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Elit 46 c class 1
- 1. ELIT 46C Class1 How did Charlotte Brontë make it easier to breathe?
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- 3. The Websiteand Canvas The Green Sheet The Syllabus Quizzes Lecture: Introduction to Victorian Literature Author presentation: Elizabeth Barrett Browning Homework AGENDA
- 4. The Green Sheetand Syllabus
- 5. Using Canvas We willuse Canvas to communicate, see grades, access course documents and assignments, take quizzes, and submit homework. You should be able to access this course by logging into Canvas and using your college credentials. Go to https://deanza.instructure.com Use your college credentials to log in. You will be taken to the Canvas dashboard where you should see our course. If you do not have access to this course via Canvas, please let me know as soon as possible.
- 6. When you firstlog in to Canvas, the website will look similar to this. Start by clicking on “pages” to enlarge the framed picture part of the webpage. Click Here to enlarge
- 7. Notice the expansionof the screen. Here you can easily access the links to the course presentations, discussion forums, and online reading links. Click on “Week 1” and then “Class 1” to review todays presentation and to do your homework using the “discussion” link. Links to Class Documents and Presentations
- 8. The links onthe left of this view will help you navigate the Canvas site. You can check your grades, assignments, and announcements here. All the way to the left, you will see your calendar, which is quick way to check due dates. Canvas Navigation tools
- 9. To take aquiz, click here.
- 10. To enlarge theprimary page even further, click on the three horizontal lines (the hamburger) in this view. This configuration makes the primary page the easiest to navigate.
- 11. The Green Sheet: Whatyou will find here Course Requirements Assignments and values Participation Required Materials Books Computer Access Class Policies Plagiarism Conduct and Courtesy
- 12. Texts and RequiredMaterials: The Norton Anthology English Literature 9th edition, Volume 2 Wuthering Heights: Emily Bronte Two large Blue Books (for the midterm and final exams).
- 13. Requirements: ☛ Formal writing:Two out of class essays. ☛ Two exams (objective and essay) ☛ A series of discussion posts to the class website ☛ Reading quizzes and in-class assignments. ☛ Active participation in class discussions and regular attendance. You will earn real points for your participation in activities. ☛ Keeping up-to-date on the assignments and reading.
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- 15. The Syllabus: The CourseCalendar
- 16. The syllabusis a tentative schedule. It may be revised during the quarter. Use it to determine how to prepare for class. Week and Days What we will do in class Homework due before the next class Project Title Date
- 17. Posting Homework Clickon the icon for “Week 1” on the home page Click on the icon for “Class 1” on the next page Click on the link to the “Class 1 Discussion” Click on the “Reply” button to post your homework
- 18. Is this class toohard? Is this class History 10? Will I be the teacher’s favorite?
- 19. THE VICTORIAN PERIOD TheVictorian era of British history was the period of queen Victoria's reign from 1837 until her death in 1901. During her reign, the population of London grew from about 2 million to well over 6 It was in the nineteenth century that England reached its height as a world imperial power, both economically and culturally, supplanting Paris as the hub of European culture.
- 20. The Victorianslived in an age that John Stuart Mill termed “an age of transition” caught between a vanishing past and an uncertain future. In many ways the Victorian age reflected values that Queen Victoria herself espoused: moral responsibility and domestic propriety. Queen Victoria was the first monarch who lived in the age of photography. Because the Victorian period lasted so long and because it was a time of such great change, it is hard to characterize in any singular, overarching feature, or sense, of the time. Thus, scholars often refer to three distinct phases within the Victorian period: early (1830-1848); mid (1848-1870); and late (1870-1901). Queen Victoria (1837- 1901)
- 21. THE EARLY PERIOD(1830-1848): A TIME OF TROUBLES Public railways expanded on an unprecedented scale; and second, the British parliament passed a reform bill in 1832 that (at least to some degree) redistributed voting rights to reflect growing population in newly industrializing centers like Manchester and Liverpool. A group called the Chartists organized themselves to fight for workers' rights. The organization fell apart by 1848 but their efforts set the stage for real and meaningful reform. The literature of this time period often focused on the plight of the poor and the new urban reality of industrial England.
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- 23. Children were expectedto help to support their families. They often worked long hours in dangerous jobs and in difficult situations for low wages.
- 24. Workers wanted tolive nearby their working places because it was time- saving. As a result of these demands and overcrowded conditions, the housing became scarce and expensive; therefore, so many people lived in slum- housing or were homeless.
- 25. THE MID-VICTORIAN PERIOD (1848-1870) The mid-Victorian era was somewhat less tumultuous than was the earlier Victorian period as the relationship between industry and government began to work itself out. England was proud of its science and technology, as is evidenced by the Crystal Palace, centerpiece of the Great Exhibition of 1851.
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- 27. Mid-Victorian Continued: Religion andScience By the mid-Victorian period the Church of England had evolved into three factions: a Low (or Evangelical) Church, a Broad Church, and a High Church. New discoveries in the sciences also led to a new mode of reading the Bible: Higher Criticism approached the Bible not as a divine and infallible text but rather as an historically produced set of documents that reflected the prejudices and limitations of their human writers. Among other scientific works of the time Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species(1859) and The Descent of Man(1871) seemed to challenge all previous thinking about creation and man's special role in the world.
- 28. THE LATE PERIOD(1870-1901): DECAY OF VICTORIAN VALUES For many, the late-Victorian period was merely an extension, at least on the surface, of the affluence of the preceding years. For many others, though, the late-Victorian period became a time to fundamentally question―and challenge―the assumptions and practices that had made such affluence possible. Home-rule for Ireland became an increasingly controversial topic of debate. In 1867 a second Reform Bill passed, extending voting rights even further to some working-class citizens.
- 29. THE NINETIES Gonewas trust in Victorian propriety and morality. Instead, many writers struck a "fin de siècle" (or end-of-century) pose: a weary sophistication with the optimism of forward progress when the limits of that progress seemed all too near in sight. The 1890s, a transitional phase between the optimism and promise of the Victorian period and the Modernist movement, during which artists began to challenge just how genuine that optimism and promise had been in the first place.
- 30. The Woman Question Despite its having been an era of great social change, the Victorian period saw little progress for women's rights. While the "Woman Question" often sought, at least in principle, rights for all women, it was primarily addressed to women of the middle class. The problem of prostitution gained increasing visibility because it was actually a better choice for many women relative to the working conditions they faced in factories. Many men argued adamantly for women's rights, and many women (like Queen Victoria herself) were not convinced that women should enjoy equality with men.
- 31. Literacy and Reading As of 1837 roughly half of England's population was literate. Because of advances in printing technology, publishers could provide more texts to more people. Many famous novelists, like Charles Dickens, for example, published their work not in book form at first but in serial installments in magazines. The practical reality of publishing in serial form had a direct impact on style, including how plots were paced, organized, and developed. (The experience of reading serialized novels is similar to that of the modern television viewer watching a program that unfolds in a series of hour or half-hour segments.)
- 32. Short Fiction and theNovel Short fiction thrived during the Victorian period. The novel was perhaps the most prevalent genre of the time period. A common theme among Victorian novelists involves a protagonist who is trying to define him- or herself relative to class and social systems.
- 33. Victorian Poetry Whileprose fiction was the most widely circulated kind of writing in the Victorian period, poetry retained its iconic status as "high literature." Most readers continued to expect poetry to teach a moral lesson, even though many writers were uncomfortable with that aim. Victorian poetry, in general, is less subjective than that of the Romantics. An interest in the past, both the classical and the medieval, appears in the subjects, and in the use of mythological and historical allusions. The dramatic monologue is used greatly by the poets. The themes are more realistic, discussing such issues as child labor, the rights of women, science and religion. The elegy is one of the most popular poetic forms in the period, a form of poetry that laments the dead or the past. Victorian poetry is often characterized by doubt and psychological conflicts.
- 34. VICTORIAN DRAMA The Victoriantheater was a popular institution. Playwrights like George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde began to reflect the pretentious values and behavior that they believed characterized Victorian life. Shaw often addressed difficult social issues in his work, which came to be known as “problem plays.” Oscar Wilde (1856-1900) George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
- 35. Non-Fiction Prose Nonfictionprose writing gained wide readership during the Victorian period, due again to the vibrant periodical culture. In his 1889 essay, “Style,” Walter Pater argued that nonfiction prose, though not necessarily superior to other genres, did provide Victorian authors with the ideal vehicle for expressing ideas directly about the many issues of the day.
- 36. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth BarrettBrowning, née Elizabeth Barrett, (born March 6, 1806, near Durham, Durham county, England—died June 29, 1861, Florence, Italy), English poet whose reputation rests chiefly upon her love poems, Sonnets from the Portuguese and Aurora Leigh, the latter now considered an early feminist text. Her husband was Robert Browning (who we will be reading soon).
- 37. Elizabeth, theeldest child of Edward Barrett Moulton, spent her girlhood at a country house near the Malvern Hills, in Worcestershire. At the age of 15, she fell seriously ill, probably as the result of a spinal injury, and her health was permanently affected. In 1836 her family moved to London, where she contributed to several periodicals, and her first collection, The Seraphim and Other Poems, appeared in 1838. After the death by drowning of her brother, Edward, she developed an almost morbid terror of meeting anyone apart from a small circle of intimates. Her name, however, was well known in literary circles, and in 1844 her second volume of poetry, Poems, by Elizabeth Barrett Barrett, was enthusiastically received. In January 1845 she received from the poet Robert Browning a letter that begins with “I love your verses with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett,” and culminates with “I do, as I say, love these books with all my heart—and I love you too.” In early summer the two met. Their courtship (whose daily progress is recorded in their letters) was kept a close secret from Elizabeth’s despotic father, of whom she stood in some fear. In the summer of 1861 Browning suffered a severe chill and died.
- 38. Allingham, PhilipV. “Nineteenth-Century British and American Copyright Law.” http://www.victorianweb.org authors/dickens/pva/pva74.html. Accessed 23 August 2017. Daniels, Barbara. “Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era. www.hiddenlives.org.uk/ articles/poverty.html. Accessed 23 August 2017. Greenblatt, Stephen, Gen. Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 9th Edition. Vol 2. Norton, 2012. Fletcher, R.H. A History of English Literature. The Victorian Web. www.victorianweb.org/. Accessed 23 August 2017. Works Consulted
- 39. Buy books Register forWordpress Assigned Reading: Introduction to Victorianism 1017-1043 Take Quiz 1 Barrett Browning, “The Cry of the Children” 1124
Editor's Notes
- #6 Slide 3: If you are already enrolled in the course, you know that even though this course is fully face-to face, we will be using the convenient features of Canvas. You can see your grades, access documents and assignments, and submit your homework all online. I will also communicate with you via Canvas
- #16 Slide 15: The Course Calendar: The course calendar is a schedule of both our in-class activities and your homework.
- #20 The Victorian era of British history was the period of queen Victoria's reign from 1837 until her death in 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined culture, great advancements in technology, and national self-confidence for Britain. During her reign, the population of London grew from about 2 million to well over 6 million―an unparalleled population boom. England changed as much and as dramatically as it had in all of its previous history. It was in the nineteenth century that England reached its height as a world imperial power, both economically and culturally, supplanting Paris as the hub of European culture. By the end of Victoria's reign, the British empire extended over about one-fifth of the earth's surface. Like Elizabethan England, Victorian England saw great expansion of wealth, power, and culture. But as Victorian England was a time of great ambition and grandeur, it was also a time of misery, squalor, and urban ugliness.
- #21 The Victorians lived in an age that John Stuart Mill termed “an age of transition” caught between a vanishing past and an uncertain future. In many ways the Victorian age reflected values that Queen Victoria herself espoused: moral responsibility and domestic propriety. Despite this "proper" façade, there was as much evidence of social dissolution and moral impropriety. Queen Victoria, perhaps more so than any previous monarch, became visually synonymous with the country she ruled, in part because she was the first monarch who lived in the age of photography: her image could be relatively easily produced, reproduced, and distributed. Because the Victorian period lasted so long and because it was a time of such great change, it is hard to characterize in any singular, overarching feature, or sense, of the time. Thus, scholars often refer to three distinct phases within the Victorian period: early (1830-1848); mid (1848-1870); and late (1870-1901). We often also recognize the final decade of the nineteenth century (the 1890s) as an important transitional period between the Victorian era and Modernism.
- #22 The early Victorian period is marked by two major non-literary events: first, public railways expanded on an unprecedented scale; and second, the British parliament passed a reform bill in 1832 that (at least to some degree) redistributed voting rights to reflect growing population in newly industrializing centers like Manchester and Liverpool. This bill marked the beginning of a new age of political power unlike the citizens had ever experienced. The 1830s and 1840s became known as the "Time of Troubles" largely because industrialization was producing such rapid change on such a profound scale. Working conditions were deplorable for the majority of people, including women and children, who worked in mines and factories. A group called the Chartists organized themselves to fight for workers' rights. The organization fell apart by 1848 but their efforts set the stage for real and meaningful reform. Victorian writers were mixed in their reactions to industrialization. Some celebrated the new age of promise, progress, and triumph, while others challenged the so-called benefits of industrial growth when so many were being affected so negatively. The literature of this time period often focused on the plight of the poor and the new urban reality of industrial England.
- #23 Industrialization led to factories and mass production.
- #24 Children were expected to help to support their families. They often worked long hours in dangerous jobs and in difficult situations for low wages. For example, there were the climbing boys employed by the chimney sweeps, the little children who could scramble under the moving machinery to retrieve the cotton fluff; boys and girls working down the coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low to take an adult.
- #25 Workers wanted to live nearby their working places because it was time-saving. As a result of these demands and overcrowded conditions, the housing became scarce and expensive; therefore, so many people lived in slum-housing or were homeless.
- #26 The mid-Victorian era was somewhat less tumultuous than was the earlier Victorian period as the relationship between industry and government began to work itself out. However, the time was still one of great poverty and difficulty for many, even as England as a whole began to enjoy greater prosperity. A number of acts of Parliament curbed the worst abuses of laissez-faire industry, like child labor and dangerous working conditions. The 1850s were to many a time of optimism, with the promise of prosperity from industry seemingly so close. So too was England proud of its science and technology, as is evidenced by the Crystal Palace, centerpiece of the Great Exhibition of 1851, which showcased English "progress" made possible by science and industry.
- #27 The mid-Victorian period was also a time when the British empire truly expanded around the globe (Australia, Canada, and India, for example)―all part and parcel of the prosperity made possible by the industrial revolution.
- #28 Debates about religion grew in intensity. By the mid-Victorian period the Church of England had evolved into three factions: a Low (or Evangelical) Church, a Broad Church, and a High Church. Each had their share of proponents and detractors. As a primary driver behind the industrial revolution, rationalist thought destabilized religious beliefs. New discoveries in the sciences also led to a new mode of reading the Bible: Higher Criticism approached the Bible not as a divine and infallible text but rather as an historically produced set of documents that reflected the prejudices and limitations of their human writers. Among other scientific works of the time Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species(1859) and The Descent of Man(1871) seemed to challenge all previous thinking about creation and man's special role in the world. As popular readers understood Darwin, man was just one among many creatures who existed as a product of a long evolutionary history.
- #29 For many, the late-Victorian period was merely an extension, at least on the surface, of the affluence of the preceding years. For many others, though, the late-Victorian period became a time to fundamentally question―and challenge―the assumptions and practices that had made such affluence possible. It became a time to hold England to account for the way in which it had generated wealth for so few on the backs of so many, both at home and throughout the empire. Home-rule for Ireland became an increasingly controversial topic of debate. In 1867 a second Reform Bill passed, extending voting rights even further to some working-class citizens. The political writings of authors like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels empowered the working class to imagine itself in control of the industry that it made possible.
- #30 The final decade of the Victorian period marked a high point, both of English industry and imperial control, and of challenges to that industry and imperialism. Even while British empire-building continued with great energy in Africa and India, in England many were starting to see the beginning of the end of the era. Gone was trust in Victorian propriety and morality. Instead, many writers struck a "fin de siècle" (or end-of-century) pose: a weary sophistication with the optimism of forward progress when the limits of that progress seemed all too near in sight. With the benefit of hindsight we can see the 1890s as a transitional phase between the optimism and promise of the Victorian period and the Modernist movement, during which artists began to challenge just how genuine that optimism and promise had been in the first place.
- #31 Despite its having been an era of great social change, the Victorian period saw little progress for women's rights. Women had limited access to education, could not vote or hold public office, and could not (until 1870) own property. While the "Woman Question" often sought, at least in principle, rights for all women, it was primarily addressed to women of the middle class. While these women argued for access to employment and bemoaned the fate of the middle-class wife tasked with insignificant trivial pursuits, hundreds of thousands of lower-class women worked in grueling industrial conditions in mines and mills. The problem of prostitution gained increasing visibility. Prostitution itself grew, in part to fill demand, of course, but also because it was actually a better choice for many women relative to the working conditions they would face in the factories. Importantly, debates about gender did not necessarily fall down gendered lines: many men argued adamantly for women's rights, and many women (like Queen Victoria herself) were not convinced that women should enjoy equality with men.
- #32 As of 1837 roughly half of England's population was literate; that figure continued to grow throughout the Victorian period (due especially to reforms that mandated at least minimal education for everybody). Because of advances in printing technology, publishers could provide more texts (of various kinds) to more people. The Victorian period saw enormous growth in periodicals of all kinds. Many famous novelists, like Charles Dickens, for example, published their work not in book form at first but in serial installments in magazines. The practical reality of publishing in serial form had a direct impact on style, including how plots were paced, organized, and developed. (The experience of reading serialized novels is similar to that of the modern television viewer watching a program that unfolds in a series of hour or half-hour segments.) As literacy proliferated, the reading public became more and more fragmented. Writers thus had to consider how (or if) their writing might appeal to niche audiences rather than to a unified "reading public."
- #33 Short fiction thrived during the Victorian period, thanks in part to the robust periodical culture of the time. The novel was perhaps the most prevalent genre of the time period; it was especially well suited to authors who wanted to capture the wide diversity of industrial life and the class conflict and divisions that industrialism created. A common theme among Victorian novelists involves a protagonist who is trying to define him- or herself relative to class and social systems. Charles dickens (1812-1870) created A host of unforgettable characters in such novels as Oliver Twist and Great Expectations. Charlotte Bronte’s (1816–55) Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s (1818–48) Wuthering Heights are classics of English literature. The major novelist of the later part of the period was Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), whose best works include Tess Of The D'Urbervilles and Jude The Obscure.
- #34 While prose fiction was the most widely circulated kind of writing in the Victorian period, poetry retained its iconic status as "high literature." Most readers continued to expect poetry to teach a moral lesson, even though many writers were uncomfortable with that aim. Victorian poetry, in general, is less subjective than that of the Romantics. An interest in the past, both the classical and the medieval, appears in the subjects, and in the use of mythological and historical allusions. The dramatic monologue is used greatly by the poets. The themes are more realistic, discussing such issues as child labor, the rights of women, science and religion. The elegy is one of the most popular poetic forms in the period, a form of poetry that laments the dead or the past. Victorian poetry is often characterized by doubt and psychological conflicts.
- #35 The Victorian theater was a popular institution, especially for those with the means to enjoy it as one of life's many pleasures. In addition to traditional plays, the theater also included all manner of spectacle, from burlesque to musicals to pantomime. Especially towards the end of the Victorian period, playwrights like George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde began to reflect, in an increasingly satirical way, the pretentious values and behavior that they believed characterized Victorian life. Shaw often addressed difficult social issues in his work, which came to be known as “problem plays.”
- #36 Nonfiction prose writing gained wide readership during the Victorian period (due again to the vibrant periodical culture). No less, authors were attracted to nonfiction prose as the best vehicle for addressing―in a direct and specific way―the problems of industrial England and, in some cases, for proposing solutions to these problems. Nonfiction prose authors (who were often writers of fiction and poetry as well) tackled subjects that were as diverse as the age itself, including politics, religion, art, economics, and education. In his 1889 essay, “Style,” Walter Pater argued that nonfiction prose, though not necessarily superior to other genres, did provide Victorian authors with the ideal vehicle for expressing ideas directly about the many issues of the day. Much Victorian nonfiction prose is marked by a sense of urgency, which reflects the pace of change of the age: many authors felt that society would, at some point, be overwhelmed by change and descend into some form of what Matthew Arnold called simply "anarchy.”