Queen Elizabeth I said "I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England." She was born in 1533, considered illegitimate by Roman Catholics. After her father Henry VIII and sister Mary's deaths, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558 at age 25, ruling for 44 years without marrying or having children. Her reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada, voyages to the Americas preparing England for colonization, and flourishing of the arts.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married but faced pressure to choose a husband from foreign princes like Philip II of Spain and the Duke of Anjou of France. Her half-sister Mary Tudor preceded her after their father Henry VIII disowned Elizabeth upon his death. Elizabeth faced significant religious tensions during her rule between Catholics and Protestants, and she was eventually excommunicated by the Pope. She defeated the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, cementing England's status. Elizabeth died childless at age 69 and was succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland.
The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry VII establishing financial independence for the Crown, Henry VIII breaking with the Catholic Church and making himself head of the new Church of England, Edward VI continuing Protestant reforms, Mary I attempting to return England to Catholicism and burning Protestants, and Elizabeth I establishing the Church of England and facing threats from Catholic Spain. Overall, the Tudor period saw major religious changes and the rise of the power of the English monarchy.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 in England to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She became queen in 1558 at age 25 and faced many challenges during her reign, including wars with Spain and maintaining England's Protestant religious policies. Elizabeth established the Church of England which helped shape England's national identity and remained influential after her death in 1603 at age 69.
Scotland is a country that forms part of the United Kingdom, located in the northern part of the island of Great Britain. It has a population of over 5 million and its capital and largest city is Edinburgh, though Glasgow is the largest city. Scotland has a long history and distinct cultural identity, with its own legal system and devolved government within the UK. Traditional industries have included fishing, agriculture, and oil/gas extraction from the North Sea, while tourism and whisky production are now major parts of the economy.
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
Queen Victoria came to the throne of England in 1837 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. Together they had nine children over the next 18 years. When Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861, Victoria was devastated and wore black in mourning for the rest of her life. She was the longest reigning British monarch, on the throne from 1837 until her death in 1901.
Queen Elizabeth I said "I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England." She was born in 1533, considered illegitimate by Roman Catholics. After her father Henry VIII and sister Mary's deaths, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558 at age 25, ruling for 44 years without marrying or having children. Her reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada, voyages to the Americas preparing England for colonization, and flourishing of the arts.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married but faced pressure to choose a husband from foreign princes like Philip II of Spain and the Duke of Anjou of France. Her half-sister Mary Tudor preceded her after their father Henry VIII disowned Elizabeth upon his death. Elizabeth faced significant religious tensions during her rule between Catholics and Protestants, and she was eventually excommunicated by the Pope. She defeated the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, cementing England's status. Elizabeth died childless at age 69 and was succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland.
The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry VII establishing financial independence for the Crown, Henry VIII breaking with the Catholic Church and making himself head of the new Church of England, Edward VI continuing Protestant reforms, Mary I attempting to return England to Catholicism and burning Protestants, and Elizabeth I establishing the Church of England and facing threats from Catholic Spain. Overall, the Tudor period saw major religious changes and the rise of the power of the English monarchy.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 in England to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She became queen in 1558 at age 25 and faced many challenges during her reign, including wars with Spain and maintaining England's Protestant religious policies. Elizabeth established the Church of England which helped shape England's national identity and remained influential after her death in 1603 at age 69.
Scotland is a country that forms part of the United Kingdom, located in the northern part of the island of Great Britain. It has a population of over 5 million and its capital and largest city is Edinburgh, though Glasgow is the largest city. Scotland has a long history and distinct cultural identity, with its own legal system and devolved government within the UK. Traditional industries have included fishing, agriculture, and oil/gas extraction from the North Sea, while tourism and whisky production are now major parts of the economy.
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
Queen Victoria came to the throne of England in 1837 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. Together they had nine children over the next 18 years. When Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861, Victoria was devastated and wore black in mourning for the rest of her life. She was the longest reigning British monarch, on the throne from 1837 until her death in 1901.
Henry Tudor declared himself King of England and Wales after the Wars of the Roses, taking Elizabeth of York as his wife to unite the houses of York and Lancaster. He faced problems with low funds, lawlessness, and the threat of invasion from Spain. Henry managed to make peace with Spain by marrying his son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon. After Arthur's death, Catherine went on to marry his brother Henry VIII. Henry VIII had six wives and broke with the Catholic Church when the Pope refused him a divorce, establishing the Church of England instead.
The document provides background information on the Hundred Years War between France and England from 1337 to 1453. It summarizes key events such as the Norman Conquest establishing English claims to French lands, early English victories at battles like Crecy and Agincourt through the use of the longbow and cannons, and the rise of Joan of Arc who helped rally French forces and lift the English siege of Orleans, shifting momentum back to France.
The document provides information about the geography, national symbols, and capital cities of the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It includes maps of each country and descriptions of their national flags, coats of arms, and flowers. It also highlights several important landmarks and monuments in each capital city, such as Big Ben and Westminster Abbey in London, Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, and Belfast Port in Northern Ireland.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandbeajoyarcenio
The document provides information about attractions and places of interest in the United Kingdom, as well as background details on the country. It lists famous British landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, and Oxford University. Additionally, it covers facts about the constituent countries of the UK, including demographics, government, and a brief history stretching from ancient Britain to the present day.
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
The current British monarch is Queen Elizabeth II. First in line to the throne is her eldest son Charles, Prince of Wales. Second in line is Charles' elder son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Third in line is Charles' younger son Prince Harry of Wales.
The British Royal Family is headed by Queen Elizabeth II. She has 4 children including Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. The document outlines the lineage of the Royal Family, including Elizabeth II's husband Prince Philip and their children and grandchildren. It provides details on members such as their names, titles, spouses, and children. Buckingham Palace is mentioned as the official residence of the Queen in London.
The Royal Family
The Queen, Elizabeth II, has reigned since 1952 and is the longest reigning British monarch. She was born in 1926 and is married to Prince Philip. They have four children together: Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. Prince Charles married Diana Spencer in 1981 and they had two sons, Prince William and Prince Harry, before divorcing in 1996. Diana tragically passed away in 1997. Charles later married Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005. The Queen continues to carry out her royal duties well into her 90s.
The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to 1603 and was comprised of five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. The dynasty originated in the 13th century and solidified its hold on the throne through Henry VII's victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses. The Tudor rulers established England as a Protestant nation under Henry VIII, who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, and faced religious and political challenges during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She received an education in many languages and subjects. Although she had a difficult relationship with her sister Mary, after Mary's death Elizabeth took the throne at age 25. During her reign, Elizabeth helped establish England as a major power through defeating the Spanish Armada and providing strong leadership through religious, political, and economic challenges, despite facing some corruption and unrest at the end of her rule.
Henry II was the first king of the Plantagenet dynasty. He inherited lands from his father and increased his holdings through marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry had numerous conflicts with church leaders like Thomas Becket and rebellions from his sons and wife over the succession to the throne. Despite these challenges, Henry established English common law and was a powerful ruler until his death in 1189.
This comic strip summarizes the events surrounding William the Conqueror's invasion of England in 1066 and his defeat of King Harold. It tells of how William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne after the death of King Edward the Confessor, despite Harold taking control of the kingdom. William built a large fleet and launched an invasion from Normandy. After defeating the Norwegian King's attack in the north, an exhausted Harold's army was defeated by William at the Battle of Hastings through a strategic ambush using hidden archers in the woods. Harold was killed and William became King of England, thereafter being known as William the Conqueror.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe through military conquest in the late 8th and early 9th centuries. He was crowned King of the Franks in 768 and expanded his empire to include lands in modern day France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and northern Italy. Charlemagne also sparked a cultural renaissance by supporting the collection of classical manuscripts and establishing schools. He helped spread Christianity and standardized religious practices across Europe.
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
King James I dealt with issues of money and religion with Parliament. His son, Charles I, dissolved Parliament when they refused to raise taxes for his wars, leading to conflict over royal powers. This resulted in the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was captured, tried for treason, and executed. Cromwell established a republic that was a dictatorship under his rule. After his death, the monarchy was restored but with new limits on royal power defined by the Bill of Rights.
Elizabeth I faced several challenges as Queen of England, including being a female ruler in a time when women did not typically hold such power. She also had to navigate tensions between Catholics and Protestants after the religious changes under her siblings. Additionally, Mary Queen of Scots posed a threat to Elizabeth's rule as Mary had a claim to the English throne. Elizabeth overcame these problems through carefully cultivating her public image, presenting herself as a powerful monarch. She also pursued a moderate religious policy to avoid alienating either Catholics or more radical Protestants. However, Mary Queen of Scots continued to challenge Elizabeth through plots against her, ultimately leading to Mary's execution for treason.
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. During her 45-year reign, she transformed England into a strong Protestant nation and established itself as a major power on the world stage through naval victories over Spain. Her defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured England's position as the dominant naval power and established its identity as a sovereign state. Elizabeth also presided over the English Renaissance and fostered the growth of arts and literature during her reign, with playwrights like Shakespeare producing great works. She remained beloved by the English people for restoring stability and prosperity to the nation.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 and became Queen of England in 1559 after her coronation. She concluded war with France by signing the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis that same year. In 1577, she agreed to an alliance with the Netherlands to help them fight Spain. Sir Francis Drake was knighted by Elizabeth in 1581 after capturing Spanish treasure. Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587 for conspiring against Elizabeth, leading to the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Elizabeth granted a charter establishing the East India Company in 1600 before her death in 1603.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She skillfully balanced power between masculine and feminine traits. Elizabeth demonstrated personal skills like leadership, education, and people skills. She maintained balance of power through empathy, compassion, patience and being both bold and decisive. Elizabeth promoted tolerance between Catholics and Protestants through shared English nationality. While sometimes ruthless against threats, her rule oversaw military victory over the Spanish Armada and a Golden Age of English literature, trade and colonization.
Henry Tudor declared himself King of England and Wales after the Wars of the Roses, taking Elizabeth of York as his wife to unite the houses of York and Lancaster. He faced problems with low funds, lawlessness, and the threat of invasion from Spain. Henry managed to make peace with Spain by marrying his son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon. After Arthur's death, Catherine went on to marry his brother Henry VIII. Henry VIII had six wives and broke with the Catholic Church when the Pope refused him a divorce, establishing the Church of England instead.
The document provides background information on the Hundred Years War between France and England from 1337 to 1453. It summarizes key events such as the Norman Conquest establishing English claims to French lands, early English victories at battles like Crecy and Agincourt through the use of the longbow and cannons, and the rise of Joan of Arc who helped rally French forces and lift the English siege of Orleans, shifting momentum back to France.
The document provides information about the geography, national symbols, and capital cities of the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It includes maps of each country and descriptions of their national flags, coats of arms, and flowers. It also highlights several important landmarks and monuments in each capital city, such as Big Ben and Westminster Abbey in London, Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, and Belfast Port in Northern Ireland.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandbeajoyarcenio
The document provides information about attractions and places of interest in the United Kingdom, as well as background details on the country. It lists famous British landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, and Oxford University. Additionally, it covers facts about the constituent countries of the UK, including demographics, government, and a brief history stretching from ancient Britain to the present day.
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
The current British monarch is Queen Elizabeth II. First in line to the throne is her eldest son Charles, Prince of Wales. Second in line is Charles' elder son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Third in line is Charles' younger son Prince Harry of Wales.
The British Royal Family is headed by Queen Elizabeth II. She has 4 children including Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. The document outlines the lineage of the Royal Family, including Elizabeth II's husband Prince Philip and their children and grandchildren. It provides details on members such as their names, titles, spouses, and children. Buckingham Palace is mentioned as the official residence of the Queen in London.
The Royal Family
The Queen, Elizabeth II, has reigned since 1952 and is the longest reigning British monarch. She was born in 1926 and is married to Prince Philip. They have four children together: Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. Prince Charles married Diana Spencer in 1981 and they had two sons, Prince William and Prince Harry, before divorcing in 1996. Diana tragically passed away in 1997. Charles later married Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005. The Queen continues to carry out her royal duties well into her 90s.
The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to 1603 and was comprised of five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. The dynasty originated in the 13th century and solidified its hold on the throne through Henry VII's victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses. The Tudor rulers established England as a Protestant nation under Henry VIII, who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, and faced religious and political challenges during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She received an education in many languages and subjects. Although she had a difficult relationship with her sister Mary, after Mary's death Elizabeth took the throne at age 25. During her reign, Elizabeth helped establish England as a major power through defeating the Spanish Armada and providing strong leadership through religious, political, and economic challenges, despite facing some corruption and unrest at the end of her rule.
Henry II was the first king of the Plantagenet dynasty. He inherited lands from his father and increased his holdings through marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry had numerous conflicts with church leaders like Thomas Becket and rebellions from his sons and wife over the succession to the throne. Despite these challenges, Henry established English common law and was a powerful ruler until his death in 1189.
This comic strip summarizes the events surrounding William the Conqueror's invasion of England in 1066 and his defeat of King Harold. It tells of how William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne after the death of King Edward the Confessor, despite Harold taking control of the kingdom. William built a large fleet and launched an invasion from Normandy. After defeating the Norwegian King's attack in the north, an exhausted Harold's army was defeated by William at the Battle of Hastings through a strategic ambush using hidden archers in the woods. Harold was killed and William became King of England, thereafter being known as William the Conqueror.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe through military conquest in the late 8th and early 9th centuries. He was crowned King of the Franks in 768 and expanded his empire to include lands in modern day France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and northern Italy. Charlemagne also sparked a cultural renaissance by supporting the collection of classical manuscripts and establishing schools. He helped spread Christianity and standardized religious practices across Europe.
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
King James I dealt with issues of money and religion with Parliament. His son, Charles I, dissolved Parliament when they refused to raise taxes for his wars, leading to conflict over royal powers. This resulted in the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was captured, tried for treason, and executed. Cromwell established a republic that was a dictatorship under his rule. After his death, the monarchy was restored but with new limits on royal power defined by the Bill of Rights.
Elizabeth I faced several challenges as Queen of England, including being a female ruler in a time when women did not typically hold such power. She also had to navigate tensions between Catholics and Protestants after the religious changes under her siblings. Additionally, Mary Queen of Scots posed a threat to Elizabeth's rule as Mary had a claim to the English throne. Elizabeth overcame these problems through carefully cultivating her public image, presenting herself as a powerful monarch. She also pursued a moderate religious policy to avoid alienating either Catholics or more radical Protestants. However, Mary Queen of Scots continued to challenge Elizabeth through plots against her, ultimately leading to Mary's execution for treason.
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. During her 45-year reign, she transformed England into a strong Protestant nation and established itself as a major power on the world stage through naval victories over Spain. Her defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured England's position as the dominant naval power and established its identity as a sovereign state. Elizabeth also presided over the English Renaissance and fostered the growth of arts and literature during her reign, with playwrights like Shakespeare producing great works. She remained beloved by the English people for restoring stability and prosperity to the nation.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 and became Queen of England in 1559 after her coronation. She concluded war with France by signing the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis that same year. In 1577, she agreed to an alliance with the Netherlands to help them fight Spain. Sir Francis Drake was knighted by Elizabeth in 1581 after capturing Spanish treasure. Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587 for conspiring against Elizabeth, leading to the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Elizabeth granted a charter establishing the East India Company in 1600 before her death in 1603.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She skillfully balanced power between masculine and feminine traits. Elizabeth demonstrated personal skills like leadership, education, and people skills. She maintained balance of power through empathy, compassion, patience and being both bold and decisive. Elizabeth promoted tolerance between Catholics and Protestants through shared English nationality. While sometimes ruthless against threats, her rule oversaw military victory over the Spanish Armada and a Golden Age of English literature, trade and colonization.
Elizabeth 1 & the Politics of the Elizabethan EraPatrick
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She never married but was a strong Protestant ruler who supported the arts. During her reign, England had various political conflicts with Catholic Spain over religion and trade, as well as with Catholic Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare's plays were popular during this time and performed regularly for the queen, though their relationship was professional rather than close. The character of Portia in The Merchant of Venice shares similarities with Elizabeth I as a strong female leader.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until 1603. She was born in 1533 to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn and became queen at age 25 after the death of her half-sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth established the Church of England and passed laws to establish responsibility for the poor. She faced many challenges to her rule from Catholic plots and foreign threats, but was able to maintain England's independence through military campaigns and the failure of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth remains a iconic figure in English history.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 and was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth spent time imprisoned in the Tower of London during the reign of her Catholic sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England and united people of different religions. She gained popularity among the English people and is renowned for defeating the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth never married and died childless at the age of 69, making her the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Queen Elizabeth II was born in 1926 in London. She became queen in 1952 upon the death of her father, King George VI. She has reigned for over 57 years, making her the longest reigning British monarch in history. As queen, she carries out various governmental and ceremonial duties as head of state, head of the armed forces, and head of the Church of England. She resides at several royal residences including Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle, and Sandringham House.
The Tudor Dynasty began with Henry VII taking the throne in 1485 after defeating Richard III at Bosworth Field. His son, Henry VIII, inherited a prosperous kingdom but oversaw England's split from the Catholic Church during his tyrannical reign from 1509-1547. Henry married six times and had three children who would become monarchs - Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. Edward became King at age 9 but died young, followed by Mary's zealous restoration of Catholicism before the long reign of the Protestant Virgin Queen Elizabeth I.
The document provides an overview of Geoffrey Chaucer's famous work The Canterbury Tales. It describes Chaucer's original plan for the stories, discusses how the text was left unfinished, and summarizes some of the pilgrim characters that are featured, including the Wife of Bath, the Prioress, the Monk, the Merchant, and the Physician. The document encourages readers to imagine creating their own pilgrim characters that would join the group traveling to Canterbury.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and have anti-depressant effects. Staying active through walking, sports, yoga or strength training can promote better mental health and well-being.
Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603 during what is known as the Elizabethan Age. As queen, she helped shape England by establishing a stable monarchy, developing legal institutions, encouraging commerce, and establishing the Protestant religion. She never married or produced an heir, instead dedicating herself to ruling England. During her long reign, England prospered culturally and economically through expansion of the government, cooperation with powerful men, and capable ministers who helped her effectively govern. The Elizabethan era saw the rise of great English literature and architecture.
Mary Stuart was educated in France from age five, learning languages, instruments, and skills like horsemanship and needlework. She returned to Scotland at age 19 after it had become Protestant, to assume her role as Queen of various lands due to her lineage. Her marriage to her cousin Darnley caused controversy and led to her imprisonment and eventual execution under the order of her cousin Queen Elizabeth I, who viewed Mary as a threat.
Mary Queen of Scotland became queen of Scotland at only 9 months old after her father James V died. She had a difficult relationship with her cousin Elizabeth I, Queen of England. Mary was eventually imprisoned in England for 19 years after plotting to kill Elizabeth and take the English throne. She escaped imprisonment in Scotland but was later captured and executed in England at age 44, having spent most of her life embroiled in conflict over her claim to the English throne.
Mary Queen of Scots was born in 1542 at Linlithgow Palace in Scotland. She became Queen of Scotland when she was just one year old after her father James V died. Mary was later sent to France where she married Francis, the heir to the French throne, and became Queen of France. However, she returned to Scotland as a widow in 1561 to turbulent times, as Scotland had become Protestant during her absence. Mary went on to marry several times more but faced imprisonment by her cousin Queen Elizabeth of England, under whom she was eventually executed in 1587.
Queen Takes Queen - Elizabeth I vs. Mary, Queen of ScotsAlejandro De Greef
Mary Queen of Scots fled to England seeking help from Queen Elizabeth after her marriage to Bothwell led the Scottish people to turn against her. However, Elizabeth was suspicious that Mary would try to take the English throne and had her imprisoned for over 18 years. During her imprisonment, Mary was the center of several plots against Elizabeth, including ones led by the Earl of Norfolk and Roberto Ridolfi. These plots were discovered and their leaders executed. Mary was eventually put on trial, found guilty of treason for her role in the Babington Plot, sentenced to death, and beheaded at Fotheringay Castle in 1587.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright born in 1564 who is regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He wrote many renowned plays including Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and The Tempest. Shakespeare received little formal education and began his career as an actor before becoming a playwright around 1592. He drew inspiration from history, nature, and previous plays in crafting his profound works, which were highly received during his time in Elizabethan England.
Queen Elizabeth I took the throne after her sister Mary I died. As queen, she established the Church of England through the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, which required English subjects to worship as members of the new Protestant religion. Elizabeth never married in order to maintain her power as a female monarch, but faced threats from Catholic rivals like Mary Queen of Scots and military invasions like the Spanish Armada, which sought to return England to Catholicism.
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the sixth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Her forty-five years on the throne provided stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.
Research on shakespeare, england in his timeNg Sze Hian
William Shakespeare was an English playwright and poet born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He wrote over 30 plays and 150 sonnets that are still performed widely today. England during Shakespeare's time was ruled by Queen Elizabeth I and was experiencing a cultural renaissance with developments in art, literature, and theater. Shakespeare drew inspiration from this renaissance and other writers to create complex, psychologically realistic plays that were well-received and helped establish him as one of the greatest playwrights of all time.
In een toespraak voor het parlement op 15 november 2019 wenst professor Gita Deneckere prinses Elisabeth 'veel geluk en alle succes toe bij het vervullen van haar rol en taken'.
Op de boekenbeurs in 2014 word ik op de stand van uitgever Pelckmans aangesproken door een relatief jonge vrouw. Ze wijst op de cover van het boek over koning Filip en verklaart zonder verpinken dat dit ‘haar koning niet is’. De mijne overigens ook niet. ‘Koning Boudewijn, dát is mijn koning’, verklaart ze zonder enige vorm van ironie. Koning Boudewijn stierf eind juli 1993 en is dan al ruim twee decennia overleden. De vrouw was wellicht niet eens meerderjarig in de zomer van dat jaar. Hoe kan Boudewijn dan ‘haar koning’ zijn?
Patrick Dewael ziet prinses Elisabeth als ruimdenkend en optimistischThierry Debels
Tijdens de viering voor de verjaardag van Elisabeth leerden we de prinses volgens Patrick Dewael kennen als een 'plichtbewuste, maar ook als een leergierige, ruimdenkende, geëngageerde en bovenal optimistische jongedame.'
Deel 1 van een serie van 3 artikelen waarin Hans Zijlstra het schilderij dat oorspronkelijk bekend stond als 'Maaltijd te Dokkum met tsaar Peter de Grote' aan een nader onderzoek onderwerpt. Van vrijwel alle afgebeelde personen rond de maaltijd van het Dokkumer burgemeestersechtpaar is de identiteit bekend, evenals hun afkomst en latere geschiedenis. Van maart t/m mei 2021 is het schilderij in bruikleen gegeven aan het Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam voor de grote Slavernijtentoonstelling.
Hoe rijk zijn de Coburgs echt. Auteur Thierry Debels zocht het uit en botste op schimmige stichtingen, Panamese schermvennootschappen, stromannen, Luxemburgse rekeningen en buitenlands vastgoed?
In het najaar van 2013 verbaasde koning Albert vriend en vijand door openlijk te bedelen om extra geld. Het vorige koningspaar is dan teruggevallen op een pensioen ruim 900.000 euro per jaar. Per dag is dat zowat 2500 euro, een bedrag waarvoor de meeste mensen een hele maand moeten werken. Bovendien heeft de vorst nog een spaarpot van minstens 12,4 miljoen euro en wellicht een paar honderd miljoen euro. De koninklijke familie lijkt geobsedeerd door geld
Koning Boudewijn zou bij zijn overlijden 12 miljard frank of omgerekend 300 miljoen euro hebben nagelaten. Negen miljard frank of 225 miljoen euro ging naar zus Josephine Charlotte, broer Albert en Filip, Astrid en Laurent. Volgens Euro Business bezit Albert over 31,7 miljard frank of 785 miljoen euro. Volgens het paleis heeft Albert een roerend vermogen (aandelen, fondsen, obligaties en cash) van slechts 12,4 miljoen euro. Maar met een roerend vermogen van ‘slechts’ 12,4 miljoen koop je geen jacht van ruim vier miljoen euro. De verhoudingen kloppen niet. De (gekende) eigendommen in het zuiden van Frankrijk (onroerend vermogen) zijn daarbij minstens tien miljoen euro waard. Paola is volgens Euro Busi- ness slechts 1,12 miljard frank of 27 miljoen euro waard. Recent kocht ze de pastoriewoning in Villers-sur-Lesse. En ze heeft volgens sommige media nog appartementen in Rome en in Parijs.
Volgens auteur Thierry Debels, gastprofessor economie aan de VUB en gespecialiseerd in financiële economie, die eerder al 'Het verloren geld van de Coburgs' en een biografie van koning Boudewijn en Filip schreef, is het fortuin van Albert II veel groter dan de opgegeven 12,4 miljoen euro.
Dat Leopold II van Seksen-Coburg over een groot libido beschikte is geen geheim. Hij hield van zeer jonge meisjes en oudere lichtekooien. Maar was hij ook de grootvader van Hergé?
De monarchie in België is sedert 1831 hofleverancier van sterke verhalen over zichzelf. Het verhaal over het Belgisch koningshuis leest dan ook als een alternatieve geschiedenis van België. Al zolang de van Saksen-Coburgs aan het hoofd staan van dit land, heeft de bevolking gesmuld van de smeuïge verhalen die erover worden verteld. Niet toevallig hebben veel van deze verhalen of schandalen een seksuele achtergrond. De van Saksen- Coburgs worden ook wel eens de van Seksen-Coburgs genoemd.
Leopold III had minstens 5 buitenechtelijke kinderenThierry Debels
Leopold III had 3 kinderen met Astrid en 3 met Lilian, maar eigen onderzoek toont aan dat hij minstens 5 en wellicht 8 kinderen buiten het huwelijk verwekte. Het begon in 1930 met Leopold David Verney en eindigde in 1954 met een zoon bij Jacqueline Lefèvre.
5. ‘MACHTSTRIJD’ TUSSEN DE
HALFZUSSEN TUDOR
Katholicisme VS protestantisme
Samenzweringen??
Elizabeth was meerdere keren gered door koning Filips II.
Maria Tudor Elizabeth Tudor
Filips II
6. TROONBESTIJGING (1558)
Gekroond tot koningin op haar 25ste.
Werd niet erkent als koningin door de Rooms -
Katholieke Kerk Ze werd gezien als een bastaard!!
Ze werd bijgestaan door haar trouwe Secretary of
State William Cecil (1e baron van Burghley)
Natuurlijk ook door het parlement (Parliament)
7. THE VIRGIN QUEEN!
Druk van het Parlement en haar adviseurs om te trouwen
Nooit getrouwd. Bewust??
Robert Dudley (Graaf van Leicester) kwam wel heel erg in de
buurt.
8. DE ANGLICAANSE KERK
The Church of England = Anglicanisme Via media
(middenweg)
Act of Supremacy = Elizabeth I werd hoofd van de
Anglicaanse Kerk ‘Supreme Governor’ in de plaats van
‘Supreme Head’
Act of Uniformity het volk moest zondag de dienst
volgen in een Anglicaanse kerk.
Book of Common Prayer
9. DE ‘VAL’ VAN HET
KATHOLICISME IN ENGELAND
In 1570 werd Elizabeth geëxcommuniceerd door de paus.
Politieke gevolgen Haar katholieke onderdanen moesten
Elizabeth I afzetten.
Gevolgen voor de bevolking?
Vervolgingen van de katholieke priesters
Maar de tijd was de grootste vijand voor het katholicisme
in Engeland
10. DE SPAANSE ARMADA
De executie van Maria Stuart koning
van Schotland (Rooms-Katholiek) in 1587
Haar dood gaf de Spanjaarden een
excuus om aan te vallen. Filips II
stuurde zijn ‘onoverwinnelijke vloot’ naar
Engeland in 1588.
De Engelse vuurschepen en
Nederlanders blokkeerde deze Armada
(voor een deel) aan de Vlaamse en Engelse
havens.
Flavit et dissipati sunt
11. BEKENDE TOESPRAAK VAN ELIZABETH
AAN HAAR TROE PE N IN TIL BURY
‘Ik weet dat ik slechts het lichaam van een zwakke vrouw bezit, maar ik
heb het hart en de inborst van een koning, van een koning van Engeland
bovendien. En laat geen enkele Europese vorst het wagen om de grenzen
van mijn rijk te overschrijden. Liever dan enige oneer te verdragen, zal ik
mijn bloed wagen; ik zal zelf uw generaal, rechter en beloner van uw
deugden op het slagveld zijn.’
Bron: GOLD, C., Vrouwen aan de macht, Uitgeverij: Omniboek, Kampen, 2009, p
133
12. HET EINDE VAN DE
TUDORDYNASTIE
Naar het einde van haar leven toe verdween de Gouden
Tijdperk in Engeland.
Elizabeth I stierf kinderloos in 1603 op haar 69ste.
Zij werd opgevolgd door de Schotse koning Jacobus IV.
(Hij kreeg de titel Jacobus I van Engeland)
13. BRON 1: TOESPRAAK IN
TILBURY
‘Ik weet dat ik slechts het lichaam van een zwakke vrouw bezit, maar ik
heb het hart en de inborst van een koning, van een koning van Engeland
bovendien. En laat geen enkele Europese vorst het wagen om de grenzen
van mijn rijk te overschrijden. Liever dan enige oneer te verdragen, zal ik
mijn bloed wagen. Ik zal zelf uw generaal, rechter en beloner van uw
deugden op het slagveld zijn.’
Bron: GOLD, C., Vrouwen aan de macht, Uitgeverij: Omniboek, Kampen, 2009, p
133
14. BRON 1: VRAGEN
Hoe beschrijft Elizabeth I zichzelf?
Als een persoon met een zwak vrouwenlichaam, maar met het hart en
de inborst van een Engelse koning.
Waarom heeft zij zichzelf getypeerd als een Engelse koning?
Omdat zij op die manier duidelijk maakte dat Engeland geen koning
nodig had, Elizabeth was meer dan genoeg.
Welke indruk heb je over de persoonlijkheid van de koningin na het
lezen van de tekst?
Dat ze een sterke persoonlijkheid heeft.
15. BRON 2: UITSPRAAK OVER
HAAR HUWELIJKSPLANNEN
‘I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my
honour's sake. And therefore I say again, I will marry as soon as I can
conveniently, if God take not him away with whom I mind to marry, or
myself, or else some other great let happen.’
Vertaling:
‘Omwille van mijn eer zal ik nooit het woord, gesproken in een openbare
plaats, breken van een prins. Daarom zeg ik opnieuw dat ik zo vroeg als ik
gunstig kan zal trouwen, als God hem met wie ik hoop te trouwen niet
wegneemt, of mijzelf, of als er een ander incident voorvalt.’
Bron: GUY, J., The Children of Henry VII, Uitgeverij: Oxford University
press, Verenigd Koninkrijk, 2013, p 191
16. BRON 2: VRAGEN
Is Elizabeth ooit getrouwd?
Neen.
Waarom heeft zij dit moeten zeggen? (Terwijl zij de koningin is!!)
Omdat ze moest trouwen om de opvolging van de troon in haar
lijn te verzekeren.
Tegen wie heeft zij dit gezegd?
Het Parlement.
17. BRON 3: ACT OF
SUPREMACY
Een akte om de oude rechtsgebied over de kerkelijke en spirituele rijk te herstellen en om
alle weerzinwekkende buitenlandse macht af te schaffen. Wij smeken nederig aan u, meest
uitstekende majesteit, uw trouwe en gehoorzame dienaars, de geestelijke en wereldlijke heren
en de gewone bevolking geassembleerd in dit, uw huidige Parlement, die tijdens de regering
van uw meest dierbare vader en zijn waardige herinnering, Koning Hendrik VIII,
verschillende goede weten en statuten hebben opgesteld, ook voor de volledige uitdoving en
het wegdoen van alle toegeëigende buitenlandse macht en autoriteit van dit rijk en de andere
gebieden en landen onder haar hoogheids macht. En voor de restoratie en hereniging van de
keizerskroon van dit rijk, de oude rechtsgebieden, autoriteiten en superioriteiten van dezelfde
rechten van verbondenheid en toebehoren.
Bron: Internet, geraadpleegd op
10/03/2014, http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/s
upremacy-text.htm
18. BRON 3 : VRAGEN
Welke acte van Hendrick VIII bedoelt men in deze tekst?
De akte waarin Hendrick VIII zichzelf als opperste hoofd van de Anglicaanse Kerk
verheft. (De andere Act of Supremacy)
Welke macht krijgt dan nu Elizabeth I door deze akte?
Zij wordt nu ook het opperste hoofd van de Anglicaanse Kerk, zoals haar vader voor
haar.
Over welke buitenlandse machten en autoriteiten hebben ze het in de tekst?
Over de invloed die de vorige koning Filips II en zijn hof nog hebben in de Engelse
regering, maar ook de invloeden van de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk de paus van Rome
19. BRON 4: MUNT MET
INSCRIPTIE
God’s adem heeft ze verstrooid.
Flavit et dissipati sunt
20. BRON 4: VRAGEN
Welk effect zou de ‘miraculeuze’ verspreiding van de Spaanse
armada hebben gehad voor de Engelse religie?
→ Ze zagen dat als een overwinning en rechtvaardiging van hun
religie t.o.v de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk.
