The document provides definitions and explanations of key literary elements and devices used in storytelling:
1. It outlines the typical plot structure of a story, including the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
2. Conflict is presented as the central problem or struggle that drives the story, which can be external or internal. The four main types of conflict are also defined.
3. Characterization and types of characters such as round, flat, and stock characters are explained.
4. Setting, point of view, theme, and various literary devices used in stories like symbolism and analogy are also defined.
In psychoanalytic theory, ego defenses are unconscious processes that we deploy to diffuse the fear and anxiety that arise when who we think we are or who we think we should be (our conscious ‘superego’) comes into conflict with who we really are (our unconscious ‘id’).
Few important Ego defenses have been introduced
In psychoanalytic theory, ego defenses are unconscious processes that we deploy to diffuse the fear and anxiety that arise when who we think we are or who we think we should be (our conscious ‘superego’) comes into conflict with who we really are (our unconscious ‘id’).
Few important Ego defenses have been introduced
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Understanding the Short StoryTitle __________________________.docxmarilucorr
Understanding the Short Story
Title :_________________________________________________________________
Plot
1) What does the reader learn during exposition?
2) What is/are the conflict(s)?
3) What complications are introduced?
4) What is the climax of the story?
5) How is the conflict resolved?
Point of view
1) From what point of view is the story narrated? (first person, third person, etc.)
2) How does the narration influence your understanding of the story?
Characters
1) Who is the protagonist?
2) Who is the antagonist?
3) Are the characters round or flat?
4) Are the characters static or dynamic?
Setting
1) What is the setting of the story?
2) Does the setting influence other elements of the story?
Theme
1) What is/are the theme(s) of the story?
2) How do you know?
LITERARY TERMS
"Structure" includes all the elements in a story. The final objective is to see the story as a whole and to become aware of how the parts are put together to produce a unified effect.
ELEMENTS OF PLOT
All fiction is based on conflict and this conflict is presented in a structured format called PLOT.
Exposition
The introductory material which gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story.
Foreshadowing
The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story.
Inciting Force
The event or character that triggers the conflict.
Conflict
The essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds. (Man versus…Man, Nature, Society, or Self)
Rising Action
A series of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax.
Crisis
The conflict reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the climax.
Climax
The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the reader. Frequently, it is the moment of the highest interest and greatest emotion. The point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted.
Falling Action
The events after the climax which close the story.
Resolution (Denouement)
Rounds out and concludes the action.
CHARACTERIZATION
MAJOR CHARACTERS
Almost always round or three-dimensional characters. They have good and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions and values change. A round character changes as a result of what happens to him or her. A character who changes inside as a result of what happens to him is referred to in literature as a DYNAMIC character. A dynamic character grows or progresses to a higher level of understanding in the course of the story.
Protagonist
The main character in the story
Antagonist
The character or force that opposes the protagonist.
Foil
A character who provides a contrast to the protagonist.
MINOR CHARACTERS
Almost always flat or two-dimensional characters. They have only one or two stri ...
Elements of Fiction AnalysisCharacter The purpose of literatur.docxSALU18
Elements of Fiction Analysis
Character
The purpose of literature is not to simply reveal information, but to reveal something about the characters and their lives – to reveal the human condition. The protagonist is the central character, or hero, and is considered dynamic. In other words, the character grows as a person, learns a vital lesson, or becomes something else. A static character, despite credibility, does not change in the story.
Point of View (POV)
Stories are told from the point of view of a narrator. When the narrator is a character it is referred to as first-person narration. If we have reason to doubt the information we are getting, we call the narrator unreliable. In third person narration, the narrator can have omniscience (all-knowing) or limited omniscience (narrator tells us the feelings/thoughts of only one character). Stream of consciousness narration shows us the continuous stream of inner feelings and thoughts of one character.
Plot & Conflict
Plot is a linked chain of events. A narrator may present these events out of chronological order through a flashback. A complication in the character’s lives introduces the story’s conflict, which occurs when the protagonist struggles against an antagonist or opposing force. There are four different kinds of conflict:
Person-against-self - an internal conflict of feelings.
Person-against-person - the typical protagonist vs. antagonist scenario. Person-against-society - the protagonist battles against the larger organizations of
society (or a system of beliefs held by society).
Person-against-nature - the protagonist is threatened by a component of nature.
The chain of events, known as the rising action, builds to a climax, the point in a story where the conflict is decided. Sometimes a writer will use the technique of foreshadowing by planting clues about the outcome or about conflict that will occur later in the story. Following the climax is a resolution, or denouement. In a closed ending, loose ends are tied up – the fate and perhaps the future of the characters is revealed. An open ending does not offer a complete resolution – the reader is left to imagine the fate of the characters.
Theme
Theme in literature is the idea that holds the story together, such as a comment about society, human nature, or the human condition. It is the main idea or central meaning of a piece of writing.
Symbol/Motif
The writer may use a symbol, a person, object, situation, or action that operates on two levels of meaning. A motif is an image, object, character, situation, theme, or word that the writer uses repeatedly throughout a story – many times it carries a symbolic meaning.
Setting
Setting is the locale in which you find the characters. Description of setting can establish the atmosphere, mood, or tone of the story, the emotional state the writer wants you to be in while you read the story.
...
Elements of Fiction Analysis Character The purpose of literatu.docxSALU18
Elements of Fiction Analysis
Character
The purpose of literature is not to simply reveal information, but to reveal something about the characters and their lives – to reveal the human condition. The protagonist is the central character, or hero, and is considered dynamic. In other words, the character grows as a person, learns a vital lesson, or becomes something else. A static character, despite credibility, does not change in the story.
Point of View (POV)
Stories are told from the point of view of a narrator. When the narrator is a character it is referred to as first-person narration. If we have reason to doubt the information we are getting, we call the narrator unreliable. In third person narration, the narrator can have omniscience (all-knowing) or limited omniscience (narrator tells us the feelings/thoughts of only one character). Stream of consciousness narration shows us the continuous stream of inner feelings and thoughts of one character.
Plot & Conflict
Plot is a linked chain of events. A narrator may present these events out of chronological order through a flashback. A complication in the character’s lives introduces the story’s conflict, which occurs when the protagonist struggles against an antagonist or opposing force. There are four different kinds of conflict:
Person-against-self - an internal conflict of feelings.
Person-against-person - the typical protagonist vs. antagonist scenario. Person-against-society - the protagonist battles against the larger organizations of
society (or a system of beliefs held by society).
Person-against-nature - the protagonist is threatened by a component of nature.
The chain of events, known as the rising action, builds to a climax, the point in a story where the conflict is decided. Sometimes a writer will use the technique of foreshadowing by planting clues about the outcome or about conflict that will occur later in the story. Following the climax is a resolution, or denouement. In a closed ending, loose ends are tied up – the fate and perhaps the future of the characters is revealed. An open ending does not offer a complete resolution – the reader is left to imagine the fate of the characters.
Theme
Theme in literature is the idea that holds the story together, such as a comment about society, human nature, or the human condition. It is the main idea or central meaning of a piece of writing.
Symbol/Motif
The writer may use a symbol, a person, object, situation, or action that operates on two levels of meaning. A motif is an image, object, character, situation, theme, or word that the writer uses repeatedly throughout a story – many times it carries a symbolic meaning.
Setting
Setting is the locale in which you find the characters. Description of setting can establish the atmosphere, mood, or tone of the story, the emotional state the writer wants you to be in while you read the story.
...
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2.
A logical sequence of events.
It contrasts the development
of action. This means to say
that one event controls or
overcome another event.
Plot
3.
Refers to the layout of the materials of the
story – the main characters, their
backgrounds, their
characters, interest, goals, limitations, pot
ential, and basic assumptions. It contains
the beginning of the story including the
intricacies, twist, turns, false leads, blind
alleys, and surprises that
interest, perplex, intrigue, and give
Exposition
4.
Rising Action is the
action that occurs before
the climax.
Rising Action
5.
The consequences of the crisis. It is
the peak of the story because it is the
stage where a decision, an action, an
affirmation or denial, or realization
has to be made. It is the logical
conclusion of the preceding actions
for there are no new developments
that follows after it.
Climax
6.
Falling Action is the
events that occur after
the climax and lead to
the resolution.
Falling Action
7.
Resolution of the story is after
the climax. This is when we
find out what happens after
the conflict is resolved
between characters.
Resolution
8.
The connected pattern of causes
and effects which a character
(protagonist) must face and try
to overcome. Conflict brings out
complications that make up
most stories.
Conflict
9.
There are two types of conflict:
1) External - A struggle with a force
outside one's self.
2) Internal - A struggle within one's
self; a person must make some
decision, overcome pain, quiet their
temper, resist an urge, etc.
Two types of Conflict
10.
1) Man vs. Man (physical) - The leading
character struggles with his physical strength
against other men, forces of nature, or animals.
2) Man vs. Circumstances (classical) - The
leading character struggles against fate, or the
circumstances of life facing him/her.
Four kinds of Conflict
11.
3) Man vs. Society (social) - The leading
character struggles against ideas, practices, or
customs of other people.
4) Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) -
The leading character struggles with
himself/herself; with his/her own soul, ideas of
right or wrong, physical
limitations, choices, etc.
12.
Identifies a basic
problem or
conflict.
Complicating
incidents or obstacles
Highest point of
Excitement
occur after the climax
and lead to the
resolution.
How the problem is
resolved
14.
Stories tell about characters who are
drawn from life and who can either be
good or bad. A story is concerned with
the major problem that a character must
face. This may involve interaction with
another character with a difficult
situation. The character may learn for the
better or may remain unchanged after the
experience.
Characters
15.
The basic trait of round characters is
that they recognize, change with, or
adjust to circumstances. The round
character benefits from experience and
changes are reflected in 1) an action or
several actions, 2) the realization of a
new condition,
Round Characters
16.
or 3) the discovery of
unrecognized truths. A round
character often called the hero or
heroine, and thus the
protagonist. The protagonist
moves against the antagonist.
17.
Flat characters do not grow because
they may be stupid, insensitive, or
lacking in knowledge and insights.
They are static, not dynamic. But flat
characters highlight the development
of round characters.
Flat Characters
18.
Refers to characters in these repeating
situation. Stock characters stay flat as
they only perform their roles and exhibit
conventional and unindividual traits.
When the stock characters posses no
attitudes, expect those of their class, they
are called stereotypes they appear to have
been cast from the same mold.
Stock Characters
19.
1. Individual - round, many sided and
complex personalities.
2. Developing - dynamic, many sided
personalities that change, for better or
worse, by the end of the story.
3. Static - Stereotype, have one or two
characteristics that never change and are
emphasized e.g. brilliant
detective, drunk, scrooge, cruel
stepmother, etc.
Characters are…
20.
1. Action- expresses their characters.
2. Descriptions, both personal and
environmental- appearance and environment
show much about a character’s social and
economic status.
3. Dramatic statements and thoughts – speeches
of the most characters keep the story
moving, but more significantly, provide
material from which readers can draw
conclusions.
Judgments about the
qualities of the characters
21.
4. Statements by other characters- what
other characters say about a character will
provide better understanding about
him/her.
5. Statements by the author speaking as a
story teller or observer – what the author
say about a character can be accepted
factually.
22.
Their actions, statements, and
thoughts are reflective of what
human beings are likely to
do, say, and think under specific
circumstances in the story.
Reality and Probability
23.
The
Natural, manufactured, political, cult
ural, and temporal environment –
including everything the characters
known and own. Characters may be
helped or hurt by their
surroundings, and they may fight
about possession or goals.
Setting
24.
a) place - geographical
location. Where is the action of the
story taking place?
b) time - When is the story taking
place? (historical period, time of
day, year, etc)
c) weather conditions - Is it
rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?
Types of Settings
25.
d) social conditions - What is the daily
life of the characters like? Does the story
contain local colour (writing that focuses
on the
speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc.
of a particular place)?
e) mood or atmosphere - What feeling is
created at the beginning of the story? Is it
bright and cheerful or dark and
26.
Refers to the position of the voice
that adapt for their works. It
supposes a living narrator or
persona who tells stories, presents
arguments, or expresses attitudes
such as love, anger or excitement.
Point of View
27.
In the first person point of view, the character tells the
story. Sometimes, the first person narrator tells a story
that focuses on another character. The story
therefore, depends upon the curiosity and sympathetic
imagination of the narrator who describes his or her
examination of various information relating to the
major character, such as: what they have
done, said, heard, and thought (first hand experience),
Participant or First Person
Point of View
28.
What they have observed others do and
say (first hand witness), what others have
told them )(second hand testimony and
hearsay), what they are able to find
(hypothetical or imaginative information)
and what they are able to imagine a
character or characters as doing or
thinking, given certain conditions.
29.
In the non-participant or
third person point of
view, the teller is not the
character in the tale.
Non-Participant or Third
Person Point of View
30.
The story is told through
the eyes of a child
(his/her judgment being
different from that of an
adult) .
Innocent Eyes
31.
The story is told so that the
reader feels as if they are inside
the head of one character and
knows all their thoughts and
reactions.
Stream of Consciousness
32.
The author can narrate the story using the
omniscient point of view. He can move
from character to character, event to
event, having free access to the
thoughts, feelings and motivations of his
characters and he introduces information
where and when he chooses. There are
two main types of omniscient point of
view:
Omniscient
33.
a) Omniscient Limited - The author tells
the story in third person (using pronouns
they, she, he, it, etc). We know only what
the character knows and what the author
allows him/her to tell us. We can see the
thoughts and feelings of characters if the
author chooses to reveal them to us.
34.
b) Omniscient Objective – The author tells the
story in the third person. It appears as though a
camera is following the characters, going
anywhere, and recording only what is seen and
heard. There is no comment on the characters
or their thoughts. No interpretations are
offered. The reader is placed in the position of
spectator without the author there to explain.
The reader has to interpret events on his own.
35.
Refers to the result(s) of general and
abstract thinking. It may also mean
concept, thought, opinion, and principle.
There are many separate ideas in the
story , but one of the ideas seems to be
the major one. This is called theme. This is
also called major or central idea.
Idea and Theme
36.
Stories embody values along with
ideas. This means that ideas are
presented along with the expression
or implication that certain conditions
and standards should be or should
not be highly valued.
Ideas and Values
37.
In analyzing stories and
ideas, it is important to avoid
the trap of confusing ideas
and actions.
Distinguishing Between
Ideas and Action
38.
To determine an idea, one has to consider
the meaning of what is read before
developing explanatory and
comprehensive assertions. These
assertions may not be the same as the
others. People notice different things and
individual formulation vary.
How to Find Ideas
40.
A similar
object, action, person, or place
or something
else that stands for something
abstract.
Symbolism
41.
analogy is a comparison made between
something that is
known and something less familiar. The
purpose of creating an
analogy is to help others better
understand a dif"cult concept or
process.
Analogy
42.
The series of Hints and clues to
show the reader what will
happen and, usually whether the
upcoming events will be
happy, fearful, sad, etc.
Foreshadowing
43.
Describes how the writer arranges and
places materials based on the general
ideas and purpose of the work. Structure
defines layout – the way the story is
shaped. It refers to placement, balance,
recurring themes, true and misleading
conclusions .
Structure
44.
Formal Structure is an ideal pattern
that moves from the beginning to
end. However, most stories depart
from formal to real structure. Real
Structure variations to increase the
story’s impact.
Formal and Real Structure