Tennessee State University College of Engineering, Tec.docxmehek4
Tennessee State University
College of Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ENGR 2001
CIRCUITS I LAB
Section 01
Lab 1
Low Pass/High Pass Filters
Transient and AC Analysis
Beyonce Smith
Lab Partner: Will Knowles
Instructor: Dr. Carlotta A. Berry
Lab Performed: October 16, 2000
Report Submitted: October 23, 2000
2
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to design a high pass and low pass filter that
attenuates a 1 kHz signal by 20 db. Test and evaluate this circuit built in a laboratory to
determine how closely actual values correlate to theoretical values. Part of this analysis
will include observing the transient and AC characteristics by using an oscilloscope,
digital multimeter and function generator. The theory used to design this filter included
Ohm’s law, the voltage divider rule and Laplace transforms. The results were shown to
correlate closely with the theoretical values and therefore were assumed to be
significant.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
I. Objective
II. Theory
III. Equipment
IV. Apparatus
V. Circuits
VI. Procedure
VII. Graphs
VIII. Results, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Appendix A Data
Appendix B Formulas and Sample Calculations
Appendix C References and Laboratory Instruction Sheet
4
I. Objective:
The purpose of this experiment was to explore the behavior of a low pass filter
and high pass filter over a range of frequencies with a given break frequency.
II. Theory:
A filter is a device that attenuates a range of frequencies and passes a range of
frequencies. There are several types of filters including low pass, high pass,
band pass and band reject. The range of frequencies that are passed by a filter
are called the pass band. The frequency where the relationship between input
and output is equal to .707 is called the break frequency or half power point. An
example of a high pass filter would be a tweeter on a speaker in a car. An
example of a low pass filter would be the bass from a speaker in a car. An
example of a band pass filter would be the selector for a radio station. In this
experiment the low pass and high pass filter will be explored. Equation (1) is the
transfer function relationship for the high pass filter. Equation (2) is the low pass
transfer function for the low pass filter.
H(S) =
sRC
sRC
sV
sV
i
o
1)(
)(
(1)
H(s) =
sRCsV
sV
i
o
1
1
)(
)(
(2)
III. Equipment:
Breadboard
Wire leads
Digital Oscilloscope
Digital Multimeter
Function Generator
Power Supply
Resistors (1 k, 5 k)
Capacitors (.01 F, 1 F)
741 Op-amp
IV. Apparatus:
The apparatus used to measure the transient and AC response of a circuit
includes the breadboard with the resistor and capacitor positioned for a low pass
or high pass filter, ...
ECET 345 Week 1 Homework
1.Express the following numbers in Cartesian (rectangular) form.
2.Express the following numbers in polar form. Describe the quadrant of the complex plane, in which the complex number is located.
ECET 345 Week 1 Homework
1.Express the following numbers in Cartesian (rectangular) form.
2.Express the following numbers in polar form. Describe the quadrant of the complex plane, in which the complex number is located.
Ecet 345 Enthusiastic Study / snaptutorial.comStephenson34
ECET 345 Week 1 Homework
1.Express the following numbers in Cartesian (rectangular) form.
2.Express the following numbers in polar form. Describe the quadrant of the complex plane, in which the complex number is located.
Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Su...ijtsrd
Oscillator circuit is one that converts DC power into AC power at a frequency without any input signal. Oscillators are commonly used in communication systems to generate carrier frequency ranging from audio frequency 20 Hz to radio frequency 100G Hz . There are two main classes of oscillators, harmonic oscillator with sinusoidal output e.g. sine wave and relaxation oscillator with non sinusoidal output e.g. square wave, triangle wave, etc. . In this paper, class A Colpitts oscillator with LC feedback circuit is designed as a radio frequency oscillator to generate the output signals at 5M Hz. After designing, this circuit is simulated with Multisim software to analyze the effect of power supply on its frequency stability. Three supply voltages, 14 V, 12 V and 10 V are set as sample parameters to analyze the variation of frequency and voltage of the output signal. Changing DC power supply one by one as the above selected parameters in Multisim, the change of value of frequencies are noted and output signal results are also shown with the help of virtual oscillator. Thit Waso Khine "Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Supply on its Frequency Stability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28022.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/28022/designing-class-a-colpitts-oscillator-and-analyzing-the-effect-of-dc-power-supply-on-its-frequency-stability/thit-waso-khine
Tennessee State University College of Engineering, Tec.docxmehek4
Tennessee State University
College of Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ENGR 2001
CIRCUITS I LAB
Section 01
Lab 1
Low Pass/High Pass Filters
Transient and AC Analysis
Beyonce Smith
Lab Partner: Will Knowles
Instructor: Dr. Carlotta A. Berry
Lab Performed: October 16, 2000
Report Submitted: October 23, 2000
2
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to design a high pass and low pass filter that
attenuates a 1 kHz signal by 20 db. Test and evaluate this circuit built in a laboratory to
determine how closely actual values correlate to theoretical values. Part of this analysis
will include observing the transient and AC characteristics by using an oscilloscope,
digital multimeter and function generator. The theory used to design this filter included
Ohm’s law, the voltage divider rule and Laplace transforms. The results were shown to
correlate closely with the theoretical values and therefore were assumed to be
significant.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
I. Objective
II. Theory
III. Equipment
IV. Apparatus
V. Circuits
VI. Procedure
VII. Graphs
VIII. Results, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Appendix A Data
Appendix B Formulas and Sample Calculations
Appendix C References and Laboratory Instruction Sheet
4
I. Objective:
The purpose of this experiment was to explore the behavior of a low pass filter
and high pass filter over a range of frequencies with a given break frequency.
II. Theory:
A filter is a device that attenuates a range of frequencies and passes a range of
frequencies. There are several types of filters including low pass, high pass,
band pass and band reject. The range of frequencies that are passed by a filter
are called the pass band. The frequency where the relationship between input
and output is equal to .707 is called the break frequency or half power point. An
example of a high pass filter would be a tweeter on a speaker in a car. An
example of a low pass filter would be the bass from a speaker in a car. An
example of a band pass filter would be the selector for a radio station. In this
experiment the low pass and high pass filter will be explored. Equation (1) is the
transfer function relationship for the high pass filter. Equation (2) is the low pass
transfer function for the low pass filter.
H(S) =
sRC
sRC
sV
sV
i
o
1)(
)(
(1)
H(s) =
sRCsV
sV
i
o
1
1
)(
)(
(2)
III. Equipment:
Breadboard
Wire leads
Digital Oscilloscope
Digital Multimeter
Function Generator
Power Supply
Resistors (1 k, 5 k)
Capacitors (.01 F, 1 F)
741 Op-amp
IV. Apparatus:
The apparatus used to measure the transient and AC response of a circuit
includes the breadboard with the resistor and capacitor positioned for a low pass
or high pass filter, ...
ECET 345 Week 1 Homework
1.Express the following numbers in Cartesian (rectangular) form.
2.Express the following numbers in polar form. Describe the quadrant of the complex plane, in which the complex number is located.
ECET 345 Week 1 Homework
1.Express the following numbers in Cartesian (rectangular) form.
2.Express the following numbers in polar form. Describe the quadrant of the complex plane, in which the complex number is located.
Ecet 345 Enthusiastic Study / snaptutorial.comStephenson34
ECET 345 Week 1 Homework
1.Express the following numbers in Cartesian (rectangular) form.
2.Express the following numbers in polar form. Describe the quadrant of the complex plane, in which the complex number is located.
Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Su...ijtsrd
Oscillator circuit is one that converts DC power into AC power at a frequency without any input signal. Oscillators are commonly used in communication systems to generate carrier frequency ranging from audio frequency 20 Hz to radio frequency 100G Hz . There are two main classes of oscillators, harmonic oscillator with sinusoidal output e.g. sine wave and relaxation oscillator with non sinusoidal output e.g. square wave, triangle wave, etc. . In this paper, class A Colpitts oscillator with LC feedback circuit is designed as a radio frequency oscillator to generate the output signals at 5M Hz. After designing, this circuit is simulated with Multisim software to analyze the effect of power supply on its frequency stability. Three supply voltages, 14 V, 12 V and 10 V are set as sample parameters to analyze the variation of frequency and voltage of the output signal. Changing DC power supply one by one as the above selected parameters in Multisim, the change of value of frequencies are noted and output signal results are also shown with the help of virtual oscillator. Thit Waso Khine "Designing Class a Colpitts Oscillator and Analyzing the Effect of DC Power Supply on its Frequency Stability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28022.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/28022/designing-class-a-colpitts-oscillator-and-analyzing-the-effect-of-dc-power-supply-on-its-frequency-stability/thit-waso-khine
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Electric Circuits LabInstructor -----------Serie.docxpauline234567
Electric Circuits Lab
Instructor: -----------
Series RL Circuits
Student Name(s): Click or tap here to enter text.
Click or tap here to enter text.
Honor Pledge:
I pledge to support the Honor System of ECPI. I will refrain from any form of academic dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the academic community, it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violators of the honor code. I understand that any failure on my part to support the Honor System will be turned over to a Judicial Review Board for determination. I will report to the Judicial Review Board hearing if summoned.
Date: 1/1/2018
Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 3
Procedures 3
Data Presentation & Analysis 4
Calculations 4
Required Screenshots 4
Conclusion 4
References 5
Abstract
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
What is an Abstract?
This should include a brief description of all parts of the lab. The abstract should be complete in itself. It should summarize the entire lab; what you did, why you did it, the results, and your conclusion. Think of it as a summary to include all work done. It needs to be succinct yet detailed enough for a person to know what this report deals with in its entirety.
Objectives of Week 2 Lab 2:
· Understand the effect of frequency on inductive reactance.
· Measure the impedance of an RL circuit.
· Measure the phase angle and phase lead of an RL circuit using the oscilloscope.
· Draw the impedance and voltage phasor diagrams.
· Understand how an inductor differentiates current.
Introduction
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
What is an Introduction?
In your own words, explain the reason for performing the experiment and give a concise summary of the theory involved, including any mathematical detail relevant to later discussion in the report. State the objectives of the lab as well as the overall background of the relevant topic.
Address the following items in your introduction:
· What is Impedance for an RL circuit? (Give formula)
· What is phase angle for an RL circuit? How is it calculated?
· What is phase lead for an RL lead circuit? How is it calculated?
· How/why does an inductor differentiate current? Give formula.Procedures
Part I:
1.
Connect the following circuit.
Figure 1: RL Circuit
2.
Connect one DMM across the resistor and one DMM across the inductor.
Set both DMMs to read AC Voltage.
Measure the voltage drop across each component.
Record the result in
Table 1.
3. Use Ohm’s law to
calculate the current flowing through the resistor. Since the circuit in
Figure 1 is a series RL circuit, the same current will flow through the inductor and the resistor.
Record the result in
Table 1.
Design and Implementation of Schmitt Trigger using Operational AmplifierIJERA Editor
A Schmitt trigger is an electronic circuit, a Comparator that is used to detect whether a voltage has crossed over a given reference level. It has two stable states and is very useful as signal conditioning device. When an input waveform in the form of sinusoidal waveform, triangular waveform, or any other periodic waveform is given, the Schmitt trigger will produce a Rectangular or square output waveform that has sharp leading and trailing edges. Such fast rise and fall times are desirable for all digital circuits. The state of the art presented in the paper is the design and implementation of Schmitt trigger using operational amplifier µA-741, generating a Rectangular waveform. Furthermore, the Schmitt trigger exhibiting hysteresis is also presented in the paper. Due to the phenomenon of hysteresis, the output transition from HIGH to LOW and LOW to HIGH will take place at various thresholds.
Design and simulation of high frequency colpitts oscillator based on BJT ampl...IJECEIAES
Frequency oscillator is one of the basic devices that can be used in most electrical, electronics and communications circuits and systems. There are many types of oscillators depending on frequency range used in an application such as audio, radio and microwave. The needed was appeared to use high and very high frequencies to make the rapid development of advanced technology Colpitts oscillator is one of the most common types of oscillator, it can be used for radio frequency (RF), that its output signal is often utilized at the basic of a wireless communication system in most application. In this research, a Colpitts oscillator is comprised from a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier with LC tank. This design is carrying out with a known Barkhausen criterion for oscillation. Firstly, is carried out using theoretical calculation. The secondary is carried out using simulation (Multisim 13). All the obtained result from the above two approaches are 10 MHz and 9.745 MHz respectively. This result is seen to be very encouraging.
Assignment 1 Description Marks out of Wtg() Due date .docxfredharris32
Assignment 1
Description Marks out of Wtg(%) Due date
Assignment 1 200 20 28 August 2015
Part A: Comparators and Switching (5%)
(1) Signal limit detector
Use a 339 comparator, a single 74LS02 quad NOR gate and a +5V power supply only to
design a circuit which will detect when a voltage goes outside the range +2.5V to +3.5V
and such that an LED lights and stays lit. Provide a manual reset to extinguish the LED.
Design hints
1. The circuit has an analog input and a digital output so some form of comparator circuit
is required. There are two thresholds so two comparators are required, with the analog
input applied to both. This arrangement is sometimes known as a window detector.
2. Arrange the output of the comparators to be +5V logic levels, and combine the two
outputs logically to produce one signal which is for example, high for out-of-range, and
low for within-range.
3. Latch the change from in-range to out-of-range.
Design procedure
1. Start at the output and work backwards.
2. Select a latch circuit (flip-flop) and determine what combinations of inputs are needed to
latch and then reset it, ensuring that the LED is connected correctly with regard to both
logic and current flow.
3. Determine the logic needed to combine two comparator outputs in such a way as to
correctly operate the latch.
4. Choose comparator outputs which will correctly drive the logic. Remember that the
reference voltage at the input of the comparator may be at either the + or – input.
5. Choose resistors to provide the correct reference voltages.
Note: You will need to consult data for both the 74LS02 and the 339 (see data sheets).
Test
It is strongly recommended that you assemble and test your circuit.
(2) MOSFET Switching
Find out information on the operation of, and configuring of, MOSFETs to be used in
switching circuits. In particular note the differences between BJTs and MOSFETs in this
role. Draw up a table to highlight the differences and hence the pros and cons on each
device for particular situations (eg. Switching high-to-low or low-to-high (ie. P or N type),
high or low current switching, low or high voltage switching).
Consider the following BJT switching circuit. Analyse the operation of the circuit to
understand the parameters involved. Choose suitable replacement MOSFETs to be used
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 2
instead of the output switching BJTs in the given circuit. Include any necessary circuit
changes for the new devices to operate so as to maintain the circuit’s required parameters.
Where Vcc = 12V and Relay resistance = 15Ω .
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 3
Part B: Transistor amplifier design (6%)
Design and test a common emitter amplifier using the circuit shown and the selected
specifications.
Specifications
Get your own spec ...
Oscillator Circuit using Multisim Softwarerishiteta
Oscillators are a signal generator. It's a very important part of electronics. In this following report, the multisim software is used to analyse and simulate the circuits of the oscillator.
WEEK 1· Op-Amp Introduction1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amp.docxcelenarouzie
WEEK 1· Op-Amp Introduction
1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amps for Everyone Fourth Edition
2. For the configuration below:
3.
3. With Vin = 4Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
3. For the configuration below
·
. With Vin = 5Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
1. What does the negative sign in the voltage gain formula indicate?
4. For the configuration below:
·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, VN = 2Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, RN = 3kohm, RF = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
5. For the configuration below:
·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, R3 = 3kohm, R4 = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
6. Include all calculations in a Word document with the title: “HW1_StudentID”, with your student id substituted in the file name. Show all work for full credit.
7. Upload file “HW1_StudentID”
Grading Criteria Assignments
Maximum Points
Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
40
Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
20
Clearly presents well-reasoned ideas and concepts
30
Uses proper mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling
10
Total
100
Copyright Grantham University 2013. All Rights Reserved
·
W1 Lab "Op-Amp Introduction"
Analog Integrated Circuits & LabOp-Amp Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with using Multisim to construct and simulate the noninverting op amp, inverting op amp, adder, and differential amplifier circuits presented in the module. The effect of external biasing resistors will be demonstrated and calculations of output voltage performed in the homework will be confirmed. This lab will set the stage for the concept of confirming calculations with simulation software for the remainder of the course.
· Watch video Week 1 – Op-Amp Introduction.
· Design the Op-Amp configurations from the W1 Assignment “Op-Amp Introduction” in Multisim.
· For Non-Inverting Op-Amp:
. Analyze the non-inverting Op-Amp circuit to calculate the voltage gain Vout/Vin.
. Design a non-inverting Op-Amp with 5% resistor tolerances for RF and RG in Multisim.
. Run the simulation to measure the voltage gain V.
Unit 3 lab procedures complete this lab/tutorialoutlet Alsopz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Unit 3 Lab Procedures
Complete this lab using MultiSim on the terminal server. Upon completion, write a lab report
using the instructions in the Lab Report Section
Instrumentation Amplifiers Objectives: Understand different applications for Op-Amps
Investigate different Op-Amps limitations Parts List: 741 Op-Amp
DC Power Supply, Function generator, DMM, Oscilloscope.
Discuss the similarities and differences between Prisons and Jails-Wha.docxrosaliaj1
Discuss the similarities and differences between Prisons and Jails.
What are the unique challenges women face in prison?
What are some of the challenges correctional officers face on the job?
Discuss the function of Pre-Trial Services.
Discuss the issues that ex-offenders face during the re-entry process.
PAPER LENGTH: 750 MINIMUM WORD COUNT (3-4 Double Spaced Pages)
.
discuss the following-The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and it.docxrosaliaj1
discuss the following:
The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and its relevance for nursing practice.
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.  Your initial post is worth 8 points.
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Y
.
More Related Content
Similar to Electric Circuits LabInstructor- -----------Parallel ResonanceStudent.docx
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Electric Circuits LabInstructor -----------Serie.docxpauline234567
Electric Circuits Lab
Instructor: -----------
Series RL Circuits
Student Name(s): Click or tap here to enter text.
Click or tap here to enter text.
Honor Pledge:
I pledge to support the Honor System of ECPI. I will refrain from any form of academic dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the academic community, it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violators of the honor code. I understand that any failure on my part to support the Honor System will be turned over to a Judicial Review Board for determination. I will report to the Judicial Review Board hearing if summoned.
Date: 1/1/2018
Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 3
Procedures 3
Data Presentation & Analysis 4
Calculations 4
Required Screenshots 4
Conclusion 4
References 5
Abstract
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
What is an Abstract?
This should include a brief description of all parts of the lab. The abstract should be complete in itself. It should summarize the entire lab; what you did, why you did it, the results, and your conclusion. Think of it as a summary to include all work done. It needs to be succinct yet detailed enough for a person to know what this report deals with in its entirety.
Objectives of Week 2 Lab 2:
· Understand the effect of frequency on inductive reactance.
· Measure the impedance of an RL circuit.
· Measure the phase angle and phase lead of an RL circuit using the oscilloscope.
· Draw the impedance and voltage phasor diagrams.
· Understand how an inductor differentiates current.
Introduction
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
What is an Introduction?
In your own words, explain the reason for performing the experiment and give a concise summary of the theory involved, including any mathematical detail relevant to later discussion in the report. State the objectives of the lab as well as the overall background of the relevant topic.
Address the following items in your introduction:
· What is Impedance for an RL circuit? (Give formula)
· What is phase angle for an RL circuit? How is it calculated?
· What is phase lead for an RL lead circuit? How is it calculated?
· How/why does an inductor differentiate current? Give formula.Procedures
Part I:
1.
Connect the following circuit.
Figure 1: RL Circuit
2.
Connect one DMM across the resistor and one DMM across the inductor.
Set both DMMs to read AC Voltage.
Measure the voltage drop across each component.
Record the result in
Table 1.
3. Use Ohm’s law to
calculate the current flowing through the resistor. Since the circuit in
Figure 1 is a series RL circuit, the same current will flow through the inductor and the resistor.
Record the result in
Table 1.
Design and Implementation of Schmitt Trigger using Operational AmplifierIJERA Editor
A Schmitt trigger is an electronic circuit, a Comparator that is used to detect whether a voltage has crossed over a given reference level. It has two stable states and is very useful as signal conditioning device. When an input waveform in the form of sinusoidal waveform, triangular waveform, or any other periodic waveform is given, the Schmitt trigger will produce a Rectangular or square output waveform that has sharp leading and trailing edges. Such fast rise and fall times are desirable for all digital circuits. The state of the art presented in the paper is the design and implementation of Schmitt trigger using operational amplifier µA-741, generating a Rectangular waveform. Furthermore, the Schmitt trigger exhibiting hysteresis is also presented in the paper. Due to the phenomenon of hysteresis, the output transition from HIGH to LOW and LOW to HIGH will take place at various thresholds.
Design and simulation of high frequency colpitts oscillator based on BJT ampl...IJECEIAES
Frequency oscillator is one of the basic devices that can be used in most electrical, electronics and communications circuits and systems. There are many types of oscillators depending on frequency range used in an application such as audio, radio and microwave. The needed was appeared to use high and very high frequencies to make the rapid development of advanced technology Colpitts oscillator is one of the most common types of oscillator, it can be used for radio frequency (RF), that its output signal is often utilized at the basic of a wireless communication system in most application. In this research, a Colpitts oscillator is comprised from a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier with LC tank. This design is carrying out with a known Barkhausen criterion for oscillation. Firstly, is carried out using theoretical calculation. The secondary is carried out using simulation (Multisim 13). All the obtained result from the above two approaches are 10 MHz and 9.745 MHz respectively. This result is seen to be very encouraging.
Assignment 1 Description Marks out of Wtg() Due date .docxfredharris32
Assignment 1
Description Marks out of Wtg(%) Due date
Assignment 1 200 20 28 August 2015
Part A: Comparators and Switching (5%)
(1) Signal limit detector
Use a 339 comparator, a single 74LS02 quad NOR gate and a +5V power supply only to
design a circuit which will detect when a voltage goes outside the range +2.5V to +3.5V
and such that an LED lights and stays lit. Provide a manual reset to extinguish the LED.
Design hints
1. The circuit has an analog input and a digital output so some form of comparator circuit
is required. There are two thresholds so two comparators are required, with the analog
input applied to both. This arrangement is sometimes known as a window detector.
2. Arrange the output of the comparators to be +5V logic levels, and combine the two
outputs logically to produce one signal which is for example, high for out-of-range, and
low for within-range.
3. Latch the change from in-range to out-of-range.
Design procedure
1. Start at the output and work backwards.
2. Select a latch circuit (flip-flop) and determine what combinations of inputs are needed to
latch and then reset it, ensuring that the LED is connected correctly with regard to both
logic and current flow.
3. Determine the logic needed to combine two comparator outputs in such a way as to
correctly operate the latch.
4. Choose comparator outputs which will correctly drive the logic. Remember that the
reference voltage at the input of the comparator may be at either the + or – input.
5. Choose resistors to provide the correct reference voltages.
Note: You will need to consult data for both the 74LS02 and the 339 (see data sheets).
Test
It is strongly recommended that you assemble and test your circuit.
(2) MOSFET Switching
Find out information on the operation of, and configuring of, MOSFETs to be used in
switching circuits. In particular note the differences between BJTs and MOSFETs in this
role. Draw up a table to highlight the differences and hence the pros and cons on each
device for particular situations (eg. Switching high-to-low or low-to-high (ie. P or N type),
high or low current switching, low or high voltage switching).
Consider the following BJT switching circuit. Analyse the operation of the circuit to
understand the parameters involved. Choose suitable replacement MOSFETs to be used
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 2
instead of the output switching BJTs in the given circuit. Include any necessary circuit
changes for the new devices to operate so as to maintain the circuit’s required parameters.
Where Vcc = 12V and Relay resistance = 15Ω .
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 3
Part B: Transistor amplifier design (6%)
Design and test a common emitter amplifier using the circuit shown and the selected
specifications.
Specifications
Get your own spec ...
Oscillator Circuit using Multisim Softwarerishiteta
Oscillators are a signal generator. It's a very important part of electronics. In this following report, the multisim software is used to analyse and simulate the circuits of the oscillator.
WEEK 1· Op-Amp Introduction1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amp.docxcelenarouzie
WEEK 1· Op-Amp Introduction
1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amps for Everyone Fourth Edition
2. For the configuration below:
3.
3. With Vin = 4Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
3. For the configuration below
·
. With Vin = 5Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
1. What does the negative sign in the voltage gain formula indicate?
4. For the configuration below:
·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, VN = 2Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, RN = 3kohm, RF = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
5. For the configuration below:
·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, R3 = 3kohm, R4 = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
6. Include all calculations in a Word document with the title: “HW1_StudentID”, with your student id substituted in the file name. Show all work for full credit.
7. Upload file “HW1_StudentID”
Grading Criteria Assignments
Maximum Points
Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
40
Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
20
Clearly presents well-reasoned ideas and concepts
30
Uses proper mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling
10
Total
100
Copyright Grantham University 2013. All Rights Reserved
·
W1 Lab "Op-Amp Introduction"
Analog Integrated Circuits & LabOp-Amp Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with using Multisim to construct and simulate the noninverting op amp, inverting op amp, adder, and differential amplifier circuits presented in the module. The effect of external biasing resistors will be demonstrated and calculations of output voltage performed in the homework will be confirmed. This lab will set the stage for the concept of confirming calculations with simulation software for the remainder of the course.
· Watch video Week 1 – Op-Amp Introduction.
· Design the Op-Amp configurations from the W1 Assignment “Op-Amp Introduction” in Multisim.
· For Non-Inverting Op-Amp:
. Analyze the non-inverting Op-Amp circuit to calculate the voltage gain Vout/Vin.
. Design a non-inverting Op-Amp with 5% resistor tolerances for RF and RG in Multisim.
. Run the simulation to measure the voltage gain V.
Unit 3 lab procedures complete this lab/tutorialoutlet Alsopz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Unit 3 Lab Procedures
Complete this lab using MultiSim on the terminal server. Upon completion, write a lab report
using the instructions in the Lab Report Section
Instrumentation Amplifiers Objectives: Understand different applications for Op-Amps
Investigate different Op-Amps limitations Parts List: 741 Op-Amp
DC Power Supply, Function generator, DMM, Oscilloscope.
Discuss the similarities and differences between Prisons and Jails-Wha.docxrosaliaj1
Discuss the similarities and differences between Prisons and Jails.
What are the unique challenges women face in prison?
What are some of the challenges correctional officers face on the job?
Discuss the function of Pre-Trial Services.
Discuss the issues that ex-offenders face during the re-entry process.
PAPER LENGTH: 750 MINIMUM WORD COUNT (3-4 Double Spaced Pages)
.
discuss the following-The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and it.docxrosaliaj1
discuss the following:
The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and its relevance for nursing practice.
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.  Your initial post is worth 8 points.
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Y
.
Discuss the features of surrealism in one Surrealist artwork (pp-915-9.docxrosaliaj1
· Discuss the features of surrealism in one Surrealist artwork (pp.915-922 Kleiner Ch 29).
· Discuss Piet Mondrian’s concept of Neoplasticism (p. 922-23 Kleiner Ch 29).
· Compare and contrast the visual stylistic features of surrealism and de Stijl.
Include the following aspects in the assignment:
· Artist’s name, title, date, media of one surrealist artwork; artist’s name, title, date, media of one De Stijl artwork.
· Explain the underlying ideology of each stylistic movement and identify any significant cultural influences
· Describe the visual features of each style by applying the visual elements (line, space, shape, color)
· Compare and contrast the styles of surrealism and De Stijl
.
discuss the following-The St- Fleur family is well respected in the Ha.docxrosaliaj1
discuss the following:
The St. Fleur family is well respected in the Haitian community because they are religious with great moral values. They moved to the United States because of political issues in Haiti. Ronald, the youngest son of this family, is 27 years old and lives at home with his mother and father. Recently, he began having fevers and subsequently developed pneumonia. He was admitted to the hospital, where laboratory tests were HIV positive. Ronald was in shock when the doctor informed him that he was HIV positive. He confessed to the doctor that he was gay, but he could not tell his family. He said that he did not want to bring shame to the family. Because he couldn’t be in a formal relationship disowning to his family and the Haitian community’s view of homosexuality, he has been very promiscuous over the years.
What are Haitians’ views of homosexuality?
If Ronald’s parents were to learn of his positive HIV status, how might they react if they are religious and traditional?
Identify three major culturally congruent strategies a healthcare provider can implement to address HIV prevention practices in the Haitian community?
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.  Your initial post is worth 8 points.
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.
.
Discuss how the IHI (Institute for Healthcare Improvement) Quadruple A.docxrosaliaj1
Discuss how the IHI (I
nstitute for Healthcare Improvement
) Quadruple Aim for population health and social determinants of health are related using a discrete/defined population of interest to you. Write a scholarly reflection on the question.
APA format, 4-6 pages.
Must include these elements:
1. Evidence: Selecting and using information to investigate a point of view or conclusion
Information is taken from source(s) with enough interpretation/evaluation to develop a comprehensive analysis or synthesis. Viewpoints of experts are questioned thoroughly.
2. Influence of context and assumptions
Thoroughly (systematically and methodically) analyzes own and others' assumptions and carefully evaluates the relevance of contexts when presenting a position.
3. Student's position (perspective, thesis/hypothesis)
Specific position (perspective, thesis/hypothesis) is imaginative, taking into account the complexities of an issue. Limits of position (perspective, thesis/hypothesis) are acknowledged. Others' points of view are synthesized within position (perspective, thesis/hypothesis).
4. Conclusions and related outcomes (implications and consequences)
Conclusions and related outcomes (consequences and implications) are logical and reflect student’s informed evaluation and ability to place evidence and perspectives discussed in priority order.
.
discuss the following-Mary and Elmers fifth child- Melvin- was born 6.docxrosaliaj1
discuss the following:
Mary and Elmer’s fifth child, Melvin, was born 6 weeks prematurely and is 1-month old. Sarah, age 13, Martin, age 12, and Wayne, age 8, attend the Amish elementary school located 1 mile from their home. Lucille, age 4, is staying with Mary’s sister and her family for a week because baby Melvin has been having respiratory problems, and their physician told the family he will need to be hospitalized if he does not get better within 2 days.
Choose two or three areas of prenatal care that you would want to discuss with Mary, and then write brief notes about what you know and/or need to learn about Amish values to discuss perinatal care in a way that is culturally congruent.
Discuss three Amish values, beliefs, or practices to consider when preparing to do prenatal education classes with Amish patients.
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.  Your initial post is worth 8 points.
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.
.
Discuss the differences between the criminal courts and the civil cour.docxrosaliaj1
Discuss the differences between the criminal courts and the civil courts.
Discuss the various actors in the court system and their duties.
Identify the different forms of Bail and what is the purpose of Bail?
Discuss the different sentencing philosophies.
Compare and contrast indeterminate and determinate sentencing.
PAPER LENGTH: 750 MINIMUM WORD COUNT (3-4 Double Spaced Pages)
.
Discuss the aspects of your chosen vulnerable population-Discuss the r.docxrosaliaj1
Discuss the aspects of your chosen vulnerable population.
Discuss the reason why is this group considered vulnerable.
Discuss what are the most common communicable diseases in this population, and why.
Discuss barriers to healthcare and access to care for your vulnerable population.
Discuss how the issues this group is facing relate to community/public health nursing.
.
Discuss how strategies are translated into action plans-ExpectationsIn.docxrosaliaj1
Discuss how strategies are translated into action plans.
Expectations
Initial Post:
Due: Thursday, 11:59 pm PT
Length: A minimum of 250 words, not including references
Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA format from within the last 5 years
.
Disaster Planning and RecoveryFrom a healthcare organization perspecti.docxrosaliaj1
Disaster Planning and Recovery
From a healthcare organization perspective, develop a disaster recovery plan for either an organization or a hospital department. Include
A description of healthcare disaster issues in general and for your state.
Develop a list of consequences of loss of data from a disaster (for example, risk of losing data required for patient care that can have life or death ramifications).
Identify a list of minimal resources required to maintain business operations.
Determine the priority for resuming business functions.
.
Directions-Many of us have been impacted by outbreaks of disease in ou.docxrosaliaj1
Directions:
Many of us have been impacted by outbreaks of disease in our lifetimes. Throughout history, humans have battled outbreaks of disease; many have lost their lives to diseases before treatments and cures were discovered. Modern science and medicine have become efficient in developing vaccines and medications to control and treat outbreaks, but whether the diseases will ever truly be eradicated is in question. Considering how many of these infectious diseases exist and how easily they spread, it is important to remember safety issues to reduce and prevent transmission.
For your initial post
, reflect over the past decade and recall a news-breaking infectious outbreak of a disease that made an impact on you. Please include a link to a news article or video related to your outbreak in your initial post. Include the following in your post:
Disease name
Infectious agent (is the disease bacterial, viral, or fungal? List the specific organism (genus species)
Mode of transmission
Signs and symptoms of the disease
Treatment (or treatments) available
Try not to duplicate another classmate’s topic (make your subject line is your disease so it is easy to check)
Explain how that story changed the way you interacted with people, family, or friends.
.
Directions-Consider the scenario below- then follow the instructions u.docxrosaliaj1
Directions:
Consider the scenario below, then follow the instructions underneath it to complete the discussion. If appropriate, support your position with credible resources/examples/evidence and provide APA references.
Mr. D
Mr. D is a 90-year-old man who was admitted to the hospital with complaints of nausea, vomiting, left arm pain, and chest pain. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed, and he is diagnosed as having a myocardial infarction. Mr. D has a long history of comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, and congestive heart failure (CHF). With this in mind, the physician asks Mr. D if he wants life-sustaining measures taken (e.g., CPR, mechanical ventilation, etc.) should he experience cardiopulmonary arrest. Mr. D tells the physician that he wants all measures taken to save his life.
Imagine that you are the nurse assigned to provide care to Mr. D, and address the following:
Considering Mr. D's advanced age, what are the benefits/risks associated with providing life-sustaining measures?
What factors should you consider based on the Mr. D's age and health history?
If Mr. D were your family member, how would you respond to his decision?
.
Directions-Genetic engineering has become a part of our culture- and i.docxrosaliaj1
Directions:
Genetic engineering has become a part of our culture, and it is difficult to tell the difference between unmodified and genetically modified food sources, such as plants and animals. After reading this module's material regarding vectors in biotechnology, consider the potential for nanotechnology and gene therapy.
For your initial discussion post
, research nanotechnology and its potential use in biotechnology. Explain the potential advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology in healthcare and discuss whether you would or would not support further research.
.
Diagnostic ModelsDiscussion Question(s) for Response- What are the maj.docxrosaliaj1
Diagnostic Models
Discussion Question(s) for Response:
What are the major diagnostic models and techniques used in OD programs? How are these models used to identify system parameters and recognize, in turn, the symptoms, problems, and causes that result in ineffective organizations?
*Post must be a minumum of 250 words
.
Differentiate between a leadership and a management mindset by doing t.docxrosaliaj1
Differentiate between a leadership and a management mindset by doing the following:
1a. Differentiate
three
leadership skills from
three
management skills present in yourself.
1b. Differentiate
three
leadership skills from
three
management skills absent in yourself.
1bi. Describe how you can improve upon the
three
leadership skills from part B1a, including an example for
each
.
C. Â Explain the importance of a leadership mindset and how it influences your professional practice.
1. Â Discuss how having a leadership mindset supports long-term personal growth, including examples.
2. Â Discuss how having a leadership mindset supports long-term professional growth, including examples.
D. Â Summarize how you would apply the leadership skills from part B1a to influence your professional practice in a healthcare environment, including examples.
1. Â Discuss how you would ensure equity and inclusivity as a leader in a healthcare environment, including examples.
E. Â Acknowledge sources, using APA-formatted in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.
F. Â Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.
.
DescriptionGlobalization is the process of interaction and integration.docxrosaliaj1
Description
Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy. Globalization has grown due to advances
in transportation and communication technology. With the increased global interactions comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that's associated with social and cultural aspects. However, conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization, and modern globalization. Please view this outtake about globalization and interpretation of visual evidence.
Answer the questions below, then comment on the perspectives of two of your colleagues.
Questions:
1. Image A is typical of images emphasizing the economic consequences of globalization. Does globalization appear to be a force that is subject to human control, why or why not? How would you define globalization?
2. Compare image A with image B. Is there a connection between the accelerating flows of money and goods and restrictions on the movement of people?
3. In image C, the woman's medical mask names globalization as the enemy of workers. What does this say about the local conflict over the conditions of labor in a globalized economy?
Guidelines for Discussion submissions:
Sufficient = INITIAL POST should contain 300 words,
substantive and addresses the prompt. Each of the the required secondary posts and commentary should EACH be at least 150 words of relevant and substantial
.
Did you attend preschool-Do you know what the preschool options were w.docxrosaliaj1
Did you attend preschool?
Do you know what the preschool options were  when you were 4-years-old?
Each state in the country addresses  preschool and Pre-Kindergarten, or PreK, funding differently, and each  year, votes to increase or decrease that funding. Watch a short news  report about funding across different states and PreK's benefits on  elementary grades.
List three specific benefits of attending PreK that the news clip says children enjoy later in their school career.
Paraphrase what teacher's say about what the children are learning in pre-k classroom.
.
Directions-Disorders of the endocrine system affect many individuals-.docxrosaliaj1
Directions:
Disorders of the endocrine system affect many individuals. Providing multidimensional patient care can be challenging for patients experiencing these disorders. Ensuring the plan of care meets the patient and family needs is important in order to increase adherence to proper medical treatment following discharge.
What does it mean to provide a multidimensional approach? Provide at least three examples of how the care team can meet the patient and the family’s needs? List at least three care team members and how are they involved in providing multidimensional care?
.
Directions:
Every year, natural disasters impact families, communities, nations, and cultures. Whether the natural disaster is a flood, hurricane, tornado, fire, or earthquake, it can alter the environment and cause potential health hazards.
For this module's initial discussion post
, research a major national or global disaster that occurred in the last decade. Provide a brief summary of the disaster and explain the common public health risks that occurred, as well as potential long-term health risks the victims might be facing. Do you think the type of natural disaster you studied has the highest risk of spreading diseases, or another type of natural disaster? Explain.
.
Description-During the Week 2 Assignment- Project Plan- you chose a to.docxrosaliaj1
Description:
During the Week 2 Assignment, Project Plan, you chose a topic and created your project plan. In the Week 3 Lesson, you read about location and access and in Week 4, you learned about organizing your digital information and storing that information responsibly. Now it is time to take the work you did in the Week 2 Assignment, Project Plan, and locate and evaluate sources
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Electric Circuits LabInstructor- -----------Parallel ResonanceStudent.docx
1. Electric Circuits Lab
Instructor: -----------
Parallel Resonance
Student Name(s): Click or tap here to enter text.
Click or tap here to enter text.
Honor Pledge:
I pledge to support the Honor System of ECPI. I will refrain from any form of academic
dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the
academic community, it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violators of the honor code. I
understand that any failure on my part to support the Honor System will be turned over to a
Judicial Review Board for determination. I will report to the Judicial Review Board hearing if
summoned.
Date: 1/1/2018
Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Procedures 4 Data Presentation & Analysis 7 Calculations 9
Required Screenshots 10 Conclusion 10 References 11
Lab Report Instructions:
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
Before starting on your lab report, please follow the following steps:
1) Follow the instructions listed provided in the lab instructions.
2) Complete this lab report . Upon completion, you will submit this lab report and your working
Multisim files to your instructor.
Abstract
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
2. What is an Abstract?
This should include a brief description of all parts of the lab. The abstract should be complete in
itself. It should summarize the entire lab; what you did, why you did it, the results, and your
conclusion. Think of it as a summary to include all work done. It needs to be succinct yet
detailed enough for a person to know what this report deals with in its entirety.
Objectives of Week 4 Lab 2:
· Observe the effect of frequency on impedance.
· Observe the effect of Quality factor on parallel resonance.
· Calculate and verify the resonant frequency in a parallel LC circuit.
· Identify the phase relation between current and voltage in a parallel LC circuit.
Introduction
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
What is an Introduction?
In your own words, explain the reason for performing the experiment and give a concise
summary of the theory involved, including any mathematical detail relevant to later discussion in
the report. State the objectives of the lab as well as the overall background of the relevant topic.
Address the following items in your Introduction:
· What is parallel resonance? (Give the full formula as well as the ideal formula)
· How do capacitance and inductance affect resonance?
· What is Q factor
· How does winding resistance affect the resonant frequency?
Procedures
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
This section should contain the procedures as outlined in the lab instructions.
6. XT
Part 1 Step 13: Q =
Part 1 Step 15: fr =
Part 1 Step 17: Q =
Part 1 Step 19: fr =
Part 1 Step 20: Q =
Required Screenshots
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
Place screenshots of measurements in this section.
Figure 5: Screenshot of Measurements for f = 700Hz Part 1 Step 4
Figure 6: Screenshot of Measurements for IC, IL, and IR (f = 700 Hz) art 1 Step 7
Figure 7: Screenshot of fR on Bode Plot Part 1 Step 11
Figure 8: Screenshot of fR on Bode Plot Part 1 Step 16
Figure 9: Screenshot of fR on Bode Plot Part 1 Step 19
Conclusion
7. (This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
What is a Conclusion?
This section should reflect your understanding of the experiment conducted. Important points to
include are a brief discussion of your results, and an interpretation of the actual experimental
results as they apply to the objectives of the experiment set out in the introduction should be
given. Also, discuss any problems encountered and how they were resolved.
Address the following in your conclusions:
· What happens to inductive and capacitive reactance as frequency varies above and below the
resonant frequency?
· What is the relationship between capacitive and inductive reactance at resonance?
· Is the net reactance a maximum or minimum at the resonant frequency?
· Is the output voltage across the resistor maximum or minimum at the resonant frequency?
Why?
· What is the relationship between current and voltage in a parallel RLC circuit?
· How does resonant frequency change with capacitance?
· How does winding resistance affect the Q factor and the resonant frequency in a parallel
resonant RLC circuit?
References
(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report)
What is a Reference Section?
This section should list all sources used in the completion of the lab report using APA format. At
a minimum, you should include your book and your instructor’s notes and videos. Be sure to
list all sources to avoid plagiarism.
Note: The below reference section contains the reference for your book. Add to it as necessary.
The second entry is the way to cite your instructor’s Zoom video.
Floyd, T. L., & Buchla, D. M. (2019). Principles of Electric Circuits (10th Edition). Pearson
Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780134880068
(2017) National Instruments Multisim (V 14.1) [Windows]. Retrieved from
http://www.ni.com/multisim/
8. 6
image3.png
image4.png
image5.png
image6.png
image7.png
image8.png
image9.png
image1.PNG
image2.png
image10.jpg
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS I
METRIC PREFIX TABLE
Metric
Prefix
Symbol
Multiplier
(Traditional Notation)
Expo-
nential
Description
Yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1024 Septillion
Zetta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1021 Sextillion
Exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018 Quintillion
Peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015 Quadrillion
Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012 Trillion
Giga G 1,000,000,000 109 Billion
Mega M 1,000,000 106 Million
kilo k 1,000 103 Thousand
hecto h 100 102 Hundred
deca da 10 101 Ten
9. Base b 1 100 One
deci d 1/10 10-1 Tenth
centi c 1/100 10-2 Hundredth
milli m 1/1,000 10-3 Thousandth
micro µ 1/1,000,000 10-6 Millionth
nano n 1/1,000,000,000 10-9 Billionth
pico p 1/1,000,000,000,000 10-12 Trillionth
femto f 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 10-15 Quadrillionth
atto a 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000 10-18 Quintillionth
zepto z 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 10-21 Sextillionth
yocto y 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 10-24 Septillionth
4-BAND RESISTOR COLOR CODE TABLE
BAND COLOR DIGIT
Band 1: 1st Digit
Band 2: 2nd Digit
Band 3: Multiplier
(# of zeros
following 2nd digit)
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
Band 4: Tolerance Gold ± 5%
SILVER ± 10%
5-BAND RESISTOR COLOR CODE TABLE
BAND COLOR DIGIT
10. Band 1: 1st Digit
Band 2: 2nd Digit
Band 3: 3rd Digit
Band 4: Multiplier
(# of zeros
following 3rd digit)
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
Gold 0.1
SILVER 0.01
Band 5: Tolerance Gold ± 5%
SILVER ± 10%
EET Formulas & Tables Sheet
Page 1 of 21
UNIT 1: FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUITS
CHARGE
Where:
Q = Charge in Coulombs (C)
Note:
1 C = Total charge possessed by 6.25x1018 electrons
VOLTAGE
11. Where:
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
W = Energy in Joules (J)
Q = Charge in Coulombs (C)
CURRENT
Where:
I = Current in Amperes (A)
Q = Charge in Coulombs (C)
t = Time in seconds (s)
OHM’S LAW
Where:
I = Current in Amperes (A)
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
RESISTIVITY
Where:
ϕ = Resistivity in Circular Mil – Ohm per Foot (CM-Ω/ft)
A = Cross-sectional area in Circular Mils (CM)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
É = Length in Feet (ft)
Note:
CM: Area of a wire with a 0.001 inch (1 mil) diameter
CONDUCTANCE
12. Where:
G = Conductance in Siemens (S)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
Where:
A = Cross-sectional area in Circular Mils (CM)
d = Diameter in thousandths of an inch (mils)
ENERGY
Where:
W = Energy in Joules (J). Symbol is an italic W.
P = Power in Watts (W). Unit is not an italic W.
t = Time in seconds (s)
Note:
1 W = Amount of power when 1 J of energy
is used in 1 s
POWER
Where:
P = Power in Watts (W)
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
Note:
Ptrue = P in a resistor is also called true power
OUTPUT POWER
13. Where:
POUT = Output power in Watts (W)
PIN = Input power in Watts (W)
PLOSS = Power loss in Watts (W)
POWER SUPPLY EFFICIENCY
Where:
POUT = Output power in Watts (W)
PIN = Input power in Watts (W)
Efficiency = Unitless value
Note:
Efficiency expressed as a percentage:
UNIT 2: SERIES CIRCUITS (R1, R2, , Rn)
TOTAL RESISTANCE
Where:
RT = Total series resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Rn = Circuit’s last resistor in Ohms (Ω)
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
Where:
VS = Voltage source in Volts (V)
Vn = Circuit’s last voltage drop in Volts (V)
VOLTAGE – DIVIDER
Where:
Vx = Voltage drop in Ohms (Ω)
14. Rx = Resistance where Vx occurs in Ohms (Ω)
RT = Total series resistance in Ohms (Ω)
VS = Voltage source in Volts (V) TOTAL POWER
Where:
PT = Total power in Watts (W)
Pn = Circuit’s last resistor’s power in Watts (W)
UNIT 3: PARALLEL CIRCUITS (R1||R2||||Rn)
TOTAL RESISTANCE
Where:
RT = Total parallel resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Rn = Circuit’s last resistor in Ohms (Ω)
TOTAL RESISTANCE - TWO RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Where:
RT = Total parallel resistance in Ohms (Ω)
TOTAL RESISTANCE - EQUAL-VALUE RESISTORS
Where:
RT = Total parallel resistance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistor Value in Ohms (Ω)
n = Number of equal value resistors (Unitless)
UNKNOWN RESISTOR
Where:
Rx = Unknown resistance in Ohms (Ω)
RA = Known parallel resistance in Ohms (Ω)
15. RT = Total parallel resistance in Ohms (Ω)
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
Where:
n = Number of currents into node (Unitless)
m = Number of currents going out of node (Unitless)
CURRENT – DIVIDER
Where:
Ix = Branch “x― current in Amperes (A)
RT = Total parallel resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Rx = Branch “x†resistance in Ohms (Ω)
IT = Total current in Amperes (A)
TWO-BRANCH CURRENT – DIVIDER
Where:
I1 = Branch “1― current in Amperes (A)
R2 = Branch “2†resistance in Ohms (Ω)
R1 = Branch “1†resistance in Ohms (Ω)
IT = Total current in Amperes (A)
TOTAL POWER
Where:
PT = Total power in Watts (W)
Pn = Circuit’s last resistor’s power in Watts (W)
OPEN BRANCH RESISTANCE
Where:
16. ROpen = Resistance of open branch in Ohms (Ω)
RT(Meas) = Measured resistance in Ohms (Ω)
GT(Calc) = Calculated total conductance in Siemens (S)
GT(Meas) = Measured total conductance in Siemens (S)
Note:
GT(Meas) obtained by measuring total resistance, RT(Meas)
UNIT 4: SERIES - PARALLEL CIRCUITS
BLEEDER CURRENT
Where:
IBLEEDER = Bleeder current in Amperes (A)
IT = Total current in Amperes (A)
IRL1 = Load resistor 1 current in Amperes (A)
IRL2 = Load resistor 2 current in Amperes (A)
THERMISTOR BRIDGE OUTPUT
Where:
= Change in output voltage in Volts (V)
= Change in thermal resistance in Ohms (Ω)
VS = Voltage source in Volts (V)
R = Resistance value in Ohms (Ω)
UNKNOWN RESISTANCE IN A WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Where:
RX = Unknown resistance in Ohms (Ω)
RV = Variable resistance in Ohms (Ω)
17. R2 = Resistance 2 in Ohms (Ω)
R4 = Resistance 4 in Ohms (Ω)
UNIT 5: MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
Where:
B = Magnetic flux density in Tesla (T)
= Flux in Weber (Wb)
(Greek letter Phi)
A = Cross-sectional area in square meters (m2)
Note:
Tesla (T) equals a Weber per square meter (Wb/m2)
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Where:
= Relative permeability (Unitless)
(Greek letter Mu)
= Permeability in Webers per Ampere-turn · meter
(Wb/At·m)
= Vacuum permeability in Webers per Ampere-
turn · meter (Wb/At·m)
Note:
= Wb/ At·m
RELUCTANCE
Where:
18. R = Reluctance in Ampere-turn per Weber (At/Wb)
É = Length of magnetic path in meters (m)
µ = Permeability in Weber per Ampere-turn · meter
(Wb/At · m)
A = Cross-sectional area in meters squares (m2)
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
Where:
Fm = Magnetomotive force (mmf) in Ampere-turn (At)
N = Number of Turns of wire (t)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
MAGNETIC FLUX
Where:
= Flux in Weber (Wb)
Fm = Magnetomotive force in Ampere-turn (At)
R = Reluctance in Ampere-turn per Weber (At/Wb)
MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY
Where:
H = Magnetic field intensity in Amperes-turn per
meter (At/m)
Fm = Magnetomotive force in Ampere-turn (At)
É = Length of material in meters (m)
INDUCED VOLTAGE
Where:
19. vind = Induced voltage in Volts (V)
B = Magnetic flux density in Tesla (T)
É = Length of the conductor exposed to the magnetic
field in meters (m)
v = Relative velocity in meters per second (m/s)
Note:
Tesla (T) equals a Weber per square meter (Wb/m2)
FARADAY’S LAW
Where:
vind = Induced voltage in Volts (V)
N = Number of turns of wire in the coil (Unitless)
= Rate of change of magnetic field with respect
to the coil in Webers per second (Wb/s)
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS II
UNIT 1: ALTERNATE CURRENT & INDUCTORS
ALTERNATE CURRENT
FREQUENCY & PERIOD
Where:
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
T = Period in Seconds (s)
Note:
1 Hertz = 1 cycle per 1 second
PEAK TO PEAK VOLTAGE
20. Where:
Vpp = Peak to peak voltage in Volts (V)
Vp = Peak voltage in Volts (V)
ROOT MEAN SQUARE (RMS) VOLTAGE
Where:
Vrms = Root mean square voltage in Volts (V)
Vp = Peak voltage in Volts (V)
HALF-CYCLE AVERAGE VOLTAGE
Where:
Vavg = Half-cycle average voltage in Volts (V)
Vp = Peak voltage in Volts (V)
RADIAN & DEGREE CONVERSION
Where:
Rad = Number of radians in Rad (rad)
Degrees = Number of degrees in Degrees (0)
Note:
= 3.1416 (Greek letter Pi)
GENERATOR OUTPUT FREQUENCY
Where:
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
Number of pole pairs = Number of pole pairs (Unitless)
rps = Revolutions per second in Revolutions per
Second (rps)
21. PEAK TO PEAK CURRENT
Where:
Ipp = Peak to peak current in Amperes (A)
Ip = Peak current in Amperes (A)
ROOT MEAN SQUARE (RMS) CURRENT
Where:
Irms = Root mean square current in Amperes (A)
Ip = Peak current in Amperes (A)
HALF-CYCLE AVERAGE CURRENT
Where:
Iavg = Half-cycle average current in Amperes (A)
Ip = Peak current in Amperes (A)
SINE WAVE GENERAL FORMULA
Where:
y = Instantaneous voltage or current value
at angle in Volts or Amperes (V or A)
(Greek letter Theta)
A = Maximum voltage or current value in Volts or
Amperes (V or A)
= Angle where given instantaneous voltage or
current value exists
SINE WAVE LAGGING THE REFERENCE
Where:
22. y = Instantaneous voltage or current value
at angle in Volts or Amperes (V or A)
A = Maximum voltage or current value in Volts or
Amperes (V or A)
= Angle where given instantaneous voltage or
current value exists
= Angle sine wave is shifted right (lagging) of
reference (Greek letter Phi)
ANGULAR VELOCITY
Where:
= Angular velocity in Radians per second (rad/s)
(Small Greek letter omega)
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
Note:
= 3.1416
SINE WAVE VOLTAGE
Where:
v = Sinusoidal voltage in Volts (V)
Vp = Peak voltage in Volts (V)
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
t = Time in Seconds (s)
Note:
= 3.1416
23. PULSE WAVEFORM AVERAGE VALUE
Where:
vavg = Pulse waveform average value in Volts (V)
baseline = Baseline in Volts (V)
duty cycle = Percent duty cycle in Percent/100%
(Unitless)
Amplitude = Amplitude in Volts (V)
SINE WAVE LEADING THE REFERENCE
Where:
y = Instantaneous voltage or current value
at angle in Volts or Amperes (V or A)
A = Maximum voltage or current value in Volts or
Amperes (V or A)
= Angle where given instantaneous voltage or
current value exists
= Angle sine wave is shifted left (leading) of
reference
PHASE ANGLE
Where:
= Angle sine wave is shifted in Radians (rad)
= Angular velocity in Radians per second (rad/s)
t = Time in Seconds (s)
DUTY CYCLE
24. Where:
Percent duty cycle = Percent duty cycle in Percentage (%)
tw = Pulse width in Seconds (s)
T = Period in Seconds (s)
F = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
INDUCTORS
INDUCED VOLTAGE
Where:
vind = Induced voltage in Volts (V)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
= Time rate of change of the current in Amperes
per second (A/s)
INDUCTANCE OF A COIL
Where:
L = Inductance of a coil in Henries (H)
N = Number of turns of wire (Unitless)
= Permeability in Henries per meter (H/m)
A = Cross-sectional area in Meters squared (m2)
= Core length in Meters (m)
Notes:
Permeability in H/m is equal to Wb/At·m
Non-magnetic core = Permeability of a vacuum, µ0
µ0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m
25. RL TIME CONSTANT
Where:
= RL time constant in Seconds (s) (Greek letter Tau)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
GENERAL EXPONENTIAL VOLTAGE FORMULA
Where:
v = Instantaneous voltage at time, t, in Volts (V)
VF = Voltage final value in Volts (V)
Vi = Voltage initial value in Volts (V)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
t = Time in Seconds (s)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
INDUCTOR ENERGY STORAGE
Where:
W = Energy in Joules (J)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
TOTAL INDUCTANCE - SERIES
Where:
LT = Total series inductance in Henries (H)
Ln = Circuit’s last inductor in Henries (H)
TOTAL INDUCTANCE – PARALLEL
26. Where:
LT = Total parallel inductance in Henries (H)
Ln = Circuit’s last inductor in Henries (H)
RL CIRCUIT CURRENT INCREASE AND DECREASE
FOR GIVEN NUMBER OF TIME CONSTANTS
# of Time Constants Approx % of Final Current Approx % of Initial Charge
1 63 37
2 86 14
3 95 5
4 98 2
5
99
Considered 100%
1
Considered 0%
GENERAL EXPONENTIAL CURRENT FORMULA
Where:
i = Instantaneous current at time, t, in Amperes (A)
IF = Current final value in Amperes (A)
Ii = Current initial value in Amperes (A)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
t = Time in Seconds (s)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
Where:
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
27. Note:
= 3.1416 (Greek letter “Pi―)
INDUCTOR REACTIVE POWER
Where:
Pr = Reactive Power in Watts (W)
Vrms = Voltage rms in Volts (V)
Irms = Current rms in Amperes (A)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
UNIT 2: RL CIRCUITS
SERIES RL CIRCUIT
IMPEDANCE IN RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
Note:
Bold letters represent complete phasor quantities.
For example, “ Z ― in the formula above
VOLTAGE IN RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
Vs = Voltage in Volts (V)
VR = Resistor voltage in Volts (V)
VL = Inductor voltage in Volts (V)
28. INDUCTOR TRUE POWER
Where:
Ptrue = True Power in Watts (W)
Irms = Current rms in Amperes (A)
RW = Winding resistance in Ohms (Ω)
COIL QUALITY FACTOR
Where:
Q = Coil quality factor (Unitless)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
RW = Winding resistance of the coil or the resistance
in series with the coil in Ohms (Ω)
Note:
Circuit Q and the coil Q are the same when the resistance is only the coil winding resistance
IMPEDANCE IN POLAR FORM
Where:
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
Note:
= Magnitude
= Phase Angle
VOLTAGE IN POLAR FORM
Where:
29. Vs = Voltage in Volts (V)
VR = Resistor voltage in Volts (V)
VL = Inductor voltage in Volts (V)
LEAD CIRCUIT
ANGLE BETWEEN VOLTAGE IN & OUT
Where:
= Angle between voltage in and out in Degrees (0)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE
Where:
Vout = Voltage output in Volts (V)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
LAG CIRCUIT
ANGLE BETWEEN VOLTAGE IN & OUT
Where:
= Angle between voltage in and out in Degrees (0)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE
Where:
Vout = Output voltage in Volts (V)
30. R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
Vin = Input voltage in Volts (V)
PARALLEL RL CIRCUIT
TOTAL 2-COMPONENT IMPEDANCE
Where:
Z = Total 2-component impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
CURRENT IN POLAR FORM
Where:
Itot = Total current in Amperes (A)
IR = Resistor current in Amperes (A)
IL = Inductor current in Amperes (A)
TOTAL ADMITTANCE
Where:
Y = Total admittance in Siemens (S)
G = Conductance in Siemens (S)
BL = Inductive Susceptance in Siemens (S)
Note:
CURRENT IN RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
Itot = Total current in Amperes (A)
31. IR = Resistor current in Amperes (A)
IL = Inductor current in Amperes (A)
PARALLEL TO SERIES FORM CONVERSION
Where:
Req = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
= Angle where given instantaneous voltage or
current value exists
POWER
RL CIRCUIT REACTIVE POWER
Where:
Pr = Reactive power in Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR)
Itot = Total current in Amperes (A)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
UNIT 3: CAPACITORS
CAPACITANCE
Where:
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
Q = Charge in Coulombs (C)
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR
Where:
32. W = Energy in Joules (J)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY)
Where:
= Dielectric constant (Unitless)
(Greek letter Epsilon)
= Absolute permittivity of a material in Farads per
meter (F/m)
= Absolute permittivity of a vacuum in Farads per
meter (F/m)
Note:
= 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
CAPACITANCE
Where:
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
A = Plate area in Meters squared (m2)
= Dielectric constant (Unitless)
d = Plate separation in Meters (m)
Note:
If d is in mils, 1 mil = 2.54 x 10-5 meters
SERIES CAPACITORS
TOTAL CHARGE
33. Where:
QT = Total charge in Coulombs (C)
Qn = Circuit’s last capacitor charge in Coulombs (C)
TOTAL CAPACITANCE
Where:
CT = Total series capacitance in Farads (F)
Cn = Circuit’s last capacitor’s capacitance in
Farads (F)
TOTAL CAPACITANCE - TWO CAPACITORS
Where:
CT = Total series capacitance in Farads (F)
VOLTAGE ACROSS A CAPACITOR
Where:
Vx = Voltage drop in Volts (V)
CT = Total series capacitance in Farads (F)
Cx = Capacitor x’s capacitance in Farads (F)
VT = Total voltage in Volts (V)
TOTAL CAPACITANCE - EQUAL-VALUE CAPACITORS
Where:
CT = Total series capacitance in Farads (F)
n = Number of equal value capacitors (Unitless)
PARALLEL CAPACITORS
TOTAL CHARGE
34. Where:
QT = Total charge in Coulombs (C)
Qn = Circuit’s last capacitor charge in Coulombs (C)
TOTAL CAPACITANCE - EQUAL-VALUE CAPACITORS
Where:
CT = Total series capacitance in Farads (F)
n = Number of equal value capacitors (Unitless)
CAPACITORS IN DC CIRCUITS
RC TIME CONSTANT
Where:
= Time constant in Seconds (s)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
TOTAL CAPACITANCE
Where:
CT = Total series capacitance in Farads (F)
Cn = Circuit’s last capacitor’s capacitance in
Farads (F)
RC CIRCUIT CURRENT INCREASE AND DECREASE
FOR GIVEN NUMBER OF TIME CONSTANTS
# of Time Constants Approx % of Final Current Approx % of Initial Charge
1 63 37
2 86 14
3 95 5
4 98 2
35. 5
99
Considered 100%
1
Considered 0%
GENERAL EXPONENTIAL VOLTAGE FORMULA
Where:
v = Instantaneous voltage at time, t, in Volts (V)
VF = Voltage final value in Volts (V)
Vi = Voltage initial value in Volts (V)
t = Time in Seconds (s)
= Time constant in Seconds (s)
CHARGING TIME TO A SPECIFIED VOLTAGE
Where:
t = Time in Seconds (s)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
v = Specified voltage level in Volts (V)
VF = Final voltage level in Volts (V)
Note:
Assumes Vi = 0 Volts
GENERAL EXPONENTIAL CURRENT FORMULA
Where:
i = Instantaneous current at time, t, in Amperes (A)
IF = Current final value in Amperes (A)
Ii = Current initial value in Amperes (A)
36. t = Time in Seconds (s)
= Time constant in Seconds (s)
DISCHARGING TIME TO A SPECIFIED VOLTAGE
Where:
t = Time in Seconds (s)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
v = Specified voltage level in Volts (V)
Vi = Initial voltage level in Volts (V)
Note:
Assumes VF = 0 Volts
CAPACITORS IN AC CIRCUITS
INSTANTANEOUS CAPACITOR CURRENT
Where:
i = Instantaneous current in Amperes (A)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
= Instantaneous rate of change of the voltage
across the capacitor in Volts per second (V/s)
CAPACITOR REACTIVE POWER
Where:
Pr = Reactive Power in Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR)
Vrms = Voltage rms in Volts (V)
Irms = Current rms in Amperes (A)
37. XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
Where:
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
Note:
= 3.1416 (Greek letter “Pi―)
SWITCHED-CAPACITORS CIRCUITS
AVERAGE CURRENT
Where:
I1(avg) = Instantaneous current in Amperes (A)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
V1 = Voltage 1 in Volts (V)
V2 = Voltage 2 in Volts (V)
T = Period of time in Seconds (s)
UNIT 4: RC CIRCUITS
RC SERIES CIRCUITS
IMPEDANCE IN RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
38. OHM’S LAW
Where:
I = Current in Amperes (A)
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
VOLTAGE IN RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
Vs = Voltage in Volts (V)
VR = Resistor voltage in Volts (V)
VC = Capacitor voltage in Volts (V)
LEAD CIRCUIT
ANGLE BETWEEN VOLTAGE IN & OUT
Where:
= Angle between voltage in and out in Degrees (0)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
Where:
R = Equivalent resistance in Ohms (Ω)
T = Period of time in Seconds (s)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
IMPEDANCE IN POLAR FORM
39. Where:
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
VOLTAGE IN POLAR FORM
Where:
Vs = Voltage in Volts (V)
VR = Resistor voltage in Volts (V)
VC = Capacitor voltage in Volts (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE
Where:
Vout = Voltage output in Volts (V)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
LAG CIRCUIT
ANGLE BETWEEN VOLTAGE IN & OUT
Where:
= Angle between voltage in and out in Degrees (0)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
RC PARALLEL CIRCUITS
TOTAL 2-COMPONENT IMPEDANCE
Where:
40. Z = Total 2-component impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
OHM’S LAW
Where:
I = Current in Amperes (A)
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
Y = Admittance in Siemens (S)
CURRENT IN RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
Itot = Total current in Amperes (A)
IR = Resistor current in Amperes (A)
IC = Capacitor current in Amperes (A)
PARALLEL TO SERIES FORM CONVERSION
Where:
Req = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
= Angle where given instantaneous voltage or
current value exists
OUTPUT VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE
Where:
Vout = Voltage output in Volts (V)
41. XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
TOTAL ADMITTANCE
Where:
Y = Total admittance in Siemens (S)
G = Conductance in Siemens (S)
BC = Capacitive susceptance in Siemens (S)
Note:
CURRENT IN POLAR FORM
Where:
Itot = Total current in Amperes (A)
IR = Resistor current in Amperes (A)
IC = Capacitor current in Amperes (A)
RC SERIES –PARALLEL CIRCUITS
PHASE ANGLE
Where:
Req = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
= Angle where given instantaneous voltage or
current value exists
POWER
APPARENT POWER
42. Where:
Pa = Apparent power in Volt-ampere (VA)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
Z = Impedance in Ohms (Ω)
POWER FACTOR
Where:
PF = Power Factor (Unitless)
= Phase angle in Degrees (0)
OSCILLATOR AND FILTER
OSCILLATOR OUTPUT FREQUENCY
Where:
fr = Output frequency in Hertz (Hz)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
Note:
= 3.1416
UNIT 5: RLC CIRCUITS AND PASSIVE FILTERS
RLC SERIES CIRCUITS
TOTAL REACTANCE
Where:
Xtot = Total reactance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
43. TOTAL IMPEDANCE IN POLAR FORM
Where:
Z = Total impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
Xtot = Total reactance in Ohms (Ω)
Note:
When XL > XC, the angle is positive
When XC > XL, the angle is negative
TRUE POWER
Where:
Ptrue = True power in Watts (W)
V = Voltage in Volts (V)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
= Phase angle in Degrees (0)
FILTER CUTOFF FREQUENCY
Where:
fc = Cutoff frequency in Hertz (Hz)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
Note:
= 3.1416
44. TOTAL IMPEDANCE IN RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
Z = Total impedance in Ohms (Ω)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
XC = Capacitive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
RESONANT FREQUENCY
Where:
fr = Resonant frequency in Hertz (Hz)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
Note:
At resonance, XL = XC and the j terms cancel
= 3.1416
RLC PARALLEL CIRCUITS
TOTAL CURRENT
Where:
I tot = Total current in Amperes (A)
IR = Resistor current in Amperes (A)
IC = Capacitor current in Amperes (A)
IL = Inductor current in Amperes (A)
ICL = Total current into the L and C branches
in Amperes (A)
45. RLC PARALLEL RESONANCE
RESONANT FREQUENCY - IDEAL
Where:
fr = Resonant frequency in Hertz (Hz)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
Note:
At resonance, XL = XC and Zr =
= 3.1416
CURRENT AND PHASE ANGLE
Where:
Itot = Total current in Amperes (A)
VS = Voltage source in Volts (V)
Zr = Impedance at resonance in Ohms (Ω)
RESONANT FREQUENCY - PRECISE
Where:
fr = Resonant frequency in Hertz (Hz)
RW = Winding resistance in Ohms (Ω)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
Note:
= 3.1416
RLC SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUITS
46. SERIES-PARALLEL TO PARALLEL CONVERSION
EQUIVALENT INDUCTANCE
Where:
Leq = Equivalent inductance in Henries (H)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
Q = Coil quality factor (Unitless)
EQUIVALENT PARALLEL RESISTANCE
Where:
Rp(eq) = Equivalent parallel resistance in Ohms (Ω)
RW = Winding resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Q = Coil quality factor (Unitless)
NON-IDEAL TANK CIRCUIT
TOTAL IMPEDANCE AT RESONANCE
Where:
ZR = Total impedance in Ohms (Ω)
RW = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Q = Coil quality factor (Unitless)
SPECIAL TOPICS
RESONANT CIRCUIT BANDWIDTH
BANDWIDTH
Where:
BW = Bandwidth in Hertz (Hz)
f2 = Upper critical frequency at Z=0.707·Zmax
47. in Hertz (Hz)
f1 = Lower critical frequency at Z=0.707·Zmax
in Hertz (Hz)
BANDWIDTH AND QUALTIY FACTOR
Where:
BW = Bandwidth in Hertz (Hz)
fr = Center (resonant) frequency in Hertz (Hz)
Q = Coil quality factor (Unitless)
PASSIVE FILTERS
POWER RATIO IN DECIBELS
Where:
dB = Power ratio in decibels (dB)
Pout = Output power in Watts (W)
Pin = Input power in Watts (W)
OVERALL QUALITY FACTOR WITH AN EXTERNAL LOAD
Where:
QO = Overall quality factor (Unitless)
Rp(tot)= Total parallel equivalent resistance in Ohms (Ω)
XL = Inductive reactance in Ohms (Ω)
CENTER (RESONANT) FREQUENCY
Where:
fr = Center (resonant) frequency in Hertz (Hz)
f1 = Lower critical frequency at Z=0.707·Zmax
48. in Hertz (Hz)
f2 = Upper critical frequency at Z=0.707·Zmax
in Hertz (Hz)
VOLTAGE RATIO IN DECIBELS
Where:
dB = Power ratio in decibels (dB)
Vout = Output voltage in Volts (V)
Vin = Input voltage in Volts (V)
LOW-PASS & HIGH-PASS FILTERS
RC FILTERS
Where:
fC = Filter critical frequency in Hertz (Hz)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
C = Capacitance in Farads (F)
Note:
= 3.1416
At fC, Vout = (0.707)·Vin
SERIES RESONANT BAND-PASS FILTER
Where:
BW = Bandwidth in Hertz (Hz)
f0 = Center frequency in Hertz (Hz)
Q = Coil quality factor (Unitless)
RL FILTERS
49. Where:
fc = Filter critical frequency in Hertz (Hz)
L = Inductance in Henries (H)
R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Note:
= 3.1416
At fC, Vout = (0.707)·Vin
GENERAL INFORMATION
AREA AND VOLUMES
AREAS
CIRCLE AREA
Where:
A = Circle area in meters squared (m2)
r = Radius in meters (m)
Note:
= 3.1416
RECTANGULAR AND POLAR FORMS
RECTANGULAR FORM
Where:
A = Coordinate value on real axis (Horizontal Plane)
j = j operator
B = Coordinate value on imaginary axis (Vertical Plan)
Note:
50. “j operator― prefix indicates designated coordinate value is on imaginary axis.
COMPLEX PLANE AND RECTANGULAR FORM PHASOR
+A
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
-A
+jB
-jB
(A + jB)
(A - jB)
(-A + jB)
(-A - jB)
Quadrant 2
00/3600
1800
900
2700
POLAR FORM
Where:
C = Phasor magnitude
= Phasor angle relative to the positive real axis
COMPLEX PLANE AND POLAR FORM PHASOR
51. Real Axis
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
+j
-j
Length = Magnitude
-
Quadrant 2
+
RECTANGULAR TO POLAR CONVERSION
Where:
A = Coordinate value on real axis (Horizontal Plane)
j = j operator
B = Coordinate value on imaginary axis (Vertical Plan)
C = Phasor magnitude
= Phasor angle relative to the positive real axis
Note:
To calculate C:
To calculate in Quadrants 1 and 4 (A is positive):
Use +B for +B values, -B for –B values
To calculate in Quadrants 2 and 3 (A is negative):
Use for +B values
53. III. Procedures :
Part I:
1. Connect the following circuit in Multisim.
Figure 1: Parallel LC Circuit
2. Calculate the exact resonant frequency, fr, of the circuit using the flowing equation:
=2.32kHz
3. Calculate the inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, total reactance (XL||XC) impedance
magnitude, and phase angle for each frequency shown in Table 1 . Ignore the winding resistance
for your calculations.
4. Measure and record the resistor voltage for each of the frequencies listed in Table 1 .
Frequency
(in Hz)
Calculated
Measure
d
XL XC XT VR(rms)
700 439.8 Ω 4837.5 Ω -4397.7 20.589 mV
900 565.5 Ω 3762.5 Ω -3197.0 14.961 mV
1k 628.3Ω 3386.3 Ω -2758 12.902 mV
2k 1256.6 Ω 1693.1 Ω -436.5 2.007 mV
Resonant freq. 2.32k (fr)
(from step 2)
1457.7Ω 1459.6 Ω -1.9 83.637 uV
3k 1885 Ω 1128.8 Ω 756.2 3.6 mV
5k 3141.6 Ω 677.3 Ω 2464.3 11.64 mV
7k 4398.2 Ω 483.8 Ω 3914.4 18.472 mV
Table 1: Calculated and measured values
5. Draw the frequency response curve from the above results on Plot 1 .
6. Connect multimeters or current probes to measure total current or resistor current (IR),
inductor current (IL) and capacitor current (IC).
7. Measure and record the rms values for IR, IL, and IC in Table 2 .