
consideration of what went before. In particular, we are
interested in how
theorists have negotiated the constraints of just-war theory to
make it
compatible with aggressive and expansionist wars, especially i n
the early
years of European colonialism, when the foundations for future
13. imperialist
ideologies were laid down. Considering the current innovations
in military
doctrine against that background will help to illuminate the
ways in which
they correspond to the latest phase of Western imperialism, just
as earlier
phases called forth their own speci�c ideological adjustments.
Arguments about the legitimacy of war no doubt have a much
longer his-
tory than the just-war tradition. The Romans, for instance,
raised questions
about the legitimacy of war, and some, such as Cicero, appeared
to demand
fairly strict conditions – for instance, that only a war in self-
defence can be
legitimate. Yet, at the same time, these apparently stringent
limitations were
from the start made compatible with war in pursuit of imperial
power and
glory – no less by a republican like Cicero than by later
defenders of the
Empire. And, from the start, the Romans were inclined to
invoke a kind of
global, human society on whose behalf they were engaging in
their wars of
expansion, to civilise the world by imposing the Pax Romana.
That notion
14. of a global society required little modi�cation to serve the
purposes of later
Christians bent on their own brand of civilising mission, as the
Roman Empire
gave way to the Universal Church.
It is certainly true that Christian theology also produced
trenchant critiques
of imperial expansion and raised far-reaching questions about
the legitimacy
of war. But it is testimony to the remarkable �exibility of this
moral discourse
that, for instance, in the most expansionist early European
imperial power,
Spain, a theology critical of the Spanish empire in the Americas
could be
mobilised no less in its defence.2
12 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
2 For an illuminating discussion of Spanish imperialist
ideology, in contrast to that
of Britain and France, see Pagden 1995.
Early justi�cations of the empire, especially at a time when the
Spanish
sovereign was also Holy Roman Emperor, presented it as
something like a
mission on behalf of the Christian world order, based on
donation from the
15. pope in the form of papal Bulls. But the dif�cult relationship
between the
Spanish monarchy and the papacy made this an awkward
defence. To make
matters worse, the available theological arguments against the
claims of the
papacy, which worked in favour of the monarchy, tended also to
argue against
the Spanish conquest. Theologians of the Salamanca School
argued that the
pope, though he was the spiritual leader of Christendom, had no
temporal
authority over the world, nor did the pope have authority,
temporal or spir-
itual, over non-Christians. This meant not only that there was
no such thing
as a universal temporal empire but also that Spain could not rely
on a papal
donation and claim legitimacy for its conquest on the grounds
that it was
bringing Christianity to in�dels, or even that it was punishing
the savages
for violations of natural law.
These arguments, whether they were motivated by humanitarian
revulsion
at imperial atrocities or simply defending the monarchy against
the papacy,
challenged the right to impose Spanish domination on the
16. Americas. Yet a
justi�cation of empire emerged from the very same theological
tradition.
Having accepted that the old arguments based on the universal
temporal
authority of the church and the papacy would not serve, the new
justi�cation
relied instead on the ‘just war ’. Colonialism might not be
justi�ed on the
grounds of papal authority, but there were various legitimate
reasons for
waging war – to defend the ‘innocent’ or, much more broadly,
to promote
the values of ‘civilised’ (i.e. European) life. Just as a republic
could go to war
in self-defence, war could be waged on behalf of a universal
‘human repub-
lic’ threatened by behaviour that violated its particular
standards of peace
and good order. Any conquest resulting from a just war could
establish legit-
imate domination. The principle of war in self-defence could
thus embrace
anything, including universal conquest, not to mention slavery.
The Spanish, unlike other European empires, were
unambiguously explicit
that what they were justifying was indeed conquest. They were
obliged to
do so, given the nature and object of their empire. By far their
17. main interest
was the extraction of silver and gold from South American
mines. Their con-
quest was certainly genocidal; but, faced with a dense, well
organised, and
technologically fairly advanced indigenous population, they
seem to have
In�nite War � 13
had more to gain from conquering and ruling than completely
exterminat-
ing that population, requiring a labour force more than they
needed empty
territory. Even their agricultural plantations, in the encomienda
system, made
use of servile indigenous labour.
Other European empires, without access to massive wealth from
mines,
had different ambitions and hence different ideological needs.
The French
and the English made much of the differences between their
empires and the
Spanish, denying (with scant respect for historical truth) their
role as con-
querors and emphasising (with somewhat greater veracity) the
agricultural
18. and commercial nature of their colonies. We shall return to the
English case
in a moment, to explore some signi�cant ideological
innovations associated
with it. But the most striking example of theoretical
opportunism in response
to speci�c imperial needs is provided by the Dutch, in the
person of Hugo
Grotius.
The Dutch, more than any other Europeans, constructed a
commercial
empire, in which colonial conquest and settlement were a
secondary, or aux-
iliary, concern. Yet, in the pursuit of commercial supremacy,
the Dutch were
no less given to aggressive military violence than their rivals.
In the early
years of the Dutch Republic, as it was coming into its golden
age, military
expenditures accounted for a greater proportion of the
Republic’s excep-
tionally high tax revenues than did any other activity, and the
Dutch engaged
in some notorious acts of aggression.3 Nor did they abandon
military means
of gaining commercial advantage as the economy continued to
rise and then
fall – up to and including the Dutch role in England’s Glorious
Revolution.
19. Whatever the English may have thought about their ‘bloodless’
revolution,
the Dutch conceived it as an invasion, carried out with support
not only by
the state but by the Amsterdam stock exchange, for purely
commercial rea-
sons in an effort to counter the commercial rivalry of France.
The Dutch produced an ideology to match their ‘extra-
economic’ means
of establishing commercial supremacy. The case of Grotius is
particularly
important and revealing because he is commonly credited with
founding
international law, and his work is generally presented as a
theory of limita-
tions on war, a modern milestone in the just-war tradition. Yet,
that work is
14 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
3 On Dutch military expenditures during this period, see De
Vries and Van der
Woude 1997, pp. 100–2.
striking for its ideological opportunism, transparently
constructed to defend
the very particular practices of the Dutch in their quest for
commercial
domination in the early seventeenth century. To build his case,
20. he not only
produced a theory of war and peace but laid a foundation for
transforming
theories of politics and property in general.4 If Grotius is
indeed the founder
of international law, we may have to admit that international
law in its incep-
tion had as much to do with advocating as limiting war, and as
much to do
with pro�t as with justice.
Without formally violating the limits of the just-war tradition,
Grotius
was able, as Richard Tuck has persuasively shown, to justify
not only wars
of self-defence, however broadly conceived, but even the most
aggressive
wars pursued for no other reason than commercial pro�t. In
answer to the
requirement that a war can be just only if conducted by a proper
authority,
he was also able to defend aggressive action not just by
sovereign states but
by private trading companies.
In fact, the very principles commonly cited as central to his
restrictions on
war can have, and were intended to have, the opposite effect.
Grotius, like
other theorists of the seventeenth century, is credited with
21. something like a
conception of the state of nature, according to which individuals
possess nat-
ural rights prior to, and independent of, civil society. At the
same time, states,
which can have no powers that individuals do not already have
in nature,
must, he argued, like individuals be governed by the same moral
principles.
Although this is generally taken to place strict conditions on the
rightful
pursuit of war, this conception, with all its wide-ranging
implications for
political theory in general, was �rst elaborated by Grotius, at a
time when
the Dutch were embarking on commercial expansion in the
Indies, in order
to defend aggressive military action, not just by states but by
private traders
– action such as the seizure of Portuguese ships – on the
grounds that indi-
viduals, like and even before states, have the right to punish
those who wrong
them. Grotius, as Tuck puts it, ‘made this remarkable claim,
that there is no
signi�cant moral difference between individuals and states, and
that both
may use violence in the same way and for the same ends.’5
22. But violence in pursuit of commercial advantage, whether by
states or pri-
vate traders, does not, on the face of it, look like self-defence.
So Grotius went
In�nite War � 15
4 For a provocative, and persuasive, interpretation of Grotius,
see Tuck 1999.
5 Tuck 1999, p. 85.
further, effectively constructing a whole political theory on the
principle that
self-preservation is the �rst and most fundamental law of
nature, and then
de�ning self-preservation in the most capacious way. First, it
means that
individuals and states are permitted, perhaps even obliged, to
acquire for
themselves ‘those things which are useful for life’. Although
they may not,
in the process, injure others who have not injured them, their
own self-
preservation comes �rst.
Grotius’s notion of injury turns out to be very broadly
permissive, while
the moral principles to which individuals and states are both
subject are
23. minimal. The notion of some kind of international society bound
together
by certain common rules is regarded as one of Grotius’s major
contribu-
tions to international law and a peaceful world order. But his
argument had
far less to do with what individuals or states owe one another
than the
right they have to punish each other in pursuit of self-interest,
not only in
defending themselves against attack but ‘proactively’, as it
were, in purely
commercial rivalries. ‘Grotius,’ concludes Tuck, ‘endorsed for a
state the
most far-reaching set of rights to make war which were
available in the
contemporary repertoire.’6
This included not only a very wide-ranging international right
of punish-
ment but also, as Grotius adjusted his theories to the changing
needs of the
Dutch commercial empire, a right to appropriate territory. To
buttress that
right, Grotius was obliged to develop a theory of property –
and, here, his
ideological opportunism is particularly striking.
In the �rst instance, his main concern in constructing his theory
of prop-
24. erty was to argue for the freedom of the seas, to challenge the
right of
commercial rivals like the Portuguese to claim ownership of the
seas and
monopolise trade routes. We can only have a proprietary right,
he main-
tained, to things we can individually consume or transform. The
sea cannot
be property, because, like air, it cannot be occupied or used in
this way
and is, therefore, a common possession. Furthermore, what
cannot become
private property, he argued (contrary to traditional conceptions
of political
jurisdiction), cannot, by the same token, be the public property
of the state
either, since both private and public ownership come about in
the same way.
16 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
6 Tuck 1999, p. 108.
No state jurisdiction is possible where the kind of control
implied by prop-
erty is even in principle impossible.
It is not dif�cult to see how military intervention might be
justi�ed on these
25. grounds against those whose only wrong had been to assert a
hitherto accepted
right of state jurisdiction over neighbouring waters or the right
to regulate
certain �shing grounds and trade routes. Nor, of course, did this
principle
preclude the de facto monopolisation of trade that the Dutch
were aiming
for in certain places, where they simply coerced local
populations into trade,
while aggressively repelling their European rivals.
At this point, Grotius was, in a sense, more concerned with
what is not
property than what is. For the purposes of defending Dutch
commercial prac-
tices, and, in particular, the actions of the East India Company,
it was enough
to insist on the freedom of the seas and the right to pursue
commercial
interests aggressively. But, as Tuck points out, a shift in Dutch
commercial
policy, especially in the face of competition from the English
and the French,
meant that Dutch trading companies became more interested in
colonial set-
tlement than they had been before, if only to facilitate trade.
Grotius duly
mobilised his earlier theory of property to encompass this
requirement too.
26. Having argued that something could become property only if it
could be
individually consumed or transformed, which might be true of
land but not
the sea, he now elaborated the other side of that argument: if
usable things
were left unused, there was no property in them, and hence
people could
appropriate land left unused by others. Land left waste or barre n
– i.e. uncul-
tivated – was not property and could be claimed by those able
and willing
to cultivate it. Grotius’s argument had clear af�nities with the
Roman law
principle of res nullius, which decreed that any ‘empty thing’
such as un-
occupied land was common property until it was put to use – in
the case of
land, especially agricultural use. This would become a common
justi�cation
for European colonisation.7
In�nite War � 17
7 Pagden has a useful discussion of this principle and its use
particularly by the
English and, to a lesser degree, the French, and the reasons for
its absence in Span-
ish imperial ideology. See Pagden 1995, p. 77. The principle
was obviously more
useful in cases where imperialism took the form of settler
27. colonies which displaced
local populations and was of little use to the Spanish, with their
empire of explicit
conquest.
Grotius argued that no local authority could legitimately
prevent free
passage or the occupation of unused land, and any attempt to do
so could
legitimately be challenged by military means. Nevertheless,
since land, unlike
the sea, was in principle capable of transformation into
property, it was also
susceptible to political jurisdiction. Grotius never denied that
indigenous
authorities retained their general jurisdiction over the land –
something that
Dutch trading companies effectively accepted by seeking the
approval of
these local authorities and even paying them for taking land out
of their
jurisdiction.
Toward an ideology of capitalist imperialism
Although such principles of colonial appropriation suf�ced for
the Dutch,
whose main interest was in commercial supremacy, it would not
suf�ce for
28. other imperial powers, or one in particular. A much less
equivocal right of
appropriation by colonial settlers would be required by the
English as they
developed their own very speci�c pattern of colonisation. The
English, late
starters in the competition for overseas hegemony, began to rely
more on
white settler colonies than its rivals ever did. This pattern began
in Ireland,
and the Irish model was soon adapted to new colonies
elsewhere.
What is signi�cant about this model, from our point of view, is
that it was
accompanied by a very distinctive ideological strategy, which,
while it shared
certain assumptions with England’s European rivals, introduced
innovations
that re�ected a very speci�cally English experience. It is
signi�cant that this
ideological strategy did not take the form of a theory of
international rela-
tions or a doctrine of war and peace. The �rst major theoretical
contribution
of the English to the justi�cation of modern imperialism was a
theory of pri-
vate property.
In the late sixteenth century, the English adopted a policy of
colonisation
29. in Ireland more aggressive than ever before. The object was not
simply to
impose the state’s hegemony but also, and more particularly, to
resettle Irish
lands with English and Scottish colonists. This meant not only a
coercive
process of expropriation but also an attempt to transform Irish
property rela-
tions, on the model of English commercial agriculture.
This was, in a sense, an instant transition from feudal to
capitalist modes
of imperialism. Old strategies for dominating the Irish – by
means, for instance,
18 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
of English lordship – were being replaced by attempts
(successful or not) to
absorb Ireland into the English economy, even when, or
because, direct polit-
ical domination had failed. Not only would English and Scots
settlers import
the principles of English commercial agriculture but even Irish
chieftains
would – and did – emulate them, often taking English and Scots
tenants.
What direct coercion had failed to do, economic imperatives
might accom-
30. plish – even if this strategy revealed a contradiction which
would always
plague capitalist imperialism: having sought to impose these
new imperatives
on Ireland, the imperial power was then obliged to thwart the
development
of Ireland when it threatened to become a commercial rival, as
it did in the
seventeenth century.
But this new imperial strategy required its own ideological
defences. Since
Irish land could hardly be said to be unoccupied, or even
uncultivated, this
project clearly required something more than the ideological
supports pro-
vided by the doctrine of res nullius, even in the aggressively
colonialist form
advocated by Grotius.
We can see the beginnings of a new argument for colonisation
in the words
of Sir John Davies, one of the architects of English imperialism
in Ireland. In
a letter to the Earl of Salisbury in 1610 about the Ulster
plantation, he explains
the legal arguments in favour of expropriating the Irish and
transferring their
property to English and Scots settlers. The argument that stands
out for our
31. purposes here is that ‘half their land doth now lie waste, by
reason whereof
that which is habited is not improved to half the value; but
when the under-
takers [the settlers] are planted among them . . ., and that land
shall be fully
stocked and manured, 500 acres will be of better value than
5000 are now.’
It is already clear in this passage that occupancy is no longer
the relevant
issue. Nor, for that matter, is waste alone. Occupied land, even
cultivated
land, can be appropriated if the occupants are failing to use it
productively
enough. The criterion is no longer waste or usage in the
traditional sense but
relative value.
The argument outlined by Sir John Davies in rudimentary form
was clearly
rooted in the domestic experience of English agriculture, in
which consid-
erations of ‘improvement’ and relative value belonged to the
everyday
consciousness of commercial landlords, as did arguments in
favour of enclo-
sure at home strikingly similar to the case for colonial
expropriation. Similarly,
when William Petty, often called the father of classical political
economy, later
32. In�nite War � 19
elaborated a labour theory of value for the very practical
imperialist purpose
of surveying the value of land in Ireland for redistribution to
Cromwell’s
army, in his capacity as Cromwell’s Surveyor General, he
brought to bear the
experience of English agrarian capitalism.
But the argument already hinted at by John Davies in Ireland
found its
most systematic development later in the century, in the work of
John Locke –
though there is no need to assume any direct in�uence, since
such arguments
were in the air of England’s developing agrarian capitalism.
Locke’s theory
of property justi�es at one and the same time the practices of
colonialists in
the Americas and capitalist landlords at home, interests
combined perfectly
in the person of Locke’s mentor, the �rst Earl of Shaftesbury.
Commentators have pointed out that Locke introduced an
important inno-
vation into the res nullius principle by justifying colonial
appropriation of
33. unused land without the consent of any local sovereign, and that
he pro-
vided settlers with an argument that justi�ed their actions on
the basis of
natural law, without any reference to civil authority.8 In that
respect, he went
even further than Grotius, with his equivocal recognition of
local authority.
Locke did have a precursor in Thomas More (a critic of
enclosure who was
himself an encloser), who in his Utopia suggested a similar
principle about
the colonial occupation of unused land without the permission
of local inhab-
itants. But there is something even more distinctive in Locke’s
argument,
which owes less to pan-European legal and philosophical
traditions than to
the speci�c experience of England, and to its domestic property
relations even
before its colonial ventures.
Like Grotius, Locke associates property with use and
transformation. But
his argument is not simply that things can become property
when, and only
when, they are used and transformed. The point is rather that
the right of
property derives from the creation of value. His famous labour
theory of
34. property in Chapter Five of his Second Treatise of Government,
according to
20 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
8 It is striking that histories of early modern European political
thought, such as
those by Pagden and Tuck, as well as James Tully, whose work
has revealed much
about the imperial implications of Locke’s theory of property,
seem to have a blind
spot when it comes to theoretical innovations related to the
speci�c experience of
English capitalism. It will be argued in what follows that Locke
differentiates himself
from his European predecessors and Continental contemporaries
more than any of
these histories allow, in ways that are directly related to the
distinctive historical expe-
rience of England and English imperialism. See Tully 1993,
and, for a critique, Wood
1994.
which we acquire property in something when we ‘mix’ our
labour with it,
is full of complexities (including the question of whose labour,
since the mas-
ter is entitled to property derived from his servant’s labour),
which there is
no space to explore here. But one thing that is emphatically
clear is that the
creation of value is the basis of property. Labour establishes a
35. right of prop-
erty because it is labour that ‘puts the difference of value on
every thing.’9
And the value in question is not ‘intrinsic’ but exchange value.
This implies not only that mere occupancy is not enough to
establish prop-
erty rights, or even that hunting-gathering cannot establish the
right of
property while agriculture can, but also that insuf�ciently
productive and
pro�table agriculture, by the standards of English agrarian
capitalism, effec-
tively constitutes waste. Land in America is open to
colonisation because
an acre of land in ‘unimproved’ America, Locke argues (in a
manner remini-
scent of Davies in Ireland) which may be as naturally fertile as
an acre in
England, and have the same ‘intrinsick’ (sic) value, is not worth
1/1000 of
the English acre, if we calculate ‘all the Pro�t an Indian
received from it were
it valued and sold here.’10
Locke thus goes beyond even Grotius in asserting the primacy
of private
property over political jurisdiction in the colonies. In fact,
political jurisdic-
36. tion at either end of the colonial relationship is conspicuously
absent. For
Grotius, writing on behalf of the Dutch commercial empire, in
which the prin-
cipal issue was commercial rivalry among trading nations vying
for supremacy
in international commerce, it really was a question of
‘international relations’,
including the issue of war and peace among states. Although the
Dutch cer-
tainly introduced innovations in their own domestic production,
the kind
of commercial supremacy they enjoyed depended in large part
on ‘extra-
economic’ advantages, superior shipping and sophisticated
commercial
practices, the command of sea routes, de facto if not always de
jure trading
monopolies, and far-�ung trading posts.11 All of these
advantages were, in
one way or another, bound up with questions of war, peace,
military might
and diplomacy. Even when, as the Dutch supplemented their
earlier poli-
cies of imposing trade on local powers, in the Indies and
elsewhere, with
In�nite War � 21
9 Locke 1988, Paragraph 40.
37. 10 Locke 1988, Paragraph 43.
11 This argument about the Dutch Republic’s reliance on ‘extra-
economic’ advan-
tages is elaborated in Wood 2002.
outright colonial settlement, so that Grotius was obliged to
extend his argu-
ment to encompass colonial appropriation, he never gave up his
original
conceptual framework, just as the Dutch never gave up their
primary con-
cern with trade and commercial supremacy.
Early modern England, no less than other commercial powers,
engaged in
the same international rivalries. English theorists could also
draw on older
theories of just war, for example, to justify slavery – as Locke
did himself –
by arguing that captives taken in a just war could legitimately
be enslaved.
But there was already something new going on, and we �nd its
best early
expression in Locke. Here, we �nd the beginnings of a
conception of empire
rooted in capitalist principles, in pursuit of pro�t derived not
simply from
exchange but from the creation of value in competitive
38. production. This is a
conception of empire that is not simply about establishing
imperial rule or
even commercial supremacy but about extending the logic and
the impera-
tives of the domestic economy and drawing others into its orbit.
Although
capitalist imperialism would never dispense with more
traditional means of
justifying imperial expansion, it had now added wholly new
weapons to the
ideological arsenal.
Globalisation and war
The ‘second’, and more properly ‘British’, Empire, whose
crown jewel was
India, produced its own ideological requirements. To justify
imperial dom-
ination of a strong commercial power like India with complex
political
institutions, where the land was very much and insurmountably
occupied,
and where the issue was neither simply trade nor colonial
settlement but
domination of one major power by another, demanded
arguments other than
those deployed in colonising the New World. Much of the old
ideological
39. repertoire could be adapted to suit this new conquest, but some
adjustments
had to be made. In particular, a modernisation, so to speak, of
the old uni-
versal society argument was called upon to bear the ideological
weight of
the new empire. Where the old version invoked certain universal
principles
of civilised order to justify imperial wars, that theme was now
modi�ed
by more recent conceptions of progress. India could then be
depicted as
enjoying benign British tutelage, at least until its political and
economic devel-
opment had caught up with the imperial guardian.
22 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
But if the new empire had different ideological requirements
than the old,
the theoretical innovations that had buttressed the �rst British
empire, in
Ireland and America, remained in some respects more prescient
about the
future shape of capitalist imperialism. This is true not, of
course, in the sense
that colonial settlement was to be the dominant form of
capitalist imperial-
40. ism. But, in other ways, the ideological weapons forged to
defend the Irish
and American models were more speci�cally capitalist than
other available
theories. It is here that we begin to �nd a conception of empire
not as con-
quest or even military domination and political jurisdiction, but
as purely
economic hegemony.
John Locke, again, best re�ects this new conception of empire,
in the sense
that his theory of colonial appropriation by-passes altogether
the question of
political jurisdiction or the right of one political power to
dominate another.
In his theory of property, we can observe imperialism becoming
a directly
economic relationship, even if that relationship required brutal
force to implant
it. That kind of relationship could be justi�ed not by the right
to rule but by
the right, indeed the obligation, to produce exchange value.
Capitalist imperialism eventually became almost entirely a
matter of
economic domination, in which market imperatives,
manipulated by the
dominant capitalist powers, were made to do the work no longer
done by
imperial states or colonial settlers. It is a distinctive and
41. essential character-
istic of capitalist imperialism that its economic reach far
exceeds its direct
political and military grasp. It can rely on the economic
imperatives of
‘the market’ to do much of its imperial work. This sharply
differentiates it
from earlier forms of imperialism, which depended directly on
such extra-
economic powers, whether territorial empires which could reach
only as far
as the capacity of their direct coercive powers to impose their
rule, or com-
mercial empires whose advantages depended, for example, on
domination
of the seas.
Once subordinate powers are made vulnerable to economic
imperatives
and the ‘laws’ of the market, direct rule by imperial states is no
longer required
to impose the will of capital. But here we encounter a paradox,
or, better still,
a fundamental contradiction of capitalism. Market imperatives
may reach
far beyond the power of any single state, but these imperatives
themselves
must be enforced by coercive extra-economic power. Neither
the imposi-
42. tion of economic imperatives, nor the everyday social order
demanded by
In�nite War � 23
capital accumulation and the operations of the market, can be
achieved with-
out the help of coercive powers much more local and
territorially limited
than the economic reach of capital.
That is why, paradoxically, the more purely economic empire
has become,
the more the nation-state has proliferated. Not only imperial
powers but
subordinate states have proved necessary to the rule of global
capital. It has,
in fact, been a major strategy of capitalist imperialism even to
create local
states to act as conduits for capitalist imperatives.
Globalisation has not transcended this need. The ‘globalised’
world is
more than ever a world of nation-states. In fact, the new
imperialism we
call globalisation, precisely because it depends on a wide-
ranging economic
hegemony that reaches far beyond any state’s territorial
boundaries or polit-
ical dominion, is a form of imperialism more dependent than
43. any other on
a system of multiple states.
Subordinate states that act at the behest of global capital may be
more effec-
tive than the old colonial settlers who once carried capitalist
imperatives
throughout the world, but they also pose great risks. In
particular, they are
subject to their own internal pressures and oppositional forces,
and their own
coercive powers can fall into the wrong hands, which may
oppose the will
of imperial capital. In this globalised world, where the nation-
state is sup-
posed to be dying, the irony is that, because the new
imperialism depends
more than ever on a system of multiple states, it matters to
capital more than
ever who commands those local states and how. For instance,
popular strug-
gles for truly democratic states, for a transformation in the
balance of class
forces in the state, with international solidarity among such
democratic national
struggles, might present a greater challenge to imperial power
than ever
before.
At any rate, the imperial power has acted to ensure against any
44. risk of los-
ing its hold on the global state system. However unlikely or
distant that
prospect may seem, the US has been ready to anticipate it by
using its one
most unambiguous advantage, its overwhelming military power
– if only
because it can do so more or less with impunity.
But if military force remains an indispensable tool of the new
imperial-
ism, its nature and objectives must be different from its
application in old
colonial empires. The old forms of colonial imperialism
required outright
conquest, together with theories of war and peace to justify it.
Early capital-
24 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
ist imperialism, while no less dependent on coercive force to
take control of
colonial territory, seemed able to dispense with a political
defence of coloni-
sation and to incorporate the justi�cation of colonial settlement
into a theory
of property. Globalisation, the economic imperialism of capital
taken to its
logical conclusion, has, paradoxically, required a new doctrine
45. of extra-
economic, and especially military, coercion.
The practical and doctrinal dif�culties posed by this new
situation are obvi-
ous. If local states will guard the economy, who will guard the
guardians? It
is impossible for any single state power, even the massive
military force of
the US, to impose itself every day, everywhere, throughout the
global system.
Nor can any conceivable collective force impose the will of
global capital all
the time on a multitude of subordinate states, or maintain the
predictable
order required by capital’s daily transactio ns. It is not easy to
identify the
role of military force in defending a borderless empire and
establishing impe-
rial control over a global economy, instead of sovereignty over
a clearly
bounded territory.
Since even US military power cannot be everywhere at once (it
has never
even aspired to more than two local wars at a time), the only
option is to
demonstrate, by frequent displays of military force, that it can
go anywhere
at any time, and do great damage. This is not to say that war
46. will be con-
stant. ‘Operation In�nite War’ is apparently intended to
produce something
more like Hobbes’s ‘state of war’: ‘the nature of war,’ he writes
in the Leviathan,
‘consisteth not in actual �ghting, but in the known disposition
thereto
during all the time there is no assurance to the contrary’. It is
this endless
possibility of war that imperial capital needs in order to sustain
its hegemony
over the global system of multiple states.
Hobbes understood what the new imperialists know: that power
rests to
a great extent on psychology and especially fear. As the right-
wing com-
mentator, Charles Krauthammer has recently said in the
Washington Post, ‘The
elementary truth that seems to elude the experts again and again
– Gulf war,
Afghan war, next war – is that power is its own reward. Victory
changes
everything, psychology above all. The psychology in the region
is now one
of fear and deep respect for American power. Now is the time to
use it to
deter, defeat or destroy the other régimes . . .’, above all, Iraq.
So, while power
produces fear, fear produces more power; and the purpose of a
47. war like the
one in Afghanistan is to create a psychological climate, as much
as anything
In�nite War � 25
else, a purpose more easily served by attacking adversaries who
can be
defeated with relative ease (and where, perhaps, the outcome
matters rela-
tively little to the imperial power), and then moving on to
bigger game,
forti�ed by universal fear.
This does not necessarily mean that the US, as global capital’s
ultimate
coercive power, will wage war for no reason at all, just for the
purpose of
display. There are likely to be more �nite goals, as in
Afghanistan, though
even here, the objectives probably have more to do with trying
out new modes
of war and, above all, creating a political climate for the open-
ended ‘war
against terrorism’ – even more than, say, ensuring access to the
huge oil and
gas reserves of Central Asia, which many commentators have
suggested is
48. the purpose of the war.
But, whatever speci�c objectives such wars may have, there is
always some-
thing more. The larger purpose is to shape the political
environment in a
complex system of multiple states. In some cases, particularly
in subordinate
states, the object is exemplary terror, pour encourager les
autres. In advanced
capitalist states, the political environment is shaped in other
ways, by their
implication in imperial alliances.12 But in all cases, the
overriding objective
is to demonstrate US hegemony.
Such purposes help to explain why there has developed a pattern
of resort
to military action by the US in situations ill-suited to military
solutions, why
massive military action is anything but a last resort, and why
the connection
between means and ends in these military ventures is typically
so tenuous.
An endless empire which has no boundaries, even no territory,
requires war
without end. An invisible empire requires in�nite war, and a
new doctrine
of war to justify it.
References
49. Gowan, Peter forthcoming, ‘American Global Government: Will
It Work?’, Deutscher
Memorial Prize Lecture, to appear in Socialist Register 2003.
Locke, John 1988, Second Treatise of Government, edited by
Peter Laslett, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
26 � Ellen Meiksins Wood
12 See Gowan forthcoming on US efforts to shape the political
environment in allied
capitalist powers.
Pagden, Anthony 1995, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of
Empire in Spain, Britain and
France c. 1500–1800, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Tuck, Richard 1999, The Rights of War and Peace: Political
Thought and the International
Order from Grotius to Kant, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tully, James 1993, An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke
in Contexts, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
de Vries, Jan and Ad van der Woude 1997, The First Modern
Economic: Success, Failure,
50. and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815,
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Wood, Ellen Meiksins 1994, ‘Radicalism, Capitalism and
Historical Contexts: Not Only
Reply to Richard Ashcraft on John Locke’, History of Political
Thought, 15, 3: 323–72.
Wood, Ellen Meiksins 2002, ‘The Question of Market
Dependence’ , Journal of Agrarian
Change, 2, 1: 50–87.
In�nite War � 27
Copyright of Historical Materialism is the property of Brill
Academic Publishers and its content may not be
copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv
without the copyright holder's express written
permission. However, users may print, download, or email
articles for individual use.