conclusion The dehydration of an alcohol, a common method for preparing ether compounds, involves the removal of water from the alcohol molecule. Factors influencing the yield and purity include the specific alcohol, dehydrating agent, reaction time, temperature, and purification techniques. Safety precautions are crucial when handling ethers, which are volatile, flammable, and potentially toxic. the dehydration of an alcohol is a common method for the preparation of ether compounds, which have various industrial and medical uses. The specific experimental conditions and results would provide more details about the ether synthesis process and properties.observation Based on the observations and results from the experiment, we can conclude that ethers, such as diethyl ether, can be prepared through the dehydration of alcohols. This process is significant as ethers have various applications as solvents and anesthetics. The successful preparation of ether through alcohol dehydration demonstrates the practicality of this method in organic synthesis.Preparation of Ether Introduction Ethers, such as diethyl ether, are used as solvents and anesthetics. They can be prepared through the dehydration of alcohol. Materials • Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) • Lemon juice or vinegar (acetic acid) • A shallow dish • Warm water (to simulate gentle heating) • Safety equipment (gloves, goggles) Methods 1. Simplified Ether Preparation: • Pour rubbing alcohol into a shallow dish. • Add a few drops of lemon juice or vinegar. • Place the dish in a bowl of warm water to gently warm it. • Observe the mixture for any changes in smell or appearance. Observations and Results (from the whole experiment): Conclusions (what can you conclude):observation Ethers, like diethyl ether, are solvents and anesthetics that can be prepared by dehydrating alcohol.conclusion The dehydration of an alcohol, a common method for preparing ether compounds, involves the removal of water from the alcohol molecule. Factors influencing the yield and purity include the specific alcohol, dehydrating agent, reaction time, temperature, and purification techniques. Safety precautions are crucial when handling ethers, which are volatile, flammable, and potentially toxic. the dehydration of an alcohol is a common method for the preparation of ether compounds, which have various industrial and medical uses. The specific experimental conditions and results would provide more details about the ether synthesis process and properties.observation Based on the observations and results from the experiment, we can conclude that ethers, such as diethyl ether, can be prepared through the dehydration of alcohols. This process is significant as ethers have various applications as solvents and anesthetics. The successful preparation of ether through alcohol dehydration demonstrates the practicality of this method in organic synthesis.observation Ethers, like diethyl ether, are solvents andPreparation of Et

1. 9.2
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
Discussant: Angielyn Tiaga
BSED Science - 2B

2. Many environmental problems result from
the rapid advances in technology that have
been made since the end of World War II.
Technological advances in agriculture, industry
and trasportation have greatly improved our
way of life. Unfor- tunately, a number of these
advances have negative effects on the
environment.

3. Human Health
Ecosystem
Economic Cost of Water
Pollution

4. a. Human Health
The extent of water pollution in the country today is
alarming, especially since dirty water which contains
different pollutants and bacteria is the source of many
diseases like typhoid, cholera, and dysentery. The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that
about 5 million children in the Third World countries
die each year from diarrhea due mainly to unsafe
water.

5. Tap water in some areas has high levels of
chloroform and related carcinogens, the latter of
which are found when chlorine (added to kill
bacteria) reacts with decaying vegetable matter.
Preliminary studies reveal that people who drink
such water for many years are very susceptible to
bladder and colon cancer.
As populations and industries grow, the need for
increased agricultural production and demand for
pesticides also grows. We know that pesticides are
chemicals used to control organ- isms that destroy
food crops. They are also used to kill organisms that
pose danger to health.

6. Pesticides are relatively economical and very
effective in controlling target pest populations.
However, non-target organisms are also affected.
Many useful predators and parasites that help
regulate pest populations are also destroyed by
pesticides. A number of pests have developed
resistance to some pesticides Because of this,
more toxic pesticides are now being used which
may cause more serious problems in the long
run.

7. Mercury is used in many industrial processes. When it is discharged
from industrial plants into rivers and streams, metallic mercury is
converted into mercury methyl by the action of a certain type of
bacteria found in river beds. Methyl mercury, a strong poison, is then
taken in by small fishes and other living animals and plants in the
river. Mercury becomes concentrated in bigger fishes as they
consume the smaller ones. When people eat mercury-contaminated
fish, they become contaminated as well. Symptoms of mercury
poisoning may not appear for months. Victims suffer excessive
fatigue, headache, amnesia or loss of memory, impairment of speech
and disturbance in muscle coordination. In pregnant women, mercury
can also adversely affect the unborn child. All of these effects caused
by mercury poisoning constitute the condition called Minamata
disease.

11. Another disease was discovered among the inhabitants
of Toyoma City. Fuchu and other towns in Central Japan.
The people who were afflicted by this disease called "itai-
itai" complained of unbearable pain as their bones
became brittle. (Japanese term for pain is "itai" meaning
"ouch") Patients often break their bones just by moving
their bodies. Itai-itai disease is caused by cadmium
poisoning. When eaten by human beings, fishes and
other aquatic life contaminated by poisonous chemicals
and metals may cause sickness, deterioration of health or
even death.

12. Osteomalacia with severe bone pain is a
defining feature of Itai-Itai illness, which
is also linked to kidney dysfunction. Itai-
itai Disease is also referred to as an ouch
ouch disease.
Itai-itai Disease - Symptoms
Weak and brittle bones are one
of cadmium poisoning's principal
side effects.
Due to the cadmium-induced
bone abnormalities, back and
leg pain are frequently
experienced, and a waddling
gait frequently develops.
As the bone deteriorates, the
discomfort finally becomes
incapacitating, increasing the
likelihood of fractures.
Anemia, kidney failure and
coughing are among more
consequences that might result
in mortality.
There has been a discernible
increase in prevalence in
postmenopausal older women.
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13. Lead is another toxic metal. Workers in industries such
as smelting, battery making, plumbing and manufacturing
of paints are highly exposed to lead. Motorists are also
exposed to lead from leaded gasoline. Even children are
not spared from expo- sure when they play and bite their
toys painted with leaded paints. Lead intoxication can
cause anemia, destruction of red blood cells and
disturbances in the nervous system like encephalopathy.
Lead can also cause retardation in the growth of children
and can even cause fetal death.

15. b. Ecosystem
The increase in nutrient load of a body of water such as
lake is known as eutrophication. This causes the enrichment
of the lake. Normally, these nutrients such as phosphates,
nitrates, and ammonia are derived from the biogeochemical
cycles discussed in Chapter III. In addition to this, the
discharge of sewage from domestic and industrial wastes as
well as excess fer- tilizers into the lake increases further the
nutrient load of the lake.

16. This is what we call cultural eutrophication.
Because of this high concentration of nutrients,
algal blooms are in great abundance. If
unchecked, algal blooms are known to cause
death in fish and other aquatic organisms because
of lack of oxygen.

17. Oil pollution coming from spills and natural oil leakages
brings harm to animals as well as to man (Figure 26). Oil kills
plants and animals in the estuarine zone. After a major spill, it
may take two to ten years for aquatic life to recover. Oil settles
on beaches and kills organisms that live there. It also settles on
the ocean floor and kills benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms
such as crabs. Those that survive may accumulate oil in their
tissue, making them inedible. Oil poisons and algae may
disrupt major food chains and decrease the yield of edible fish.
Oil Slick
Figure 26. Oil Slick

18. с. Economic Cost of Water Pollution
The chemical contamination of vast areas of water may
have significant impact on the quality of life in the future.
The catch of fish declines resulting in the loss of millions
of pesos. As a result of pollution, the number of marine
organisms has sig. nificantly reduced. This include edible
seashells, sea urchins, mussels and algae.

19. The polluted waters of Lingayen Gulf
discourages tourists from vacationing in the
towns of Alaminos, Bolinao and San Fabian.
It also keeps businessmen from investing in
the production of prawns and in the culture
of bangus and lapu-lapu in central and
western Pangasinan.

21. That's all!