The document describes research on enhancing the antiviral activity of an isolated Streptomyces avermitilis extract by conjugating it with gold nanoparticles. Twenty actinomycete strains were isolated from soil samples and screened for antiviral activity. Strain H1 showed promising antiviral activity against hepatitis A virus, adenovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Its extract was then conjugated with 2nm gold nanoparticles. While gold nanoparticles alone had low inhibition, the conjugate displayed higher antiviral activity than the extract alone. This supports the hypothesis that multivalent molecules on nanoparticle surfaces can enhance biological activity of extracts through interactions. Further animal testing is needed to evaluate the conjugate's potential for treating viral diseases.
Anti-Adhesion and Anti-Biofilm Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used In Hemodia...IJERA Editor
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface and included in an extracellular matrix making it resistant to exogenous deleterious agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm effect of five commercials disinfectants having different active principles (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol) on four Staphylococcus strains isolated from hemodialysis unit surfaces. The disinfectants anti-adhesive effect was estimated to an exceeding rate 70% for the various studied dilutions and 90% towards the pure products. Whereas the anti-biofilm effect showed an elimination rate varying between 10 % and 95 % according to the following parameters: active principle, time of contact, concentration and bacterial strain. Our study demonstrated that all tested products have an interesting anti-adhesive effect and that the peroxide of hydrogen is endowed with important anti-biofilm efficiency, followed by the alcoholic products and the sodium hypochlorite.
Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on SurfacesValentina Corona
This study investigated how sunlight inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on non-porous surfaces. The virus was suspended in simulated saliva or culture media and dried on stainless steel coupons. When exposed to simulated sunlight, 90% of infectious virus was inactivated every 6.8 minutes in simulated saliva and every 14.3 minutes in culture media. Significant inactivation also occurred under lower sunlight levels, though at a slower rate. This provides evidence that sunlight can rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, suggesting the risk of exposure varies between indoor and outdoor environments, with natural sunlight being an effective disinfectant.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Modelling the Kinetic of UV Water DisinfectionMichael George
This document summarizes a study that models the kinetic of UV water disinfection. Two kinetic models, Chick-Watson and Hom, were tested on their ability to model the disinfection of E. coli and L. Helveticus bacteria under UV light alone, UV with TiO2 photocatalyst, and UV with ZnO photocatalyst. Both models fitted the experimental data for disinfection of E. coli but neither model fitted the data for disinfection of L. Helveticus, showing the limitations of empirical models in representing all microorganisms. The document concludes the parameters in empirical models have no physical meaning and the models cannot be generalized to all cases of microbial disinfection.
Staphylococcus aureus is a most important bacterium that causes nosocomial infections and the etiologic
agent of a wide range of diseases related with major mortality and morbidity. Total 36 positive clinical
samples viz. urine, blood and pus collected from different patients were found to harbor Staphylococcus
aureus with a maximum isolation from pus samples i.e. 30 (83.33%) and minimum isolation from urine
samples i.e. 2 (5.56%). The degree of capacity to biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus isolates to
different phenotypic analysis of biofilm formation by Congo red agar (CRA) Nil, Tube method (TM) 5
(13.89%), and Tissue culture plate method (TCP) 12 (33.33%). The application of silver and Selenium
nanoparticles as antimicrobials are gaining relevance in the medical field. Silver nanoparticles, due to
their unique properties, use in day-by-day many applications in human life. The major uses of silver
nanoparticles in the clinical and medical fields consist of investigative applications and curative
applications. Selenium metal is an essential micronutrient for human beings and animals. Selenium
nanoparticles showed the highest bactericidal and antimicrobial properties. Minimal biofilm eradication
concentrations (MBEC) were determined by 96-well microtitre plate. The antibacterial effects of silver and
selenium nanoparticles were evaluated with respect to growth, biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus
strains. Among the three biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus strains showed OD450 i.e. 0.019, 0.039,
0.075 value ≤0.080 for AgNPs whereas SeNPs couldn’t showed any ≤ 0.080 value against biofilm forming
S. aureus strains. In case of MBEC test, AgNPs showed more affective against biofilm forming
Staphylococcus aureus strains compared of SeNPs. Finally we suggested that AgNPs showing best
antimicrobial activity against SeNPs.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
The document discusses the antibacterial activities of nitro olefins derived from Friedel-Crafts reactions on Baylis-Hillman adducts. It finds that all tested nitro olefins showed higher effectiveness at inhibiting the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) than the antibiotic vancomycin. The nitro olefins were most effective against hospital-acquired MRSA and MSSA infections where antibiotics may not be readily available. It also examines the antibacterial mechanisms and minimum inhibitory concentrations of synthesized benzoxepine derivatives, finding that compounds 2f and 2d were most effective at inhibiting
Anti-Adhesion and Anti-Biofilm Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used In Hemodia...IJERA Editor
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface and included in an extracellular matrix making it resistant to exogenous deleterious agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm effect of five commercials disinfectants having different active principles (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol) on four Staphylococcus strains isolated from hemodialysis unit surfaces. The disinfectants anti-adhesive effect was estimated to an exceeding rate 70% for the various studied dilutions and 90% towards the pure products. Whereas the anti-biofilm effect showed an elimination rate varying between 10 % and 95 % according to the following parameters: active principle, time of contact, concentration and bacterial strain. Our study demonstrated that all tested products have an interesting anti-adhesive effect and that the peroxide of hydrogen is endowed with important anti-biofilm efficiency, followed by the alcoholic products and the sodium hypochlorite.
Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on SurfacesValentina Corona
This study investigated how sunlight inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on non-porous surfaces. The virus was suspended in simulated saliva or culture media and dried on stainless steel coupons. When exposed to simulated sunlight, 90% of infectious virus was inactivated every 6.8 minutes in simulated saliva and every 14.3 minutes in culture media. Significant inactivation also occurred under lower sunlight levels, though at a slower rate. This provides evidence that sunlight can rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, suggesting the risk of exposure varies between indoor and outdoor environments, with natural sunlight being an effective disinfectant.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Modelling the Kinetic of UV Water DisinfectionMichael George
This document summarizes a study that models the kinetic of UV water disinfection. Two kinetic models, Chick-Watson and Hom, were tested on their ability to model the disinfection of E. coli and L. Helveticus bacteria under UV light alone, UV with TiO2 photocatalyst, and UV with ZnO photocatalyst. Both models fitted the experimental data for disinfection of E. coli but neither model fitted the data for disinfection of L. Helveticus, showing the limitations of empirical models in representing all microorganisms. The document concludes the parameters in empirical models have no physical meaning and the models cannot be generalized to all cases of microbial disinfection.
Staphylococcus aureus is a most important bacterium that causes nosocomial infections and the etiologic
agent of a wide range of diseases related with major mortality and morbidity. Total 36 positive clinical
samples viz. urine, blood and pus collected from different patients were found to harbor Staphylococcus
aureus with a maximum isolation from pus samples i.e. 30 (83.33%) and minimum isolation from urine
samples i.e. 2 (5.56%). The degree of capacity to biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus isolates to
different phenotypic analysis of biofilm formation by Congo red agar (CRA) Nil, Tube method (TM) 5
(13.89%), and Tissue culture plate method (TCP) 12 (33.33%). The application of silver and Selenium
nanoparticles as antimicrobials are gaining relevance in the medical field. Silver nanoparticles, due to
their unique properties, use in day-by-day many applications in human life. The major uses of silver
nanoparticles in the clinical and medical fields consist of investigative applications and curative
applications. Selenium metal is an essential micronutrient for human beings and animals. Selenium
nanoparticles showed the highest bactericidal and antimicrobial properties. Minimal biofilm eradication
concentrations (MBEC) were determined by 96-well microtitre plate. The antibacterial effects of silver and
selenium nanoparticles were evaluated with respect to growth, biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus
strains. Among the three biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus strains showed OD450 i.e. 0.019, 0.039,
0.075 value ≤0.080 for AgNPs whereas SeNPs couldn’t showed any ≤ 0.080 value against biofilm forming
S. aureus strains. In case of MBEC test, AgNPs showed more affective against biofilm forming
Staphylococcus aureus strains compared of SeNPs. Finally we suggested that AgNPs showing best
antimicrobial activity against SeNPs.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
The document discusses the antibacterial activities of nitro olefins derived from Friedel-Crafts reactions on Baylis-Hillman adducts. It finds that all tested nitro olefins showed higher effectiveness at inhibiting the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) than the antibiotic vancomycin. The nitro olefins were most effective against hospital-acquired MRSA and MSSA infections where antibiotics may not be readily available. It also examines the antibacterial mechanisms and minimum inhibitory concentrations of synthesized benzoxepine derivatives, finding that compounds 2f and 2d were most effective at inhibiting
ABSTRACT In the present study, the extracellular synthesis of Silver nanoparticles was done using two different bacterial strains viz. Bacillus flexus and Bacillus pseudomycoides. The silver nanoparticles were confirmed by in color test and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the λmax observed at 430 nm and 410 nm confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. FTIR analysis confirms the presence of elemental silver and reveals the dual function of the biological molecule responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs in the aqueous medium. The XRD showed that silver nanoparticles produced are crystalline in nature with size ranges from 30 to 70 nm. The SEM shows that produced silver nanoparticles are spherical, Pseudo spherical in shape with traces of agglomeration. Further through investigation of Antibiotic Sensitivity/Resistant pattern expressed that out of eighteen virulent enteric bacterial isolates, three isolates showed MAR index equal to 1, which indicates the presence of multiple drug resistance (MDR). MIC values of AgNPs against MDR isolate E7 and K3 was established to be 80 μg/ml whereas, for isolate Sa1 the MIC value was 70 μg/ml. The synergistic effect of antibiotics in conjugation with biologically synthesized AgNPs encourage the susceptibility amongst the tested bacterial cultures; viz. Salmonella followed by Klebsiella and E. coli.
Key-words: Biosynthesis, Synergistic activity, Antibacterial activity, Silver nanoparticles, Multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Effect of Some Disinfectants on Antibiotic Resistance Staphylococcus Isolated...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- A prospective case study of patients presenting with clinically suspected keratitis was conducted at Al-Rehma Hospital, Sirte, Libya between January 2008 and November 2010. A total of 32.9% patients were identified with fungal keratitis, Aspergillus and Fusarium together accounted for 89.28% of cases. Males had higher predisposition as compared with females. Trauma (78.5%) was the major cause, vegetative injury alone constituting 60.7% of cases. Other most common identifiable risk factors were history of diabetes mellitus (17.8%), contact lens (21.4%) and corticosteroids (3.57%). Fungal keratitis still possesses a significant threat for increased ocular morbidity. The overall knowledge of fungal keratitis with its clinical determinants and risk factors, would aid in general awareness and prevention of complications associated with it.
Key-words- Fungal keratitis, Cornea, Vegetative trauma, Contact lens, Diabetes mellitus, Corticosteroid
The document summarizes a study on slime production by Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from patients with corneal infections and healthy controls. A total of 57 S. epidermidis isolates were tested: 37 from patients with keratitis and 20 from healthy eyes. 52.63% of all isolates were positive for slime production, with 62.16% of patient isolates and 35% of control isolates positive. Positive slime producers exhibited higher antibiotic resistance than negative producers. Cephalothin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics against both patient and control isolates. The results indicate slime production contributes to S. epidermidis antibiotic resistance and virulence in corneal infections.
Study of Biocidal Activity of Copper A Reviewijtsrd
Copper ions, either alone or in copper complexes, have been used to disinfect liquids, solids and human tissue for centuries. Today copper is used as a water purifier, algaecide, fungicide, nematocide, molluscicide as well as an anti bacterial and anti fouling agent. Copper also displays potent anti viral activity. We have explained i the biocidal properties of copper ii the possible mechanisms by which copper is toxic to microorganisms and iii the systems by which many microorganisms resist high concentrations of heavy metals, with an emphasis on copper. Health care associated infections HAIs are a global problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a major public health challenge, and antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most important global problems in current times. The antimicrobial effect of copper has been known for centuries, and ongoing research is being conducted on the use of copper coated hard and soft surfaces for reduction of microbial contamination and, subsequently, reduction of HAIs. Dr. Pragya Tank "Study of Biocidal Activity of Copper: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50696.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/50696/study-of-biocidal-activity-of-copper-a-review/dr-pragya-tank
Silver nanoparticles are broad spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compoundsJillFischer4
This document discusses recent advances in understanding the biocidal mechanisms of silver nanoparticles. It summarizes that silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. They interact with viral and bacterial membranes and proteins, altering their structure and function. Regarding bacteria, silver nanoparticles may damage cell membranes and inhibit cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis. Regarding viruses, they may bind to viral envelopes and glycoproteins to prevent fusion with and entry into host cells. Studies show silver nanoparticles inhibit a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi through these mechanisms of action.
Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolatesijtsrd
Integrons are mobile genetic structures that carry genes responsible for resistance to different classes of antibiotics. These genetic platforms are disseminated easily among bacteria through horizontal transfer. This makes it possible for bacteria infecting parts of the body including wounds to harbor integrons resulting to poor therapeutic outcomes. This study was conducted to detect the presence of integrons in multidrug resistance isolates from wounds. Three hundred and sixty chronic wound patients were sampled using sterile cotton tipped swab sticks. The specimens were cultured according to standard microbiological procedures. The isolates were characterized by standard biochemical tests. The genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted by boiling method and was sequenced using the Big Dye kit on 3510 ABI sequencer. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done using disc diffusion method. Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction was carried out on The DNA extracts using Class 1 and Class 11 Integron primers. The result shows that all 360 wound swab specimens yielded single bacteria isolate each. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent isolate 44.2 . The antimicrobial susceptibility test indicates that 42 isolates 11.7 were multidrug resistant MDR . Streptomycin attracted the highest resistance of 88.89 . The least resistance was to Imipenem 35.71 . The gel electrophoresis of the Multiplex PCR product indicates that 90.5 of the MDR isolates possess Class 1 Integron, 33.33 possess Class 11 Integron and 23.8 possess both Integron 1 and Integron 11. In conclusion, this study reports high prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic wound swabs and 11.7 multidrug resistance among all isolates. The study also reports high prevalence of Class 1 Integron in multidrug resistance isolates. It is therefore recommended that stringent infection control measures be adopted to prevent the spread of bacteria harbouring antibiotic resistance genetic structures. Also rational antibiotic policy is recommended to avoid selection of drug resistance under antibiotic pressure. Ere, Justus Ejike | Enwuru, Chika Paulinus | Wachukwu, C. K "Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49409.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49409/detection-of-integrons-in-multidrug-resistant-wound-isolates/ere-justus-ejike
The document discusses a primary screening of actinomycetes isolated from arid zones in Kazakhstan for their potential antitumor activity. 157 actinomycete strains were tested against Staphylococcus aureus 209P and its mutants UF-2 and UF-3 using an agar block technique. 36 strains from sandy soils and 6 from plant rhizospheres showed activity against S. aureus 209P. 22 strains from takyrs and takyr-like soils had at least twice as much activity against the mutants compared to the stock strain, indicating potential to produce antitumor antibiotics. In total, it was estimated that 24.2% of the actinomycete strains may be potential producers of antit
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles coated onto cotton fabrics. ZnO-coated cotton fabrics were prepared using a sonochemical coating process. The antibacterial activity of the fabrics was then assessed against both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria using several test methods, including agar diffusion, shake flask, and absorption methods. The results showed the ZnO nanoparticle-coated fabrics exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains, with slightly higher activity observed against S. aureus compared to E. coli.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various antiseptics on nosocomial fungi isolated from a hospital in Iraq. Eighteen fungal species were tested against Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, Asl-slidex, and Clorox solution at different concentrations using a gradient plate technique. The study found that 0.5% Celavex-c and 2% Povidine-iodine were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth. Asl-slidex showed the least effectiveness against the fungi even at high concentrations. In conclusion, Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, and Clorox solution were found to be effective antise
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Avoidance from Dengue by Microencapsulated with Vetiver root Essence with mos...ijtsrd
Objective: This study was conducted to design the textile structured dress of knitted materials with mosquito repellent behavior using micro-encapsulated Vetiver root extract on a fabric to prevent from Dengue. Dr. B. Senthilkumar | D. Anita Rachel"Avoidance from Dengue by Microencapsulated with Vetiver root Essence with mosquito repellent finishing on Fabrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/5908/avoidance-from-dengue-by-microencapsulated-with-vetiver-root-essence-with-mosquito-repellent-finishing-on-fabrics/-dr-b-senthilkumar
Antimicrobial activity of trachyspermum ammi leaves mediated silver nanoparti...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 3mM AgNO3 solution through the extract of Trachyspermum ammi leaf using domestic microwave irradiation method. On mixing leaf extract with silver salt solution in ratio 1:4 the color changed from colourless to yellowish brown which partially confirmed the degradation of silver ions to silver nanoparticles (SNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopic techniques, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The shape of the synthesized nanoparticles was found to be cubical. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against two human pathogens were evaluated by using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. KEYWORDS: Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, SNPs, MIC, SEM-EDAX, Green Synthesis
This document discusses Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen that causes the disease listeriosis. It has a high mortality rate and contaminates foods like dairy, meats, and vegetables. Current detection methods take 3-4 days, so rapid detection techniques are needed. The aim of this project is to develop a biosensor that can readily detect Listeria monocytogenes using electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The biosensor will be fabricated using microfabrication techniques and functionalized with antibodies to detect the pathogen.
Disinfectants play an important role in health careassociated
infection control by either minimizing or preventing
microorganism dissemination. This article to study the
morphological changes which may be related to the lose of
antibiotic resistance after disinfectant exposure using SEM.
Showed all isolates resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin,
cephalexin, tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol,
trimethoprim cefotaxime and erythromycin, while one of burn
isolates was susceptible for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and
trimethoprim, and 15 of burn, 6 of wound, 5 of ear, and all urine
isolates were susceptible to gentamicin using Kirby-Bauer
method.
The MICs of four common in use disinfectants (Hexatane,
Dettol, Savlon and Povidone – Iodine) were determined for all
isolates. The results showed that the MICs of Hexatane ranged
from (64–512) µg/ml, Dettol (2048–16384) µg/ml,
Savlon (4096:40960)–(32768:327680) µg/ml and for Povidone –
Iodine MICs were (8192–32768) µg/ml. It has been found that
burn and urine isolates were more resistant to disinfectants than
wound and ear isolates. According to the effect of subMICs of
disinfectants at different exposure patterns on antibiotic
resistance, the results showed lose of resistance to tetracycline,
doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and
trimethoprim in %72, %72, %68, %22, %28 and %36 of isolates,
respectively. The results of SEM micrograph showed normal
morphology and small sized bacteria with nub formation on some
of them when exposed to dettol, and shape changes in cells with
bulging in exposed to Povidone-iodine, while elongation and
deformation were recorded in some cells in exposed to
Savlon(chlorohexidine/ cetrimide) and Hexatane (chlorohexidine/
gluconate), respectively.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
ABSTRACT In the present study, the extracellular synthesis of Silver nanoparticles was done using two different bacterial strains viz. Bacillus flexus and Bacillus pseudomycoides. The silver nanoparticles were confirmed by in color test and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the λmax observed at 430 nm and 410 nm confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. FTIR analysis confirms the presence of elemental silver and reveals the dual function of the biological molecule responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs in the aqueous medium. The XRD showed that silver nanoparticles produced are crystalline in nature with size ranges from 30 to 70 nm. The SEM shows that produced silver nanoparticles are spherical, Pseudo spherical in shape with traces of agglomeration. Further through investigation of Antibiotic Sensitivity/Resistant pattern expressed that out of eighteen virulent enteric bacterial isolates, three isolates showed MAR index equal to 1, which indicates the presence of multiple drug resistance (MDR). MIC values of AgNPs against MDR isolate E7 and K3 was established to be 80 μg/ml whereas, for isolate Sa1 the MIC value was 70 μg/ml. The synergistic effect of antibiotics in conjugation with biologically synthesized AgNPs encourage the susceptibility amongst the tested bacterial cultures; viz. Salmonella followed by Klebsiella and E. coli.
Key-words: Biosynthesis, Synergistic activity, Antibacterial activity, Silver nanoparticles, Multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Effect of Some Disinfectants on Antibiotic Resistance Staphylococcus Isolated...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- A prospective case study of patients presenting with clinically suspected keratitis was conducted at Al-Rehma Hospital, Sirte, Libya between January 2008 and November 2010. A total of 32.9% patients were identified with fungal keratitis, Aspergillus and Fusarium together accounted for 89.28% of cases. Males had higher predisposition as compared with females. Trauma (78.5%) was the major cause, vegetative injury alone constituting 60.7% of cases. Other most common identifiable risk factors were history of diabetes mellitus (17.8%), contact lens (21.4%) and corticosteroids (3.57%). Fungal keratitis still possesses a significant threat for increased ocular morbidity. The overall knowledge of fungal keratitis with its clinical determinants and risk factors, would aid in general awareness and prevention of complications associated with it.
Key-words- Fungal keratitis, Cornea, Vegetative trauma, Contact lens, Diabetes mellitus, Corticosteroid
The document summarizes a study on slime production by Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from patients with corneal infections and healthy controls. A total of 57 S. epidermidis isolates were tested: 37 from patients with keratitis and 20 from healthy eyes. 52.63% of all isolates were positive for slime production, with 62.16% of patient isolates and 35% of control isolates positive. Positive slime producers exhibited higher antibiotic resistance than negative producers. Cephalothin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics against both patient and control isolates. The results indicate slime production contributes to S. epidermidis antibiotic resistance and virulence in corneal infections.
Study of Biocidal Activity of Copper A Reviewijtsrd
Copper ions, either alone or in copper complexes, have been used to disinfect liquids, solids and human tissue for centuries. Today copper is used as a water purifier, algaecide, fungicide, nematocide, molluscicide as well as an anti bacterial and anti fouling agent. Copper also displays potent anti viral activity. We have explained i the biocidal properties of copper ii the possible mechanisms by which copper is toxic to microorganisms and iii the systems by which many microorganisms resist high concentrations of heavy metals, with an emphasis on copper. Health care associated infections HAIs are a global problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a major public health challenge, and antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most important global problems in current times. The antimicrobial effect of copper has been known for centuries, and ongoing research is being conducted on the use of copper coated hard and soft surfaces for reduction of microbial contamination and, subsequently, reduction of HAIs. Dr. Pragya Tank "Study of Biocidal Activity of Copper: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50696.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/50696/study-of-biocidal-activity-of-copper-a-review/dr-pragya-tank
Silver nanoparticles are broad spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compoundsJillFischer4
This document discusses recent advances in understanding the biocidal mechanisms of silver nanoparticles. It summarizes that silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. They interact with viral and bacterial membranes and proteins, altering their structure and function. Regarding bacteria, silver nanoparticles may damage cell membranes and inhibit cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis. Regarding viruses, they may bind to viral envelopes and glycoproteins to prevent fusion with and entry into host cells. Studies show silver nanoparticles inhibit a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi through these mechanisms of action.
Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolatesijtsrd
Integrons are mobile genetic structures that carry genes responsible for resistance to different classes of antibiotics. These genetic platforms are disseminated easily among bacteria through horizontal transfer. This makes it possible for bacteria infecting parts of the body including wounds to harbor integrons resulting to poor therapeutic outcomes. This study was conducted to detect the presence of integrons in multidrug resistance isolates from wounds. Three hundred and sixty chronic wound patients were sampled using sterile cotton tipped swab sticks. The specimens were cultured according to standard microbiological procedures. The isolates were characterized by standard biochemical tests. The genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted by boiling method and was sequenced using the Big Dye kit on 3510 ABI sequencer. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done using disc diffusion method. Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction was carried out on The DNA extracts using Class 1 and Class 11 Integron primers. The result shows that all 360 wound swab specimens yielded single bacteria isolate each. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent isolate 44.2 . The antimicrobial susceptibility test indicates that 42 isolates 11.7 were multidrug resistant MDR . Streptomycin attracted the highest resistance of 88.89 . The least resistance was to Imipenem 35.71 . The gel electrophoresis of the Multiplex PCR product indicates that 90.5 of the MDR isolates possess Class 1 Integron, 33.33 possess Class 11 Integron and 23.8 possess both Integron 1 and Integron 11. In conclusion, this study reports high prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic wound swabs and 11.7 multidrug resistance among all isolates. The study also reports high prevalence of Class 1 Integron in multidrug resistance isolates. It is therefore recommended that stringent infection control measures be adopted to prevent the spread of bacteria harbouring antibiotic resistance genetic structures. Also rational antibiotic policy is recommended to avoid selection of drug resistance under antibiotic pressure. Ere, Justus Ejike | Enwuru, Chika Paulinus | Wachukwu, C. K "Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49409.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49409/detection-of-integrons-in-multidrug-resistant-wound-isolates/ere-justus-ejike
The document discusses a primary screening of actinomycetes isolated from arid zones in Kazakhstan for their potential antitumor activity. 157 actinomycete strains were tested against Staphylococcus aureus 209P and its mutants UF-2 and UF-3 using an agar block technique. 36 strains from sandy soils and 6 from plant rhizospheres showed activity against S. aureus 209P. 22 strains from takyrs and takyr-like soils had at least twice as much activity against the mutants compared to the stock strain, indicating potential to produce antitumor antibiotics. In total, it was estimated that 24.2% of the actinomycete strains may be potential producers of antit
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles coated onto cotton fabrics. ZnO-coated cotton fabrics were prepared using a sonochemical coating process. The antibacterial activity of the fabrics was then assessed against both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria using several test methods, including agar diffusion, shake flask, and absorption methods. The results showed the ZnO nanoparticle-coated fabrics exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains, with slightly higher activity observed against S. aureus compared to E. coli.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various antiseptics on nosocomial fungi isolated from a hospital in Iraq. Eighteen fungal species were tested against Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, Asl-slidex, and Clorox solution at different concentrations using a gradient plate technique. The study found that 0.5% Celavex-c and 2% Povidine-iodine were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth. Asl-slidex showed the least effectiveness against the fungi even at high concentrations. In conclusion, Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, and Clorox solution were found to be effective antise
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Avoidance from Dengue by Microencapsulated with Vetiver root Essence with mos...ijtsrd
Objective: This study was conducted to design the textile structured dress of knitted materials with mosquito repellent behavior using micro-encapsulated Vetiver root extract on a fabric to prevent from Dengue. Dr. B. Senthilkumar | D. Anita Rachel"Avoidance from Dengue by Microencapsulated with Vetiver root Essence with mosquito repellent finishing on Fabrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/5908/avoidance-from-dengue-by-microencapsulated-with-vetiver-root-essence-with-mosquito-repellent-finishing-on-fabrics/-dr-b-senthilkumar
Antimicrobial activity of trachyspermum ammi leaves mediated silver nanoparti...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 3mM AgNO3 solution through the extract of Trachyspermum ammi leaf using domestic microwave irradiation method. On mixing leaf extract with silver salt solution in ratio 1:4 the color changed from colourless to yellowish brown which partially confirmed the degradation of silver ions to silver nanoparticles (SNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopic techniques, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The shape of the synthesized nanoparticles was found to be cubical. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against two human pathogens were evaluated by using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. KEYWORDS: Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, SNPs, MIC, SEM-EDAX, Green Synthesis
This document discusses Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen that causes the disease listeriosis. It has a high mortality rate and contaminates foods like dairy, meats, and vegetables. Current detection methods take 3-4 days, so rapid detection techniques are needed. The aim of this project is to develop a biosensor that can readily detect Listeria monocytogenes using electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The biosensor will be fabricated using microfabrication techniques and functionalized with antibodies to detect the pathogen.
Disinfectants play an important role in health careassociated
infection control by either minimizing or preventing
microorganism dissemination. This article to study the
morphological changes which may be related to the lose of
antibiotic resistance after disinfectant exposure using SEM.
Showed all isolates resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin,
cephalexin, tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol,
trimethoprim cefotaxime and erythromycin, while one of burn
isolates was susceptible for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and
trimethoprim, and 15 of burn, 6 of wound, 5 of ear, and all urine
isolates were susceptible to gentamicin using Kirby-Bauer
method.
The MICs of four common in use disinfectants (Hexatane,
Dettol, Savlon and Povidone – Iodine) were determined for all
isolates. The results showed that the MICs of Hexatane ranged
from (64–512) µg/ml, Dettol (2048–16384) µg/ml,
Savlon (4096:40960)–(32768:327680) µg/ml and for Povidone –
Iodine MICs were (8192–32768) µg/ml. It has been found that
burn and urine isolates were more resistant to disinfectants than
wound and ear isolates. According to the effect of subMICs of
disinfectants at different exposure patterns on antibiotic
resistance, the results showed lose of resistance to tetracycline,
doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and
trimethoprim in %72, %72, %68, %22, %28 and %36 of isolates,
respectively. The results of SEM micrograph showed normal
morphology and small sized bacteria with nub formation on some
of them when exposed to dettol, and shape changes in cells with
bulging in exposed to Povidone-iodine, while elongation and
deformation were recorded in some cells in exposed to
Savlon(chlorohexidine/ cetrimide) and Hexatane (chlorohexidine/
gluconate), respectively.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Report on Multiple Antibiotics Resistance Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from ...
EJCHEM-2204-5820_revised.pdf
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"Enhanced Antiviral Activity of Isolated Streptomyces Avermitilis Extract
in Conjugation with Gold Nanoparticles"
Journal: Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Manuscript Title: Enhanced Antiviral Activity of Isolated Streptomyces
Avermitilis Extract in Conjugation with Gold Nanoparticles
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https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/journal/authors.note
Each
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43
,
42
mg/mL nystatin as the antifungal agent [
0.2. All the media were supplemented with 0.050
casein powder, 15 g/L agar, 50% sea water, pH = 7.2±
]: 10 g/L starch, 1 g/L
41
starch casein agar medium [
O, 18 g/L agar, pH = 7.8; and
2
.7H
4
0.01 g/L FeSO
,
3
O, 0.02 g/L CaCO
2
.7H
4
2 g/L NaCl, 0.05 g/L MgSO
,
4
PO
2
, 2 g/L KH
3
Glycerol, 0.3 g/L casein, 2 g/L KNO
agar medium [1]: 10 g/L
3
1; glycerol casein KNO
r, pH = 7 ±
O, 16 g/L aga
2
.7H
4
, 0.01 g/L FeSO
3
CaCO
O, 0.02 g/L
2
.7H
4
, 2 g/L NaCl, 0.05 g/L MgSO
4
HPO
2
K
, 2 g/L
3
g/L Glycerol, 0.3 g/L casein, 3 g/L KNO
]: 10
40
7.0; Kuster’s Agar medium [
15 g/L agar, pH =
O,
2
.7 H
4
O,1 mg FeSO
2
7H
.
4
asparagine, 0.1 g/L MgSO
, 0.1 g/L
4
PO
2
2 g/L sodium casemate, 2 g/L KH
]: 5 g/L glycerol, 4 g/L sodium propionate,
39
medium [
Actinomycetes were Actinomycete isolation agar
employed for isolation and enumeration of
The media
purification and cultivation
2.2 Sample preparation, actinomycetes and
water bath for 16 hours [38].
C
5 was subjected to 45°
-
vegetative cells, dilution 10
using with sterile saline [37]. To separate spores from
5 of samples
-
ns up to 10
for few minutes. Serial dilutio
with maximum speed vortexing and allowed to stand
shaker for 30 minutes at 150 rpm. Samples were mixed
C in orbital
bated at 28°
each of sterile saline and incu
pretreatment [36]. Samples were suspended in 100 mL
C until
40°
stored in dry sterilized polythene bags at
surface was sampled using sterilized spatula and
were selected for soil sampling. About 3 cm of soil
Different locations in Fayoum and Sharqiyah, Egypt,
2.1 Sample collection
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Experimental
2.
nanoparticles.
conjugation of Psuedomonas extract with gold
tivity through
development of enhanced antiviral ac
viral inhibition. Moreover, we illustrate the
with good tendency towards
avermitilis
Psuedomonas
natural product, we here isolated a strain of
In an attempt to switch to viral prevention through
g in the complex [34].
signifying strong bondin
inhibited transcription by T7 RNA polymerase,
DNA complex
-
DNA. Recently, a nanoparticle
negatively charged anionic nucleic acids present in the
cationic ligands on the surfaces of nanoparticles and
onding between positively charged
involves ionic b
processes [33]. Their role in gene regulation
inhibition
enzyme
, as well as
gene regulation
and
transcription
control biological processes through
Nanoparticles also proved to
penetration into the cell.
thus preventing virus
glycoproteins [24,25],
transformations of the surface, such as agglutination of
virus surface [24,25], which leads to local
demonstrated that nanoparticles are adsorbed on the
vesicular stomatitis virus [32]. Microscopic studies
uth disease virus [25] and
Mo
-
and
-
2 [27], Foot
-
type
1 [22,24], dengue virus
-
simplex virus [21,29], HIV
H3N2 and H1N1 [26,29], hepatitis B virus [20], herpes
nanoparticles against different viruses: influenza virus
[28]
2
32], SiO
-
[29
2
[27], CeO
2
CuCl
[26],
2
TiO
24], Au [25,29],
-
g [20
of antiviral action of A
32]. There are experimental results
-
nanoparticles [20
functionalized]
-
antiviral activity of 'pure' [non
surface. The second direction is concerned with
receptors at the virus
-
functionalizers and molecules
-
ions between the molecules
due to chemical interact
The functionalized nanoparticles can affect the viruses
modified with different organic molecules [18, 19].
prevention. The first one is related to the nanoparticles
are two ways of best using nanoparticles in viral
ion [23]. There
prevention and treatment of viral infect
represent a growing challenge for the detection,
22]. They
-
for antiviral therapy in the last decades [18
research. Nanoparticle systems are intensively studied
opment of new antiviral agents is a major area of
devel
Adjustments of current antiviral compounds and
been isolated [16,17].
which highly commercial bioactive compounds have
antibiotics are sourced from this genus [15], from
bioactive compounds. In fact, 80% of the recognized
imately two third of all known
producers of approx
14]. Especially under the genus Streptomyces, are
-
[10
and other industrially important secondary metabolites
prokaryotes [7,8]. They produce antibiotics, antivirals,
most economically and biotechnologically useful
2
)
year
(
..
, No.
..
Egypt. J. Chem.
________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ewies et.al.
E.F.
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DEVELOPMENT OF PILOT SCALE SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION ..
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Egypt. J. Chem. …, No. … (year)
3
soil sample dilution was plated on isolation media and
incubated at 28° C for 7-10 days. Individual colonies
were purified onto yeast extract-malt extract agar
slants [38]. Pure cultures were obtained on yeast
extract malt extract glucose medium [YMG] agar
slants [44]: yeast extract, 4 g/L; malt extract, 10 g/L;
glucose, 4 g/L; agar, 20 g/L; pH = 7.3. Finally, the
Streptomyces isolation medium consisting of glucose:
5.0 g/L, L-glutamic: 4.0, KH2PO4: 1.0, MgSO4.7H2O:
0.7, NaCl: 1.0, FeSO4.7H2O: 3.0 mg, and agar: 25 g/L,
was used for purification of Streptomyces colonies
supplemented with nystatin at concentration of 0.050
mg/mL as the antifungal agent.
Selected strain was grown in liquid media in neutral
[N] and extreme [S, for saline] conditions of
cultivation for later testing for toxicity assay.
Subcultures of single purified colonies were
maintained on starch casein slants at 4℃ for long
preservation until further use.
2.3 Characterization of actinomycetes isolate
2.3.1 Macroscopic analysis
Morphological and cultural characters of the selected
actinomycete strain was studied by inoculating the
selected strain into sterile ISP 1 to 7 media. (Figure 1
and Table 1).
Physiological characteristics of the actinomycete
strain were studied with the use of Analytical Profile
Index [API] for biochemical tests including citrate
utilization, H2S production, urea hydrolysis, indole
production, acetone production, acid production from
sugar (Table 1).
2.3.2 Microscopic analysis
The shape and size, mycelium structure and
arrangement of spores of chosen strain were examined
under light microscope through the oil immersion
[100X]. Actinomycetes cells were also prepared for
SEM [JEOL, JSM, 3060] according to the initial
fixation and dehydration steps [45]. The cells were
fixed at 24°C for 60 min with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in
0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer at pH 7.2 [Sigma-
Aldrich ChemieGmbh, Steinheim, Germany],
dehydrated with a serial dilution of ethanol, and dried
on a critical point dryer [HCP-2; Hitachi Co.]. The
dried cell samples were examined using a SEM
[JEOL, JSM, 3060]. [46] (Figure 2).
2.4 Molecular identification of Actinomycetes
using 16S ribosomal RNA
The purified isolate was cultured in nutrient broth. The
sample were centrifuged, washed twice with distilled
water, the pellets were subjected to DNA extraction
and PCR amplification. Bacterial DNA was extracted
by heat extraction method. The 16S rRNA gene was
amplified by PCR, using the universal prokaryotic
primers 1392 R 5′-ACGGGCGGTGTGTAC-3′ and 5′-
CAGCCGCGGTAATAC-3′, which amplify a ~500-
bp region of the 16S rRNA gene. A single ~800 bp
DNA fragment was extracted from the gel using a
Core Bio Gel Extraction Kit. The sequence was
determined by the CinnaGen Company, Germany. The
partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were compared with
sequences in GenBank with nucleotide-nucleotide
BLAST [BLAST-N] to obtain the nearest
phylogenetic neighbors
[www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/]. Sequences
showing more than 97% similarity were considered to
belong to the same operational taxonomic unit [OTU]
[48]. Trees were constructed by neighbor joining
within the program MEGA 3.1 and bootstrapped with
500 repetitions. These trees were used to obtain
broader groupings supported by checks with the
Ribosomal Database Project [RDP] database [49]
(Figure 3, 4).
2.5 Extraction of active ingredients from
actinomycetes
The actinomycete isolate was cultivated in 100 ml
ISP2 broth medium for 7 days at 30°C and 250 rpm
agitation. After centrifugation, ethyl acetate was added
to the supernatant in the ratio of 1:1 [v/v] and agitated
vigorously for 2 h at room temperature. The organic
extract was evaporated to dryness using a Rotavapor
[50]. The resulting dry extract was resuspended in 1
ml of methanol and subjected to biological assay [6
mm disc in diameter] against S. aureus. The control
contained a disc of equal volume of methanol without
the extract. The dry extract was dissolved in 1 ml of
[NaCl 0.9%] instead of methanol.
2.6 Toxicity test of Actinomycetes
Hemolytic activity test was done for virus-free cell
lines, to investigate the ability of six preparations of
Actinomycetes biomass and Actinomycetes extracts
on two different types of cultivation media, neutral
broth and extreme saline to kill tested cells using two
models, chicken fibroblast cells and 2% chicken
erythrocytes. First, toxicity test of the six preparations
were analyzed on chicken fibroblast cells
[104 cells/well] following dehydrogenases activity
detection [MTT-test], which is based on the ability of
dehydrogenases of viable cells to reduce the non-
colored form of 3–4,5-dimetilazol-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium [MTT-reagent] to the blue form of crystal
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formazan. 0.5 μg/ml of MTT-reagent [Calbiochem,
USA], dissolved in buffered saline was added. Then,
0.1 ml of MTT solution was placed in the plate wells
previously filled with cell culture free of culture
media. After 1-h wells were washed with buffered
saline and then 0.1 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide
[DMSO] was added. Optical density of the mixture in
the wells was measured using spectrophotometer at
535 nm. Second, the preparation samples mixed with
chicken erythrocytes in a 1:5 ratio, and then incubated
for 2 h at 370С. Equal volume of cold buffered saline
at pH 7.2 was then added and centrifuged at
13,000 rpm for 5 min. Supernatants were separated
and the optical density was measured at 412 nm using
spectrophotometer.
2.7 Gold nanoparticle preparation and
characterization
Gold nanoparticles were prepared using SCL Micelles
as Nanoreactors. Aqueous SCL micellar solutions of
PEO-GMADEA triblocks [0.1-5.0% w/v] were mixed
with aqueous solutions of HAuCl4 at various
HAuCl4/DEA stoichiometries. After stirring for 1 h,
an aqueous solution of excess sodium borohydride was
added. The solutions immediately turned red,
indicating the formation of colloidal gold.
Molecular weights and molecular weight distributions
were measured by THF GPC using Viscotek
instrument. The setup comprised a PLgel 3 ím
MIXED-E 300 _7.5mm column, poly [methyl
methacrylate] [PMMA] calibration standards, and a
refractive index detector. Transmission electron
microscopy [TEM] images were verified using a
Hitachi 7100 microscope. Samples were prepared by
dipping a Formvar-coated copper grid into an aqueous
solution of SCL micelles, followed by air-drying at
ambient temperature. All 1HNMR spectra were
recorded on 1.0% w/v copolymer solutions in D2O
using a Bruker Avance DPX 300 MHz spectrometer.
Dynamic light scattering [DLS] studies were
performed on a Brookhaven Instruments Corp. BI-
200SM goniometer equipped with a BI-9000AT
digital correlator using a solid-state laser [125
mW,ì]532 nm] at a fixed scattering angle of 90°. The
intensity average hydrodynamic diameter, Dh , and
polydispersity [í2/¡2] were calculated for each
micellar solution before and after crosslinking by
cumulants analysis of the experimental correlation
function. [25,26]. The particle size distributions of the
SCL micelles were also assessed using a Polymer
Laboratories Particle Size Distribution Analyzer [PL-
PSDA]. HDC is a relative technique, and the
conversion from elution time to particle size involves
calibration using a series of near-monodisperse
polystyrene latexes [ex. Duke Scientific] as standards.
Type I cartridge, with a range of 5-300 nm, was
chosen, and the eluent flow rate was 2.0 mL min -1
.
Shell crosslinked micellar solutions of 2.0-2.5% w/v
at either pH 3 or 10 were filtered through a 0.45
ímWhatman filter prior to analysis, and the sample
injection volume was 20 íL.
2.8 Antiviral assay
2.8.1 Viral titration and viral infection
To ensure accuracy, each experiment was assayed in
duplicate. Before 24-hour infection, 5×105 Vero cells
were seeded in each well of a 12-well culture plate
with standard growth medium [e.g., DMEM + 10%
FBS + penicillin [100 U/ml] and streptomycin [100
µg/ml].]. Next day, 10-fold serial dilutions of viral
sample [From 10-3 to 10-8] with serum-free growth
medium [e.g., DMEM] was prepared. The infection
solution with 0.1ml of diluted viral stock and 0.9 ml of
complete growth medium was made containing FBS
and antibiotics. The culture medium in Vero cell
seeded 12-well culture plate was then replaced with
previous infection solution. starting with most diluted
so the same pipette tip can be used up the dilution
series. Finally, the cells were incubated at 37℃ in 5%
CO2 for 48 hr.
2.8.2. Immunostaining of Infected Vero cells
AbFrontier’s Adenovirus Titration Kit was used in the
immunostaining method to quantify the virus stock
Catalog # LF-RK0001. After 48 hr infection, the
culture medium was aspirated and cells could dry in
hood for 5 min. Cells were then fixed by adding 1ml
of ice-cold 100% methanol to each well and the plates
were incubated at -20℃ for 10 min. Methanol was
aspirated, and the wells were gently rinsed with 1ml of
TBS-T. The final rinse from the wells were aspirated,
and 0.5ml of anti-Ad5 antibody in TBS-T [2% BSA]
was added and the mix was incubated for 1 hr at room
temperature. Anti-Ad5 antibody was aspirated, and
wells were gently rinsed 3 times with 1ml of TBS-T.
Final rinse from the wells was aspirated, and 0.5ml of
diluted anti-mouse antibody 1:1,000 in TBS-T [2%
BSA] was added Anti-mouse antibody was aspirated,
and wells were gently rinsed 3 times with ml of TBS-
T. After removing the final TBS-T rinse, 500 µl of
Staining Solution [10 ml of Development Buffer, 33
µl of Substrate A, 66 µl of Substrate B] was added to
each well. The mix was then incubated at room
temperature for 10 min then Staining Solution was
aspirated, and ml of PBS was added to each well.
2.8.3. Calculation of Titer
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Brown and black positive cells were counted using a
microscope with a 20× objective [minimum of 3
fields; random selection], and the mean number of
positive cells in each well was calculated. Infectious
units [IFU/ml] for each well were calculated as
follows:
[[infected cells / field] × [Fields/well]] / [[volume of
virus] × [dilution factor]] dilution factor [counted
dilution] = 10-6 dilution
viral titer = [[10 cells/field] × [466 fields/well]] / [[1.0
ml] × [10-6ml]] = 4.66 × 109 IFU/ml
2.8.4 Viral inhibition assay test
2.8.4.1 Antiviral assay for the extract
The antiviral activity was evaluated by the reduction
of viral test [TCID50] calculated by the Reed &
Muench statistical method [51].The results were
expressed in viral inhibition index [VII] calculated by
the formula VII=B-A, where B is the virus titers in
virus-infected controls [no sample], and A is the virus
titer in the test samples [52], and as a percentage of
inhibition [PI] using antilogarithm values of virus titer
as follow: PI=1- [antilogarithm test
value/antilogarithm control value] x 100 [53].
2.8.4.2 Antiviral assay for the gold nanoparticle
The MTT staining assay as described by Mosmann
[54] was used with minor modifications. After 24 h of
cell growth and monolayer formation in 96 well plates,
the cells were infected with a previously determined
dose of the three viruses of 50 μl per well. The viruses
were adsorbed at room temperature for 2h at 5% CO2.
The viruses that did not adsorb were rinsed with Henks
solution, then 200 μlof the 10-fold dilutions of the test
nanoparticles were added. The control wells contained
only fresh medium without nanoparticles. After 3-7
days of incubation at 37◦C and 5% CO2, 20μl of MTT
solution [5 mg/ml] were added to each well and
incubated in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 ◦ C for 4
h. The medium was then removed from the wells, and
150 μl of 96% ethanol was added to flush the dye from
the cells. Samples were incubated at 37◦C with
shaking for 15 min. Optical density of the samples was
measured at a wavelength of 540 nm using Multiskan
FC [Thermo Scientific, USA]. The optical density of
each well was determined as compared to the optical
density of the solvent as a control [54]. The percentage
of inhibition of virus reproduction was determined by
the following formula:
where Pcc is the average optical density of the cells
control samples, Pav is the average optical density of
the virus control samples, Ps is the average optical
density of the test samples for a definite concentration
of the substance.
The virucidal effect of nanoparticles was measured as
follows: The viral suspension [virus with a titer of 7 ×
107 PFU/ml, PFU is the plaque-forming units], was
mixed with an equal volume of the mother liquor of
the test nanoparticles in various dilutions and
incubated at 37 ◦ C for 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. Viral suspension
plus equal volume of the medium without the
nanoparticles was used as a control and incubated
under the same conditions. The infectious titer of the
virus was then evaluated through the cytopathic effect
on the cells at the end point of the dilution. After 24 h,
MDBK cells were infected with ten-fold serial
dilutions of the viral material in a volume of 50 μl.
Adsorption was carried out at 37 ◦C for 1.5 h, and 150
μl of a medium without serum was added. Control was
made of non-infected cells. Plates in 5% CO2 at 37◦C
were maintained for 6 days until the pronounced
cytopathic effect of the virus appeared. Virucidal
effect was determined by reduction in the infectious
titer of the virus by 50% or more, compared with the
control. The results were expressed for three separate
experiments. The statistical analysis was performed
according to standard approaches with the calculation
of the statistical error [standard deviation] using the
Microsoft Excel 2007 software.
2.8.4.3 Antiviral assay for the conjugated extract with
the gold nanoparticle
The MDBK cell line was purchased from the Cell
Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Cell Bank
and cultured in RPMI medium containing 10% fetal
bovine serum [FBS] and 1% penicillin-streptomycin.
To observe the antiviral effect of nanoparticles, the
three viruses were exposed to each nanoparticle
suspension for 10 min and 60 min before infection of
the MDCK cells. The antiviral effect of the
nanoparticles was measured by WST-1 cytotoxicity
assay through observing the optical density of treated
cells at 450 nm [G.Biosciences. Cat. # 786‐ 212,
786‐ 857].
2.9 Statistical Analysis
All data are represented as means ± SEM of three
replicates for each set. Comparisons were conducted
using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
software, version 17.0 [SPSS Inc. Released 2008.
SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17.0. Chicago:
SPSS Inc]. Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of
variance [ANOVA] were used to evaluate the
differences among groups. A P-value of < 0.01 or <
0.05 was used to designate a statistically substantial
difference.
3. Results
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3.1 Macroscopic examination
Morphological, cultural, and physiological
characterizations were determined on the ISP media
recommended by WAKSMAN6 and endorsed by the
ISP7. Cultures were incubated for 14 days at 30°C.
The color names used in this study were based on
Color Standard [Nihon Shikisai Co., Ltd.].
Morphological and cultural characteristics of the
isolate are shown in figure 1 and summarized in table
1. The colors of the aerial masses produced on sucrose-
nitrate agar, glucose-asparagine agar, inorganic salts-
starch agar, and oatmeal agar were identified as
belonging to the Grey color-series [55]. The reverse
side of the growth was colorless to buff with all the
media used in this study. A distinct black diffusible
pigment was produced with ISP1, ISP2, ISP4 and
ISP6. Physiological characteristics and analytical
profile index revealed that the amino acids tested are
in order lysine and ornithine. Decarboxylation is
shown by alkaline reaction [red color of the PH
indicator used]. Almost all the carbohydrates tested;
glucose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose,
sucrose, melibiose, amygdalin and rabinose were
utilized. Fermentation is shown by acid reaction
[yellow color of indicator], Hydrogen sulfide
production [H2S] and gelatin synthesis [GEL] resulted
in black color throughout the tube. A positive reaction
for tryptophan deaminase [TDA] gave deep brown
color with ferric chloride; positive results for this test
correlate with positive phenylalanine and lysine
deaminase reactions which are characteristic of
Streptomyces [Table 2].
3.2 Microscopic examination
Electron microscopy revealed that aerial mycelium
was moderately short [40 to 60 pm in length], simply
branched with spore-chains. Each spore-chain
consisted of 20 or more spores and formed a coil with
a few turns (Figure 2). Fragmentation of substrate
mycelium revealed no sclerotium, sporangium nor
flagellated spores. Spores were ellipsoidal to
cylindrical, 0.5 to 0.6 by 0.8 to 1.2 pm in size, with
smooth to slightly rough surfaces.
Figure 1: Morphological appearance of the isolate colonies on ISP1-
7 media.
Figure 2: Electron micrograph of spore chain of the actinomycete
isolate on yeast extract - malt extract agar, 10 days culture at 30°C.
Bar represents 1 μm.
3.3 Molecular identification using 16S rRNA
509 base pair of DNA sequence were obtained using
DNA sequencer and ABI PRISM Big Dye Terminator
Cycle Sequencing. For DNA sequence similarities and
phylogenetic analysis, sequences data were analyzed
in the GenBank database by using the BLAST
program available on the National Center for
Biotechnology Information website
[www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]. The unknown sequence was
compared the available sequences in the database to
assess the DNA similarities [48]. The GenBank entry
with the highest score from the BLAST search was
downloaded. The result of PCR blasted with other
bacterial sequences in NCBI showed similarity to the
16S small subunit rRNA. Edited sequences were used
as queries in BLASTN searches
[http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi] to determine
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the nearest identifiable match present in the complete
GenBank nucleotide database. A bioinformatic tool,
GeneDoc software, version 2.6.002, was used for more
16S rRNA gene sequence investigation. A total of 509
nucleotides of the partial sequence of E. coli species
was 99% similar to the 16S ribosomal rRNA genes in
other recorded strains of Streptomyces in National
Centre for Biotechnology Information [NCBI] The
isolate was found to be similar to Streptomyces
avermitilis strain 173267, Identities =99 %, Gaps = 0
%. (Figure 3 and 4).
Figure 3: Nucleotide sequence of 509 bp of isolated 16S rRNA from
Streptomyces isolate.
Figure 4: Phylogenetic tree for Streptomyces strain using the
amplified 16S rRNA gene.
3.4 Evaluation of antiviral activity using cell
culture and point assay
For measuring antiviral activity of the crude extract of
actinomycetes, virus titer was calculated before [V
Titer] and after treatment [VTPT] with the crude
extract in addition to virus/ crude extract log difference
measured for the three viruses: HAV, Adenovirus and
VSV [Table 3]. When treated with Streptomyces crude
extract [CE], results showed a decrease of 5.39, 6.0
and 4.28 post treatment compared to 5.8, 6.8 and 6.4
before treatment, indicating an activity percentage of
7.06, 11.7 and 33.12 with HAV, Adeno and VSV
respectively. In the case of viral treatment with gold
nanoparticles [GN], virus titer was decreased to
5.4,6.1 and 6.0 post treatment compared to 5.8, 6.8 and
6.4 before treatment, showing an activity percentage
of 6.89, 10.29 and 6.25 with HAV, Adeno virus and
VSV respectively. When treated with crude extract-
nanoparticles conjugate [CNC], virus titer was
decreased to 4.82, 5.0 and 3.8 compared to 5.8, 6.8 and
6.4 before treatment, Showing an activity percentage
of 16.89, 26.47 and 40.62 with HAV, Adenovirus and
VSV respectively.
Interferon was used as a positive control to measure
the antiviral activity in comparison with the three
different previous treatments. Virus titer post
treatment and virus/ interferon log difference was
measured for the three viruses showing an activity
percentage of 44.48, 54.11, and 46.56 with HAV,
Adenovirus and VSV respectively. Activity
percentage was calculated for all the treatments as
shown in figures 5. To confirm that the antiviral
activity of gold nanoparticles can be attributed to the
inhibition of virus binding or fusion to the cells, a virus
adsorption assay was performed [26]. One fusion
inhibitor [Enfuvirtide] was included as control
specimen. Gold nanoparticles exhibited an IC50 of
0.43, 039 and 0.49 mg/mL with HAV, Adenovirus and
VSV respectively, indicating inhibition the of binding
to the cells. As expected, the fusion inhibitor inhibited
virus adsorption. These results indicate that gold
nanoparticles inhibit the initial stages of HAV,
Adenovirus and VSV infection cycle with enhanced
activity in conjugation with the Streptomyces
avermitilis extract.
0
10
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30
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VTPT
Log
Diff
Activity
%
VTPT
Log
Diff
Activity%
VTPT
Log
Diff
Activity
%
VTPT
Log
Diff
Activity
%
V titer CE GNP CNC Interferon
PERCENTAGE
(%)
TREATMENTS
HAV Adenovirus VSV
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Figure 5: Evaluation of antiviral activity of four treatments on the
three viruses in comparison to viral titer. Four treatments including
interferon as a positive control, Streptomyces crude extract [CE],
Gold nanoparticles [GN] and crude extract -nanoparticles conjugate
[CNC] have been tested for antiviral activity on the three viruses
HAV, Adenovirus and VSV. For each treatment, viral titer post
treatment [VTPT], as well as virus/ treatment log difference and
activity percentage were measured. The figure indicates that CE has
an inhibitory effect on viral titer with the strongest action being
towards VSV with 23.12% activity. CNC showed enhanced activity
with more than twice as much activity as the CE.
4. Discussion
Though effective vaccines are available for most
human viruses, viral mutants overcome the protection
process in many cases. In addition, most if not all the
currently used antiviral drugs have limitations and side
effects [56]. Interferon has partial efficacy and a
common incidence of opposing side-effects. Adefovir,
entecavir, Nucleos[t]ide analogs, tenofovir,
lamivudine are very effective as antiviral drugs, but
long-term use often develops drug-resistance [57]. As
a substitute, natural products have been continuously
purified from plant and microbial origins to add to
viral prevention and treatment due to their features of
high diversity and specificity [57].
These gifted compounds have different mode of action
by either obstructing viral antigens production or
interruption of DNA replication. The exploration of
new soils and habitats was recommended to screen for
microorganisms able to produce bioactive compounds.
In this context, the soil of Fayoum and Sharqiyah
governorates, Egypt, have been used to screen for
actinomycetes with promising antimicrobial activity.
Here, we report isolation and molecular identification
of a Streptomyces strain endowed with antiviral
activity. The strain molecularly identified to be
Streptomyces avermitilis has been tested against three
viruses [HAV, Adenovirus and Vesicular stomatitis
virus].
Gold nanoparticles have been proved to show
promising activity in detection as well as inhibition of
many viruses including HIV-1 [58]. Here, we
investigated the antiviral action of Streptomyces
avermitilis extract alone and in conjugation with gold
nanoparticles against three viruses HAV, Adenovirus
and VSV viruses in an attempt to enhance antiviral
activity.
The main target for our study was based on the
premised delivery of natural antiviral exudate
produced by Streptomyces avermitilis to the site of
viral replication in the host cell. We evaluated the use
of old nanoparticles as a colloidal carrier system
against three viruses in an antiviral assay in vitro. Our
results revealed two main indications; Streptomyces
extract had the highest antiviral activity percentages
with VSV virus compared to Interferon which best
affect Adenovirus. On the other hand, gold
nanoparticles alone didn’t exhibit advantage on the
virulence of the three viruses. However, upon
conjugation with the Streptomyces extract, noticeable
increase has been detected in the antiviral activity
percentage compared to the extract alone: with 58.22,
55.8 and 18.42 % increase against the three viruses
HAV, Adenovirus and VSV viruses, respectively.
Nanoparticles, since they are not directly related to
chemical interactions, give hope for the creation of
drugs against which viruses cannot resist due to
mutations. On the other hand, the effect of metallic
nanoparticles on living organisms is not yet
sufficiently studied. Therefore, when studying the
antiviral properties of nanoparticles, one must bear in
mind the problem of toxicity of nanoparticles. One of
the ways to solve this problem is to use biologically
synthesized nanoparticles.
Conclusion
We isolated and identified Streptomyces avermitilis as
an antiviral producer with enhanced activity upon
conjugation with gold nanoparticles against three
viruses: HAV, Adenovirus and VSV viruses. Our
study findings can be applied for characterization and
emerging of new antiviral agents from the
actinomycetes extracts.
Conflict of interest
The author declares there is no conflict of interest.
The author is thankful to Dr Mohamed Rabee [Plant
Manager in VACSERA, Egypt] for proofreading the
manuscript.
Formatting of funding sources
The project was supported by Al -Azhar university,
Faculty of science, Department of botany and
Microbiology.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Dr Mohamed Rabee [Plant
Manager in VACSERA, Egypt] for proofreading the
manuscript.
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Table 1: Morphological and cultural characteristics of the isolate.
A. The color codes and names used indicated are from the Color Harmony Manual, 4th ed. [6]. B. The amount of vegetative growth and degree
of formation of aerial mycelium are rated on a scale of excellent, good, moderate, poor, and none.
Cultural characteristics
Medium B. Growth A. Aerial mycelia Diffusible pigment
Tryptone-yeast extract broth
[TSP-1]
Good A. Powdery Blackish-brown
colored thick colonies
Black colored soluble pigments
ISP-2 Good Thick powdery grey colonies Slightly creamy- blackish colour,
[Oatmeal agar] ISP-3 Good Powdery Creamish white-
colored colonies
Inorganic salt-starch agar
[ISP-4]
Moderate Powdery grey with waxy
margin and convex surface.
Black colored soluble pigments
Glycerol asparagine agar base
[ISP-5]
Good Creamy thin colonies with
striated surface
Peptone yeast extract iron
agar [ISP-6]
Moderate Powdery grey thin colonies Black colored soluble pigments
Tyrosine agar base [ISP-7] Poor little mycelium growth. Creamy lobe-shape, convex
surface, and
Table 2: Physiological characters of the actinomycete isolate using Analytical Profile Index [API]. [-] Negative, [+] Positive
Active ingredients Reactions/enzymes Result
2-nitrophenyl-ßDgalactopyranoside Galactopyranosidase -
L-arginine Arginine Dihydrolyase -
L-lysine Lysine Decarboxylase -
L-ornithine Ornithine Decarboxylase -
Trisodium citrate Citrate utilization +
Sodium thiosulfate H2S production -
Urea Urease -
L-tryptophan Tryptophan Deaminase -
L-tryptophan Indole production +
Sodium pyruvate Acetone production +
Gelatin Gelatinase +
D-glucose
Fermentation
/
Oxidation
+
D-mannitol +
Inositol +
D-sorbitol -
L-rhamnose +
D-sucrose ?
D-melibiose -
Amygdalin ?
L-arabinose +
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Table 3: Antiviral activity of four treatments on the three viruses in comparison to viral titer. Four treatments including interferon as a positive
control, Streptomyces crude extract [CE], Gold nanoparticles [GN] and crude extract -nanoparticles conjugate [CNC] against three viruses
HAV, Adenovirus and VSV are shown. For each treatment, viral titer post treatment [VTPT], as well as virus/ treatment log difference and
activity percentage were measured.
Virus name V
titer
Crude extract
CE
Gold nano particles
GN
Crude extract conjugate
CNC
Interferon
VTPT Log
Diff
Activity
%
VTPT Log
Diff
Activity% VTPT Log
Diff
Activity
%
VTPT Log
Diff
Activity
%
HAV 5.8 5.4 0.41 7.06 5.3 0.4 6.9 4.8 1.0 16.9 3.22 2.6 44.48
Adenovirus 6.8 6.0 0.8 11.7 6.1 0.7 10.3 5.0 1.8 26.5 3.12 3.7 54.11
VSV 6.4 4.3 2.2 23.12 6.6 0.4 6.3 3.8 2.6 40.6 3.42 3.0 46.56
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