This document outlines a review of regulatory capacity and performance in the South African electricity sector. It discusses the objectives to build capacity of economic regulators through identifying constraints and designing training programs. It provides an overview of the electricity supply industry structure and issues, the regulatory framework involving multiple stakeholders, NERSA's role and processes, and how regulation contributes to or conflicts with industrial and development policy objectives. Unclear policies and roles have led to suboptimal investment, price volatility, and negative developmental impacts. The success of renewable energy IPPs and ongoing issues with municipalities are also examined.
Clean Restructuring: design elements for low carbon wholesale marketsLeonardo ENERGY
This session is part of the Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Webinar Programme.
Theme 1 - The Evolving Role of Network Regulators.
Module 2: Design Elements for Low Carbon Wholesale Markets
Clean Restructuring: Design Elements for Low Carbon Wholesale Markets and Beyond, a 21st Century Power Partnership report, describes the movement from a vertically integrated power sector toward a more participatory and clean energy-friendly electricity system. The report focuses on the design of competitive wholesale markets that rely increasingly on variable renewable electricity (vRE) sources, demand response, and other flexible, clean energy options.
The webinar will review three main areas of consideration for decision makers embarking on a clean restructuring process: planning and procurement, market operation rules, and network expansion and grid code. The report features case studies of clean restructuring for Mexico, Denmark and Germany, and the webinar will focus on current clean restructuring efforts in Mexico by the co-authors of the case study, Hector Beltran and Jose Maria Valenzuela.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 6 - Efficiency Ass...Leonardo ENERGY
Regulators use efficiency assessment to set the efficiency targets of the regulated service providers. This session explains the role of the efficiency assessment, the methods to measure efficiency and the incorporation of efficiency results in the price control.
Why measure efficiency?
Methods for efficiency assessments : Uni-dimensional ratio analysis / Statistical and econometric methods / Linear programming methods / Virtual network models
Application of efficiency results o TOTEX versus OPEX benchmarking : Building block approach / Cost controllability (short- and long-term) / Efficiency convergence speed / Capping efficiency scores / Using efficiency bands
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 8Leonardo ENERGY
Session 8 deals with standards and labels for white appliances and air conditionners which have achieved tremendous energy savings in some developing countries.
How to define standards – how to test them - how to implement them - how to enforce them.
This session will rely on cases notably from Ghana, Tunisia and Egypt.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 9Leonardo ENERGY
Session 9 is devoted to Energy Services Companies (ESCOs). First, it introduces the Energy Performance Certificates concept and EPC contractual approaches. Then, it presents the need for measurement and verifications (M&V). It presents different ESCOs models:
the utility-based ESCOs with the cases of Croatia and Uruguay;
the Governement-based ESCO with the case of India;
the private sector ESCO with the case of China.
It concludes with the examples of institutional development schemes in Tunisia and Ivory Coast.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
Cost allocation issue
Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
Clean Restructuring: design elements for low carbon wholesale marketsLeonardo ENERGY
This session is part of the Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Webinar Programme.
Theme 1 - The Evolving Role of Network Regulators.
Module 2: Design Elements for Low Carbon Wholesale Markets
Clean Restructuring: Design Elements for Low Carbon Wholesale Markets and Beyond, a 21st Century Power Partnership report, describes the movement from a vertically integrated power sector toward a more participatory and clean energy-friendly electricity system. The report focuses on the design of competitive wholesale markets that rely increasingly on variable renewable electricity (vRE) sources, demand response, and other flexible, clean energy options.
The webinar will review three main areas of consideration for decision makers embarking on a clean restructuring process: planning and procurement, market operation rules, and network expansion and grid code. The report features case studies of clean restructuring for Mexico, Denmark and Germany, and the webinar will focus on current clean restructuring efforts in Mexico by the co-authors of the case study, Hector Beltran and Jose Maria Valenzuela.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 6 - Efficiency Ass...Leonardo ENERGY
Regulators use efficiency assessment to set the efficiency targets of the regulated service providers. This session explains the role of the efficiency assessment, the methods to measure efficiency and the incorporation of efficiency results in the price control.
Why measure efficiency?
Methods for efficiency assessments : Uni-dimensional ratio analysis / Statistical and econometric methods / Linear programming methods / Virtual network models
Application of efficiency results o TOTEX versus OPEX benchmarking : Building block approach / Cost controllability (short- and long-term) / Efficiency convergence speed / Capping efficiency scores / Using efficiency bands
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 8Leonardo ENERGY
Session 8 deals with standards and labels for white appliances and air conditionners which have achieved tremendous energy savings in some developing countries.
How to define standards – how to test them - how to implement them - how to enforce them.
This session will rely on cases notably from Ghana, Tunisia and Egypt.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 9Leonardo ENERGY
Session 9 is devoted to Energy Services Companies (ESCOs). First, it introduces the Energy Performance Certificates concept and EPC contractual approaches. Then, it presents the need for measurement and verifications (M&V). It presents different ESCOs models:
the utility-based ESCOs with the cases of Croatia and Uruguay;
the Governement-based ESCO with the case of India;
the private sector ESCO with the case of China.
It concludes with the examples of institutional development schemes in Tunisia and Ivory Coast.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
Cost allocation issue
Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
Clean energy transition – challenges and opportunitiesFrank Guo
• Decarbonization creates significant changes in
the characterization of the grid from resource mix
to demand composition
• Such changes bring many challenges to both
system and market operations in terms of
reliability, efficiency and complexity.
• To support such transition to the future grid, both
operational enhancements and alignment of
market structure are needed.
In this webinar, David de Jager will present the findings of a report from the DIA-CORE project. The report is the first to provide an estimation of the costs of capital for onshore wind projects across the 28 EU MS (based on more than 110 interviews across the EU). The report reveals, that from the very start of a project, project developers in the EU do not face the same financing risks and conditions. The webinar will give insight on why the cost of capital varies so much and what elements could reduce risk and hence societal cost of renewable energy in Europe.
DIA-CORE is a project funded by EASME, the agency of the European Commission. It aims at facilitating convergence of renewable energy support across the EU, and enhancing investments and coordination between EU Member States. A key focus of the project is to improve the conditions for financing RES investments.
Kathmandu | Apr-15 | Interactions Between Productive Use of Energy and Access...Smart Villages
John Holmes & Bernie Jones
Smart Villages in South Asia: Kathmandu Works hop Report The Smart Villages Initiative, working with its local partner Practical Action Consulting South Asia, held a workshop in Kathmandu, Nepal on 10th April 2015. The aim of the workshop was to learn lessons from Nepal’s experience of micro/mini-hydroelectric schemes for off-grid rural communities and associated initiatives to stimulate productive enterprises which could be shared with other stakeholders in the South Asia region.
DSM (Demand Side Managament) has changed since it was first introduced in the 1980s as an active policy instrument to make energy systems perform better and more economically. In the years since and primarily in the early years of the new millennium technology has provided new opportunities with smarter applications, decentralised power making use of local renewable sources and with a booming IT for management. We rather talk about Integrated DSM (IDSM).
Policy challenges to make energy systems sustainable and reduce (prevent) climate change has been more pronounced with the Paris accord as the ultimate example. Still market uptake is slow and well beyond expectations (and needs).
It is time for DSM to shape up and deliver!
Speaker for this webinar: Hans Nilsson
Update on realization of GEMM 2015: Georgian Electricity Market Model 2015ITE Oil&Gas
Presentation at GIOGIE 2014 (Georgian International Oil, Infrastructure and Energy Conference) - Update on realization of Georgian Electricity Market Model 2015.
By Stephen M. Haykin, USAID/Caucasus Mission Director, USAID
Learn more about the latest update on GEMM 2015 at the next GIOGIE Conference (25-26 March)! Book Now http://www.giogie.com/Home.aspx
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 6Leonardo ENERGY
Session 6 focuses on tender/auctioning. In spite of its "stop and go" nature, tender mechanisms could be more adapted to the support of certain renewable energy technologies than more complex schemes. They might be as well more suitable for some particular developing countries. This session tackles also the issue of fiscal incentives and tax breaks, which can prove to be very effective to support renewable energy technologies. This session provides a number of examples taken from industrial, emerging and developing countries.
Richard Cowart - Delivering Energy Efficiency on a Large Scale: Challenges an...noe21
http://www.managing-energy-demand.org
This seminar held on november 4 ‘09 in Bern, Switzerland, hosted international specialists in managing energy demand, mainly electric energy. Presentations concentrated on best cases in demand side management and regulation easing the way for DSM programs. The event was organised by noe21, a Geneva based NGO.
Strawman - Electric networks in Great Britain today are facing unprecedented challenge from Climate, Carbon and Convergence issues. Some thoughts and considerations.
Comments welcome
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 7Leonardo ENERGY
It is recognized that Energy Efficiency shall be the major component of any energy policy.
Session 7 introduces the institutional framework needed to implement energy efficiency (energy agency, utility Demand Side Management, other) notably by presenting the example of Tunisia.
It deals with the way to fund energy efficiency programmes via tax and social levies or carbon finance. This session gives an overview of white certificates schemes notably with the examples of India and Uruguay, and introduces different support energy efficiency schemes (grants, tax incentives, soft loan,other).
1.Overview of Renewable Energy Sector and Programs in Malaysia.
2.The mechanism of NEM using solar PV.
3.Benefits of implementing it for residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
4.Barriers that impede successful implementation of solar PV and NEM in Malaysia.
5.Strategies or plans that have been implemented by the Malaysian government to encourage the use of NEM.
6.Recommended additional necessary measures that should be implemented by the government to boost the success of the energy efficiency policy using solar power in Malaysia.
I prepared this presentation for a case interview for a premier consulting firm.
Case study background:
A government is looking at reducing the digital divide among its urban and rural masses. Among the key actions in meeting this objective is to create demand for broadband services in the rural areas. However there are some inherent challenges in achieving this goal namely apprehension from service providers, return of investment and lack of awareness and need.
Goal:
Please formulate a strategic proposal on the key initiatives the government can develop to specifically address the gap in ICT adoption in the rural areas.
As part of my Senior Honours year at university I was required to prepare a comprehensive business plan for a mock company. The attached business plan recieved an A1 at Glasgow University.
Clean energy transition – challenges and opportunitiesFrank Guo
• Decarbonization creates significant changes in
the characterization of the grid from resource mix
to demand composition
• Such changes bring many challenges to both
system and market operations in terms of
reliability, efficiency and complexity.
• To support such transition to the future grid, both
operational enhancements and alignment of
market structure are needed.
In this webinar, David de Jager will present the findings of a report from the DIA-CORE project. The report is the first to provide an estimation of the costs of capital for onshore wind projects across the 28 EU MS (based on more than 110 interviews across the EU). The report reveals, that from the very start of a project, project developers in the EU do not face the same financing risks and conditions. The webinar will give insight on why the cost of capital varies so much and what elements could reduce risk and hence societal cost of renewable energy in Europe.
DIA-CORE is a project funded by EASME, the agency of the European Commission. It aims at facilitating convergence of renewable energy support across the EU, and enhancing investments and coordination between EU Member States. A key focus of the project is to improve the conditions for financing RES investments.
Kathmandu | Apr-15 | Interactions Between Productive Use of Energy and Access...Smart Villages
John Holmes & Bernie Jones
Smart Villages in South Asia: Kathmandu Works hop Report The Smart Villages Initiative, working with its local partner Practical Action Consulting South Asia, held a workshop in Kathmandu, Nepal on 10th April 2015. The aim of the workshop was to learn lessons from Nepal’s experience of micro/mini-hydroelectric schemes for off-grid rural communities and associated initiatives to stimulate productive enterprises which could be shared with other stakeholders in the South Asia region.
DSM (Demand Side Managament) has changed since it was first introduced in the 1980s as an active policy instrument to make energy systems perform better and more economically. In the years since and primarily in the early years of the new millennium technology has provided new opportunities with smarter applications, decentralised power making use of local renewable sources and with a booming IT for management. We rather talk about Integrated DSM (IDSM).
Policy challenges to make energy systems sustainable and reduce (prevent) climate change has been more pronounced with the Paris accord as the ultimate example. Still market uptake is slow and well beyond expectations (and needs).
It is time for DSM to shape up and deliver!
Speaker for this webinar: Hans Nilsson
Update on realization of GEMM 2015: Georgian Electricity Market Model 2015ITE Oil&Gas
Presentation at GIOGIE 2014 (Georgian International Oil, Infrastructure and Energy Conference) - Update on realization of Georgian Electricity Market Model 2015.
By Stephen M. Haykin, USAID/Caucasus Mission Director, USAID
Learn more about the latest update on GEMM 2015 at the next GIOGIE Conference (25-26 March)! Book Now http://www.giogie.com/Home.aspx
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 6Leonardo ENERGY
Session 6 focuses on tender/auctioning. In spite of its "stop and go" nature, tender mechanisms could be more adapted to the support of certain renewable energy technologies than more complex schemes. They might be as well more suitable for some particular developing countries. This session tackles also the issue of fiscal incentives and tax breaks, which can prove to be very effective to support renewable energy technologies. This session provides a number of examples taken from industrial, emerging and developing countries.
Richard Cowart - Delivering Energy Efficiency on a Large Scale: Challenges an...noe21
http://www.managing-energy-demand.org
This seminar held on november 4 ‘09 in Bern, Switzerland, hosted international specialists in managing energy demand, mainly electric energy. Presentations concentrated on best cases in demand side management and regulation easing the way for DSM programs. The event was organised by noe21, a Geneva based NGO.
Strawman - Electric networks in Great Britain today are facing unprecedented challenge from Climate, Carbon and Convergence issues. Some thoughts and considerations.
Comments welcome
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 7Leonardo ENERGY
It is recognized that Energy Efficiency shall be the major component of any energy policy.
Session 7 introduces the institutional framework needed to implement energy efficiency (energy agency, utility Demand Side Management, other) notably by presenting the example of Tunisia.
It deals with the way to fund energy efficiency programmes via tax and social levies or carbon finance. This session gives an overview of white certificates schemes notably with the examples of India and Uruguay, and introduces different support energy efficiency schemes (grants, tax incentives, soft loan,other).
1.Overview of Renewable Energy Sector and Programs in Malaysia.
2.The mechanism of NEM using solar PV.
3.Benefits of implementing it for residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
4.Barriers that impede successful implementation of solar PV and NEM in Malaysia.
5.Strategies or plans that have been implemented by the Malaysian government to encourage the use of NEM.
6.Recommended additional necessary measures that should be implemented by the government to boost the success of the energy efficiency policy using solar power in Malaysia.
I prepared this presentation for a case interview for a premier consulting firm.
Case study background:
A government is looking at reducing the digital divide among its urban and rural masses. Among the key actions in meeting this objective is to create demand for broadband services in the rural areas. However there are some inherent challenges in achieving this goal namely apprehension from service providers, return of investment and lack of awareness and need.
Goal:
Please formulate a strategic proposal on the key initiatives the government can develop to specifically address the gap in ICT adoption in the rural areas.
As part of my Senior Honours year at university I was required to prepare a comprehensive business plan for a mock company. The attached business plan recieved an A1 at Glasgow University.
Schnell Solutions.
Bespoke software delivered.
Our main services overview include: Besopke Software, Mobile Apps, Ebase XI Services, Business Process Audits.
Paul brandley | Washington Wizards Win Three Straight, Now 7-2Paul Brandley
Paul Brandley: The Wizards move to 7-2 after a huge performance from their bench in a win against the Orlando Magic. With the bench scoring in double digits, the Washington Wizards demonstrated a bench-fueled victory against a young and energetic opponent. Injury news included!!
Business models for effective market update of EE servicesLeonardo ENERGY
This report reviews the EE market in 6 countries, and makes a quick assessment for 4 successful business models whether they could be successfully transferred to these markets.
The Policy and Regulatory Framework for Renewable EnergyMirzo Ibragimov
On 5-6 December, Tashkent hosted a workshop on renewable energy (RE) policy development jointly organized by the Government of Uzbekistan and the World Bank Group (WBG) in partnership with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The presentation was delivered during the above-mentioned event.
Energy efficiency is often regarded as the fastest and most
accessible means to achieve sustainability and reduce energy
costs. Using a framework developed from semi-structured
interviews of business owners, staff and personnel, this
presentation will analyze the relevance of various barriers to
energy efficiency experienced by commercial and small
industrial businesses across 7 industrial parks in the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan.
Preliminary analysis indicates that high energy costs in the
region pose a significant barrier to business expansion and
workforce development. To address this, the presentation will
also make specific technical and policy recommendations for
regional planners, showing how advancing energy efficiency
helps support local economic development and business
retention.
On June 2014 an online survey has been launched* to collect information about the need for automatic large-scale assessment of building energy behaviour, based on “location” information (geodata) available from public registers (e.g. cadastre, urban planning data etc.).
* http://snipurl.com/energy-mapping-survey
Annual european electricity ancillary and balancing forum 23rd 24th november...Lenka Larson
Annual european electricity ancillary and balancing forum 23rd 24th november 2017 Berlin, Germany
http://www.electricity-ancillary.oil-professional-events.com/
Edition European Electricity Ancillary & Balancing Forum 23rd 24th november 2...Barbara Larson
Edition European Electricity Ancillary & Balancing Forum 23rd 24th november 2017 Berlin, Germany
http://www.electricity-ancillary.oil-professional-events.com/
European Edition ELECTRICITY ANCILLARY SERVICES AND BALANCING 23rd 24th nove...PAUL CarBony
European Edition ELECTRICITY ANCILLARY SERVICES AND BALANCING 23rd 24th november 2017 Berlin, Germany
http://www.electricity-ancillary.oil-professional-events.com
10th edition european electricity ancillary and balancing forum 23rd 24th nov...Victor Cardin
10th edition european electricity ancillary and balancing forum 23rd 24th November 2017 Berlin, Germany
http://www.electricity-ancillary.oil-professional-events.com/
European Ancillary SERVICES and Balancing Electricity Forum 23rd 24th Nove...Julia Kushnir
European Ancillary SERVICES and Balancing Electricity Forum 23rd 24th November 2017 Berlin, Germany
http://www.electricity-ancillary.oil-professional-events.com
Comprehensive On&Off-Grid Planning For Universal Access. The Reference Electr...Leonardo ENERGY
The webinar offers a new approach to least-cost electrification planning, deciding down to each individual customer the best (least-cost) supply model, whether grid connection, distributed off-grid microgrids, or even a DC solar kit or an AC stand-alone solar system. By dealing with distributed electrification technologies, smart grid compatible off-grid technologies, demand management or digital utilities, in the context of developing countries, where 1.2 billion people still lack any electricity supply and around 500 million more suffer from a very low reliability and frequent blackouts, the savings offered by this comprehensive approach contribute to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7, ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
Existing supporting regulatory framework For Energy EfficiencyACX
Get up to date with existing and upcoming regulations effecting energy use in Kenya. Learn more on trends in policy making and how this will affect you as a consumer.
Exploring the economic and societal impacts of enabling the rollout of electr...DecarboN8
The third webinar in DecarboN8's Future Transport Fuels Webinar Series for academics, students, policymakers, businesses, civil society and anyone interested in the decarbonisation of transport in the UK.
About the event:
Over the last four years, CEP has applied its economy-wide approach to analysing the likely wider economy impacts of enabling the roll-out of electric vehicles in the UK. This is seen as a key component of reducing emissions from private transport and facilitating the transition to net zero. In this webinar we will discuss our latest research that explores the macro economic and societal impacts of both investing to reinforce the electricity network and from shifting fueling from fossil fuels to electricity. We will also explore considerations for a ‘Just Transition’ and regulatory and policy implications.
About the speaker:
Professor Karen Turner is Director of the Centre for Energy Policy at the University of Strathclyde. She has previously held academic posts at in the Economics Departments at Heriot-Watt, Stirling and Strathclyde Universities. Karen was one of six ESRC Climate Change Leadership Fellows and her main research interests lie in considering and modelling the economy-wide and macroeconomic impacts of energy policy and industry developments. The main focuses of her current work is considering the wider economic and societal value proposition for a range of low carbon energy solutions, including energy efficiency, electric vehicles, industrial decarbonisation and CCUS, through projects funded by UKRI and various government and industry bodies. Karen is currently a member of the Scottish Just Transition Commission, was member of the committee delivering the Royal Society of Edinburgh’s inquiry on Scotland’s Energy Future and is leading a cross-cutting sub-group of a new Royal Society (London) study on the long term role of energy storage.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
1. CCRED
Centre for Competition,
Regulation and
Economic Development
Regulatory Entities Capacity Building Project
Review of Regulators’ Orientation and
Performance
Electricity
12 November 2013
2. Outline
• Objectives of the project
Proposed approach for review:
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•
•
•
•
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Broad industrial policy objectives
Electricity Supply Industry
Electricity pricing
Regulatory and Institutional framework
Role of IPPs and municipalities
Case studies which highlight how actions by Eskom and
the regulator have implications for industrial policy
• Specific areas of capacity building identified to inform
Short Learning Programmes (SLP)
Presentation and comments from Dr Grové Steyn
3. Objectives
• Effective performance of economic regulators crucial for economic
growth and development
• Regulatory Entity Capacity Building Project by Centre for Competition,
Regulation and Economic Development of University of Johannesburg
(UJ), partnership with Economic Development Department (EDD)
• Aims to build capacity of regulators through design and implementation
of a series of capacity building measures to support economic regulators
in South Africa:
– review of performance of economic regulators to identify constraints
impacting performance
– design and implement knowledge capacity building programme in
response to identified needs through Short Learning Programmes
(SLPs)
• TIPS contracted to look at electricity, renewable energy and ports
4. Key questions for the TIPS electricity
industry review
• How effective has economic regulation in the
ESI been in relation to NERSA’s mandate?
• To what extent is regulation in the electricity
sector contributing to, or in conflict with, other
economic development mandates aimed at
sustainable development and growth?
5. Industrial policy framework
Key question: How does NERSA’s decisions and
performance of the ESI contribute to IP objectives?
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NIPF (2007)
NGP (2010)
Iterations of IPAP to implement policies
NDP (2011)
Other strategies: DMR Beneficiation Strategy etc.
Objectives include, but not limited to:
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tackling poverty, unemployment and inequality;
increased participation;
diversification beyond traditional commodities;
green economy opportunities;
expanding infrastructure;
increased beneficiation etc.
competition policy and regulation identified as strategic programmes
6. Electricity Supply Industry
The structure (past and current) of the ESI is
crucial to understand the performance of the
sector and effectiveness of regulation:
• Electricity supply value chain
• Performance of the ESI
• Issues shaping the development of the ESI
7. Understanding the ESI
• Market Structure
– Generation: 96% Eskom (30% cap for IPPs)
• Eskom single buyer model
– Transmission: 100% Eskom
– Distribution: ῀60% Eskom, 40% municipalities
– National Electricity Regulator licences market access and
approves all tariffs
– Until recently, significant generation over-capacity and
supply quality good
• Value chain: input, business activities, output,
outcomes
8. Energy flows in the electricity supply
industry of South Africa
Gross Generation
254 Gwh
Distribution Purchases
For end use
Transmission losses: 7 686 GWh
Distribution losses: 14 312 GWh
Private
Generation
3%
Municipal
Generation
2%
Eskom
Generation
95%
SAPP Imports to SA
(13038 Gwh)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Eskom
100%
(TNS)
End Use
Municipalities
41%
Municipal and other
distributors
40%
Residential 5%
Agriculture 2%
Mining 15%
Manufacturing
(Industrial)
26%
Eskom distributors
60%
Commercial 4%
Other 1%
International
6%
SAPP Exports from SA
(13 195 Gwh)
10. Issues related to specific levels of the ESI
Generation
• S&D balance
• Fuel Contracting &
Logistics
• Environmental
Standards
Transmission
• Connecting IPPs to the
grid
• Funding model
• Construction delays
• Fragmentation
• Municipalities
• Wheeling
• CAPEX Expansion
• ISMO bill
• CAPEX Expansion
Distribution
• Services not
standardised
• Infrastructure
backlog
11. ESI Performance
• Technical
– Generation capacity, reserve margins, quality and
reliability of supply, interruptions
• Financial
– Funding model, plant expansion delays, credit rating
• Socio-economic
– Electrification programme, employment, contribution
to the economy
• Environmental
– Reliance on coal-fired electricity, emissions, waste,
diversification of energy mix
12. Electricity Pricing Mechanism
Cost components and impacts on cost
Generation
Cost of electricity generation including cost of power station
(capital costs), fuel and water
Also any purchases by Eskom
Key drivers
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•
Consumption
behaviour ; load
profile
Technologies selected
Transmission
Cost of the network, cost of capital, operations and maintenance
costs
•
Location of facilitytransmission zone and
capacity
Distribution
Cost of the network , cost of capital, operations and
maintenance
Retail costs covering metering, billing administration and
customer service
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Voltage and capacity
Size of the customer
Municipality
operations
Total Price
13. Regulatory and institutional framework:
Who calls the shots?
A wide array of stakeholders:
- Presidency/the dti/EDD: economic planning and integration
- DoE: energy policy (planning)
- DPE: Eskom’s 100% shareholder
- NERSA: regulation of Eskom and IPPs (licensing, tariffs,
compliance, infrastructure planning and reform)
- NT: financial guarantees/loans (Eskom), procurement process
(IPPs), financial oversight (municipalities)
- DEA/DWA: environmental authorisations
- Eskom: national utility (generation, transmission, distribution)
- Other key players: municipalities, IPPs, large consumers
15. Regulatory and institutional framework:
A complex picture
Policies
Generation
ERA (2006)
New Generation Regulation
(2009)
IRP (2011)
White Paper on RE (2003)
REIPP programme
NEMA (1998)
Air Quality Act (2004)
Transmission
Distribution
New Generation
Regulation (2009)
ISMO Bill?
Constitution (1996)
Public Finance Management
Act (1999)
Municipal Finance
Management Act (2003)
Local Government Municipal
Systems Act (2000)
Stakeholders
Energy White Paper (1998), Eskom Conversion Act (2001),
ERA (2006), Electricity Pricing Policy (2008), MYPD tariffs
DoE: policy, planning,
technology mix
Eskom and IPPs: build and
finance
NERSA: licensing and price
determination
DoE: policy
Eskom: System Operation
and Transmission;
wheeling price
NERSA: licensing
DoE: policy
NT: influence on pricing through
inter-gov. fiscal processes
NERSA: licensing, tariff
determination (level and
structure)
Municipalities and Eskom: endusers distribution
16. Electricity regulation: To what end?
A number of conflicting priorities makes the work of main stakeholders a
very complicated balancing act. Energy policy is, inter alia, aimed to
address:
Energy objectives
Security of supply
Quality of infrastructure
(generation, transmission,
distribution)
Developmental objectives
Economic objectives
Social objectives
GDP growth, investment,
macroeconomic impacts
(inflation, exchange rate)
Universal access to electricity
Job creation
Affordable electricity
(particularly for low-income
households)
Industrial objectives
Financial objectives
Impact on competitiveness,
particularly on EIUG
Eskom’s financial stability
Manage energy-related
environmental impacts
Municipalities
Security of supply
Green economy
Private sector participation
Sustainable development
BBBEE
Environmental objectives
17. The absence of a clear vision for the ESI:
The root of policy uncertainty
- 1998 Energy White Paper: aspects of standard model
(Joskow, 2006)
- Partial implementation: corporatisation of Eskom,
introduction of some competition (IPPs), independent
regulator
- Result: hybrid model maintaining the dominance of the
SoE
- No official view exists on the future evolution of the ESI
- Confused and contested policy and institutional space
- Unclear responsibilities for generation planning, new
investment allocation opportunities, procurement
processes, power dispatch arrangements, etc.
18. From policy uncertainty
to functional difficulties
Unclear mandates and division of roles between stakeholders:
- Government’s multiple roles (shareholder, policymaker,
regulator?)
- Gaps and incoherencies allowing parties to act opportunistically
to protect their interest
- Result: political interference on regulation
- Government’s public statements on price increases and new
generation capacity compromising NERSA’s independence
- Eskom’s bypass (with Cabinet approval) of NERSA’s review process
(Kusile)
- Planning: DoE (IRP) in collaboration with Eskom and NERSA
- Principal-agent problem: information asymmetry (clout of Eskom’s
data and scenarios)
- Generation building: Eskom to build or not to build? IPPs?
- Procurement process: Bidding process? Feed-in tariff?
- Distribution: uncertainty on NERSA’s ability to regulate
municipalities; reform of distribution?
19. From policy uncertainty to
detrimental economic impacts
Results of policy uncertainty and unclear roles
- Suboptimal investment decisions
- timing (boom and bust capacity investment cycles)
- technology choice (coal reliance vs. hydro, RE, gas)
- Suboptimal contract decisions (lock-in into special
agreements)
- High electricity price volatility (price shock)
- Undetermined/wrong price signals (EE improvements)
- Negative developmental impact (electrification
programme, affordable access to electricity)
- Negative industrial impact (competitiveness, job
creation)
20. Role of IPPs: From policy uncertainty to
a successful competitive mechanism
• Policy uncertainty at first (REFIT? Bidding process?)
• Success of REIPP procurement process
• Still uncertainty
for IPPs outside
government process
Source: TIPS, based on DoE
• Replication of the model?
• Separate study being undertaken (Seminar in February
2014)
21. Role of municipalities
• Clear case of ‘legislative misalignment’:
– Municipal electricity tariffs regulated by NERSA, under ERA
– But municipalities have latitude to offer mark-ups/surcharges under Municipal
Fiscal and Functions Act; Municipal Finance and Management Act, Municipal
Systems Act
• NERSA calculates average benchmark price based on characteristics:
–
customer mix; load profile; energy losses; ratio of budget for network
maintenance to overall sales etc.
• Municipals add mark-ups/surcharges over and above this price
• Funding models of municipalities:
– Electricity sales source of revenue to cross-subsidize other activities
– Some estimates up to 60%
• Is the impact on industry, such as foundries, considered by municipalities?
Some buyers ‘captured’ by Supply Area limitations
• What can NERSA do? What do other countries do?
22. Case studies - outline
1. Negotiated/Special Pricing Agreements to
aluminium smelters
2. Buy-back electricity schemes- ferrochrome,
ferromanganese etc.
3. Importance of understanding specific
dynamics of major industrial grouping such
as mines; major differences between mines
23. Special pricing agreements- Aluminium
• Eskom entered into Special/Negotiated Pricing Agreements in
1990s (SPA/NPA)
– At a time of electricity surplus, ~40% reserve margin, difficult and
expensive to store
– Industrial policy focused on encouraging investment and
developing downstream industry
– NPAs with BHP Billiton (formerly Alusaf) for Hillside potlines 1&2,
Hillside potline 3, Bayside and Mozal potlines
– NPA with Anglo American’s Skorpion Zinc in Namibia
– Pricing linked to internationally quoted price and exchange rate,
and not to Eskom’s costs
– Smelters use around 5.5% of Eskom’s nominal capacity- very
electricity intensive
• From 2007/8- electricity shortage, global recession and falling
commodity prices
– Eskom faced losses on NPAs, especially in 2009
24. Special pricing agreements, history and
pricing clauses
• The different BHP contracts:
– Hillside Potlines 1 & 2 LME and exchange rate
– Hillside Potline 3 2001 Nightsave escalated by change in PPI
– Mozal
Not in the public domain, Mozal contract re-negotiated in 2010 and no longer
linked to LME and exchange rate
– Bayside
• Interruptibility provision- max of 2 hrs/week
at BHP’s cost; Eskom can impose when grid is
under pressure
28. Implications of increased electricity prices to BHP Billiton on
each level of the aluminium value chain
• Impact on BHP
- Smelter financials not in public domain
- Bayside and Hillside, despite the preferential electricity rates, have
allegedly shown successive losses in the last few years
- Dominant, significant market power- may cut back production, or pass on
costs depending on import price ceiling; unlikely to pass on costs to export
markets
• Impact on secondary smelters
– No direct impact, use scrap mainly (small amounts of virgin aluminium)
– Indirect impact- less virgin material, increases demand for scrap
(particularly high grade)
increases price of scrap
– Main concern: Municipality electricity mark-ups and scrap pricing,
availability and quality
• policy directive that scrap merchants offer preferential prices to local users of scrap
and first offer product to local users
– Limited ability to pass on cost increases
29. • Impact on foundries
– no direct impact, same concerns as secondary smelters
– raised major concerns about non-standard and high electricity
rates by municipalities; availability and pricing of scrap
– competition from imported castings, esp. automotive industry
– limited ability to pass on cost increases
– many have shut down
• Impact on semi-fabricators and fabricators
– Company X - not much, do their own re-melting of scrap, only
buy small volumes of basic ingots from BHP
• In the event of non-supply from BHP, move more to scrap, and import
balance of needs, ingots are at IPP anyway; already importing billets
– Company Y- big impact. Large volumes of slab from BHP
• Importing slab is much more expensive than buying locally (unlike
importing basic ingots)
– Players have market power, but threat of imports of finished
fully fabricated products is a constraint
30. NERSA’s powers to review contracts?
• NERSA has the power to review contracts in
terms of the ERA
– Any interested party could request NERSA to review
these agreements
– NERSA’s decision, including a decision to not review
these contracts, could be reviewed in terms of
Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA)
• NERSA is looking into this
• Mindful of the kind of message that is sent to
international and domestic investors
31. Buy-back schemes
• In 2012, Eskom entered into negotiated agreements
with energy-thirsty smelters (ferrochrome, ferromanganese, etc.
Xstrata, Samancor, Ruukki and International Ferro)
• Allows Eskom to turn off power for up to three months
in return for payment to the smelters
• Capacity redirected to the grid; interim strategy till
Medupi comes on board
• Details not public; different payments have been
negotiated with different companies
– On principle that compensation < cost of running opencycle gas turbines
• NERSA has to approve these agreements
• Have the economic implications and ripple-effects on
value chain been adequately assessed?
32. Understanding dynamics of major
industries- Mining
• Useful for NERSA to understand dynamics of major
industrial grouping value chains:
– 2 examples to show how differently electricity impacts
different mining processes
• Allows for more accurate and well-considered
decision making on tariffs and assessment of
complaints and submissions
• Ensures decisions are in line with broader economic
policy
33. Example 1: Platinum value chain
• Beneficiation priority in IPAP and DMR
Beneficiation Strategy (for both
platinum and energy commodities [fuel
cell technology])
• One of the largest electricity
consumers- 18 platinum mines on
Eskom’s 100 Key Industrial Users list
2010
Input
Suppliers
• Exploration and Mining
Stage 1
• Energy-intensive processes in the
mining phase (Stage 1)- ventilation and
cooling (key safety features);
innovations in terms of fan settings and
replacing compressors
•Mining companies: Anglo American Platinum (40%), Impala Platinum
(25%), Lonmin (10%), Aquarius (5%)
•Average cost of phase: 72% of operating costs; Activities: drilling,
blasting; Mining output: Merensky, UGs and Platreef ore
• Processing and Beneficiation
• Electricity is 15% of total costs
• Useful to understand ability to pass on
electricity costs- probably high in local
market
•Component Manufacturers; Engineering & Specialist
Consulting Firms; Specialist Raw Material Suppliers
Original Equipment Manufacturers; Engineering/Project
Management Services; Specialist Input Suppliers
Agents and distributors
Stage 2
•Concentrating: Average cost of phase: 10% of operating costs;
Activities: Crushing and milling, flotation; Platinum recovery: 85%;
Mining output: composite concentrates; tailings
•Smelting: Average cost of phase: 9% of operating costs; Activities:
drying and smelting in electric furnaces; air blowing in converters;
sulphur removal; Platinum recovery: 95-98%; Mining output: converter
matte and sulphuric acid
•Refining: Average cost of phase: 9% of operating costs; Platinum
recovery: up to 99%
•Base Metal Refining: magnetic concentration; Mining output: platinum
and by products nickel and copper
•Precious Metal Refining: PGMS and by products silver and gold
• Fabrication and End Use
Stage 3
•Key Players: Johnson Matthey, BASF, Umicore, Hereus
•Demand driven by: Auto catalysts, Jewellery and Industrial Products –
esp fuel cell technology (in its infancy)
•Exports and trading partners: China, Japan, USA, EU
34. Platinum cont.
• Process innovations to lower electricity costs:
ConRoast (smelting) developed by Mintek; Kell
Process (concentrate treatment) (NewCo
mine) – IDC investment
• Renewables still in infancy stage- companies
investigating renewables such photovoltaic
and biomass plants through PPA with IPPs
35. Example 2: Iron ore value chain
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IPAP, DMR beneficiation strategy
Diesel constitutes larger proportion of energy
consumption, electricity to a lesser extent –
Electricity around 5% - 10% of total costs
Beneficiation activity (Stage 2): most energy
intensive process with off-grade ore being more
energy intensive compared to on-grade/high-grade
ore
• Exploration and Extraction
Stage 1
• Kumba, Assmang, Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium,
Rio Tinto
• Drill, blast, haul
• Mining Beneficiation
Stage 2
• Stage 1 key players
• Washing, screening, grading, jigging, dense medium
separation
• Metallurgical Beneficiation and Shaping
There is an energy component in logistics due to the
use of electric/diesel rail locomotives- TRANSNET
Stage 3
Innovations to focus on techniques to upgrade ore
and improve recoveries, to add value to iron ore
produced
Captive mines- sales to AMSA, some ability to pass
on costs? Although AMSA has significant buyer
power; Majority exported- firms are price takers in
export markets
Increase in electricity will have greater impact on
ferrochrome and ferromanganese smelters with
most SA smelters operating at below 50% capacity
and some shutting down/relocating
• Steel Industry players
• Smelting iron into pig iron, shaping into steel products
• Conversion/ Fabricators
Stage 4
• Long steel and flat steel products
• Flat steel - use s large quantities of iron ore
• Long steel – uses scrap and small quantities of iron ore
• Manufacturers/End users
Stage 5
• Building and construction (40%)
• Automotive (11%)
• Machinery (9%), Mining (7%)
36. Some conclusions and areas of capacity
building
• Financial Analysis & Accounting for Economic Regulation
• Economics and law for regulation, including competition
economics and law
• Strategic Planning and Knowledge Management in
Economic Regulators
Other areas?
• Economic and environmental policies
• Sector and value chain understanding
• Cost-benefit analysis training
• Advanced economic modelling capabilities
• Independent impact assessments