This study investigated the effect of two different concentrations (0.05% and 0.1%) of chitosan nano-particles (CsNPs) as priming solutions (for 6 h) of Vicia faba seeds cv. Sakha 1, followed by germination and subsequent growth of seedlings for seven days. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using methacrylic acid and showed a mean size of 20 ± 2 nm. Both concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles caused deleterious effects on germination and seedling growth criteria. Germination was greatly reduced in both concentrations as compared to control (distilled water). The magnitude of decrease was much pronounced with the higher concentration of chitosan nanoparticles (0.1%). On the other hand, the lower concentration of CsNPs (0.05%) increased the content of total phenols and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) as compared with those of the control seedlings. This might indicate that the relatively low concentration of chitosan nanoparticles enhanced the defense system of seeds by increasing total phenols and antioxidant enzyme activities.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVA...Dr Dama
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVATED CAPSICUM FRUITS EXTRACTS
*Vinchurkar A.S., *Sonawane S. R., *Sherkhane S.S., *Mane P. P., *Valsange A.B. and *Dama L. B.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVA...Dr Dama
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVATED CAPSICUM FRUITS EXTRACTS
*Vinchurkar A.S., *Sonawane S. R., *Sherkhane S.S., *Mane P. P., *Valsange A.B. and *Dama L. B.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the anti-bacterial, bioactive compounds and anti-oxidant property of fibrous brown marine algae Sargassum wightii. Antimicrobial finish has been imparted to the cotton fabric using extracts of seaweed by microencapsulation using pad-dry-cure method. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated, how this Sargassum wightti acts as antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and it also shows good antiviral and anti-carcinogenic activities. Bioactive compounds are inhibited the growth of microorganisms present in human body. Bioactive compounds were confirmed by means of the spectrum in the GC-MS spectroscopy. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH method. The total phenolic content was determined with the folin-ciocalteu method. The methanol fraction of treated fabric had the highest antioxidant activity (42.5+1.21%), because of the phenolic content trap the reactive oxygen species and develops the cells present in the skin. Parallel streak method was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of seaweed treated fabric. The results showed that higher inhibition zone of 40 mm. The treated fabrics are most widely used in a wide range of health care, pharmaceutical and hygienic textiles.
preparation and foliar application of oligochitosanIJEAB
Oligochitosan with weight average molecu-lar weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 radiation degradation of 4% chitosan solution containing 0.5% H2O2 at 21 kGy. Nanosilica with size of 10 – 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk at 700o C for 2 h. The mixture of 2% oligo-chitosan-2% nanosilica was prepared by dispersion of nanosilica in oligochitosan solution. Oligochitosan, nanosilica and their mixture were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electr-on microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Effect of foliar application of oli-gochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica on soybean seed yield was conducted in experimental field. Results indi-cated that soybean seed yield increased 10.5 and 17.0% for oligochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica, respect-tively for the control. Radiation degraded oligo-chitosan and its mixture with nanosilica can be potentially used for cultivation of soybean with enhanced seed yield.
In vitro mutagenesis of Cymbidium La bell “Anna Belle” by γ-rays irradiation ...IJEAB
The optimum media for multiplication of protocorm like bodies (PLBs) and shoot buds of Cymbidium La bell “Anna Belle” were studied in order to prepare the in vitro samples for irradiation. The values of LD50 (lethal dose of 50% samples) of PLBs, shoot buds and plantlets of tested Cymbidium after cultivation of 4 months were also determined about 35.0, 41.0 and 83.1 Gy, respectively. The addition of oligochitosan played as an very important trigger for promotion on the generation of shoot bud from PLBs after irradiation. The in vitro variations have been generated by γ-rays irradiation of PLBs with doses in range of 20 - 50 Gy. The highest mutant frequency (3.83‰) of C. La bell was found by the irradiation of PLB samples at 30 Gy. The different properties of obtained in vitro variations compared to wild types were found to be chlorophyll, short leaves, long leaves, and violet pericardium variations. The genetic relationships among generated variant lines in M1V4 and wild type were analyzed using RAPD techniques.
Reduction in Growth and Biological Pigments Present In Partheniumpaperpublications3
Abstract: Parthenium hysterophorus is a well-known weed with numerous harmful impacts. During the present work, aqueous leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris was found allelopathic to the seeds and seedlings of the target weed in laboratory conditions. The allelopathic leaf extract was also found effective against the biological pigments like Chlorophyll a and b followed by protein. Various biochemical tests were performed by which the presence of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones was confirmed in the aqueous allelopathic leaf extract.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms producing biofilm, implies a high cost for the food industry and represents a serious risk for the health of consumers. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii was evaluated against 4 Staphylococcus aureus slime-producing strains isolated from bakery foods and against S. aureus ATCC 35556 slime-producing strain and S. aureus ATCC 25923 non slime-producing strain. The plant extracts showed antibacterial effectiveness against all the strains of S. aureus tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 500 and 8000 µg/ml. M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX showed the best activity: five strains of S. aureus showed MIC of 1000 μg/ml and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited at doses of 500 μg/ml. The values of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts assayed were one or two times higher than corresponding MIC values. This study showed that extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii are promising for future natural therapy against slime-producing S. aureus. Plant extracts with activity against slime producing S. aureus strains could provide benefits for of food technology and public health.
SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of young leaves protein was used to asses the genetic relatedness
among 54 specimens belonging to 6 common cultivars of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Aglany, Amry, Haiany,
Bent Aisha, Samany, and Zaghloul), that were collected from 7 different locations in Ismailia region. A
total of 10 different protein bands were collectively detected in the gels of the 54 studied specimens. The
resulted protein profile comprised one monomorphic band. The maximum number of bands observed was
10 bands found in one specimen of Zaghloul cultivar. While the minimum number of bands observed
was three bands found in one specimen of Aglany cultivar and two specimens of Bent Aisha cultivar. The
data of the allele frequencies of the six studied date palm cultivars revealed that all the alleles in Haiany
cultivar were monomorphic, except in three loci with the lowest percentage of polymorphic loci (30%).
While Bent Aisha and Aglany cultivars have the highest polymorphism (70% and 80%, respectively). In
addition, it was found that the ratio of gene diversity/locus varied greatly within the specimens of the six
studied date palm cultivars. Agglomerative cluster analysis, based on the genetic distances of the studied
54 specimens, revealed the variations and relatedness among the six collected cultivars.
The present study focused on the assessment of soil quality in South Sinai, an arid to extremely arid
region, particularly the effect of landform type and vegetation on some of the studied soil properties.
Vegetation and soil surveys were carried out in 200 plots selected in 8 different landforms. Soil
productivity was evaluated using corn Zea mays seed plantation in greenhouse pot experiment. Some soil
properties in addition to nutrients uptake in shoots and roots of corn were analyzed. The obtained results
showed a variation in soil texture, water holding capacity, and nutrient elements among different
landforms and vegetative cover categories. Soil pH, EC, silt and clay content, water holding capacity, and
soil organic matter are the most important soil parameters or driving variables that influence the
availability of soil nutrients and control coverage and structure of vegetation. Soil quality index was
constructed based on rating of these driving variables. The provided model of soil quality index is
specific for surface soil and it could be useful in evaluation and management of soil resources in arid
ecosystems. Water availability is shown to be the key variable in controlling soil productivity. Total plant
cover and vegetation structure are considered the easy visual indicators for preliminary inspection of soil
properties, soil productivity, and soil quality
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Similar to Effect of Priming with Chitosan Nanoparticles on Germination, Seedling Growth and Antioxidant Enzymes of Broad Beans
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the anti-bacterial, bioactive compounds and anti-oxidant property of fibrous brown marine algae Sargassum wightii. Antimicrobial finish has been imparted to the cotton fabric using extracts of seaweed by microencapsulation using pad-dry-cure method. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated, how this Sargassum wightti acts as antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and it also shows good antiviral and anti-carcinogenic activities. Bioactive compounds are inhibited the growth of microorganisms present in human body. Bioactive compounds were confirmed by means of the spectrum in the GC-MS spectroscopy. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH method. The total phenolic content was determined with the folin-ciocalteu method. The methanol fraction of treated fabric had the highest antioxidant activity (42.5+1.21%), because of the phenolic content trap the reactive oxygen species and develops the cells present in the skin. Parallel streak method was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of seaweed treated fabric. The results showed that higher inhibition zone of 40 mm. The treated fabrics are most widely used in a wide range of health care, pharmaceutical and hygienic textiles.
preparation and foliar application of oligochitosanIJEAB
Oligochitosan with weight average molecu-lar weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 radiation degradation of 4% chitosan solution containing 0.5% H2O2 at 21 kGy. Nanosilica with size of 10 – 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk at 700o C for 2 h. The mixture of 2% oligo-chitosan-2% nanosilica was prepared by dispersion of nanosilica in oligochitosan solution. Oligochitosan, nanosilica and their mixture were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electr-on microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Effect of foliar application of oli-gochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica on soybean seed yield was conducted in experimental field. Results indi-cated that soybean seed yield increased 10.5 and 17.0% for oligochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica, respect-tively for the control. Radiation degraded oligo-chitosan and its mixture with nanosilica can be potentially used for cultivation of soybean with enhanced seed yield.
In vitro mutagenesis of Cymbidium La bell “Anna Belle” by γ-rays irradiation ...IJEAB
The optimum media for multiplication of protocorm like bodies (PLBs) and shoot buds of Cymbidium La bell “Anna Belle” were studied in order to prepare the in vitro samples for irradiation. The values of LD50 (lethal dose of 50% samples) of PLBs, shoot buds and plantlets of tested Cymbidium after cultivation of 4 months were also determined about 35.0, 41.0 and 83.1 Gy, respectively. The addition of oligochitosan played as an very important trigger for promotion on the generation of shoot bud from PLBs after irradiation. The in vitro variations have been generated by γ-rays irradiation of PLBs with doses in range of 20 - 50 Gy. The highest mutant frequency (3.83‰) of C. La bell was found by the irradiation of PLB samples at 30 Gy. The different properties of obtained in vitro variations compared to wild types were found to be chlorophyll, short leaves, long leaves, and violet pericardium variations. The genetic relationships among generated variant lines in M1V4 and wild type were analyzed using RAPD techniques.
Reduction in Growth and Biological Pigments Present In Partheniumpaperpublications3
Abstract: Parthenium hysterophorus is a well-known weed with numerous harmful impacts. During the present work, aqueous leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris was found allelopathic to the seeds and seedlings of the target weed in laboratory conditions. The allelopathic leaf extract was also found effective against the biological pigments like Chlorophyll a and b followed by protein. Various biochemical tests were performed by which the presence of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones was confirmed in the aqueous allelopathic leaf extract.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms producing biofilm, implies a high cost for the food industry and represents a serious risk for the health of consumers. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii was evaluated against 4 Staphylococcus aureus slime-producing strains isolated from bakery foods and against S. aureus ATCC 35556 slime-producing strain and S. aureus ATCC 25923 non slime-producing strain. The plant extracts showed antibacterial effectiveness against all the strains of S. aureus tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 500 and 8000 µg/ml. M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX showed the best activity: five strains of S. aureus showed MIC of 1000 μg/ml and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited at doses of 500 μg/ml. The values of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts assayed were one or two times higher than corresponding MIC values. This study showed that extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii are promising for future natural therapy against slime-producing S. aureus. Plant extracts with activity against slime producing S. aureus strains could provide benefits for of food technology and public health.
SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of young leaves protein was used to asses the genetic relatedness
among 54 specimens belonging to 6 common cultivars of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Aglany, Amry, Haiany,
Bent Aisha, Samany, and Zaghloul), that were collected from 7 different locations in Ismailia region. A
total of 10 different protein bands were collectively detected in the gels of the 54 studied specimens. The
resulted protein profile comprised one monomorphic band. The maximum number of bands observed was
10 bands found in one specimen of Zaghloul cultivar. While the minimum number of bands observed
was three bands found in one specimen of Aglany cultivar and two specimens of Bent Aisha cultivar. The
data of the allele frequencies of the six studied date palm cultivars revealed that all the alleles in Haiany
cultivar were monomorphic, except in three loci with the lowest percentage of polymorphic loci (30%).
While Bent Aisha and Aglany cultivars have the highest polymorphism (70% and 80%, respectively). In
addition, it was found that the ratio of gene diversity/locus varied greatly within the specimens of the six
studied date palm cultivars. Agglomerative cluster analysis, based on the genetic distances of the studied
54 specimens, revealed the variations and relatedness among the six collected cultivars.
The present study focused on the assessment of soil quality in South Sinai, an arid to extremely arid
region, particularly the effect of landform type and vegetation on some of the studied soil properties.
Vegetation and soil surveys were carried out in 200 plots selected in 8 different landforms. Soil
productivity was evaluated using corn Zea mays seed plantation in greenhouse pot experiment. Some soil
properties in addition to nutrients uptake in shoots and roots of corn were analyzed. The obtained results
showed a variation in soil texture, water holding capacity, and nutrient elements among different
landforms and vegetative cover categories. Soil pH, EC, silt and clay content, water holding capacity, and
soil organic matter are the most important soil parameters or driving variables that influence the
availability of soil nutrients and control coverage and structure of vegetation. Soil quality index was
constructed based on rating of these driving variables. The provided model of soil quality index is
specific for surface soil and it could be useful in evaluation and management of soil resources in arid
ecosystems. Water availability is shown to be the key variable in controlling soil productivity. Total plant
cover and vegetation structure are considered the easy visual indicators for preliminary inspection of soil
properties, soil productivity, and soil quality
A series of batch and bioreactors experiments were carried out for absorption of dis-azo dyes present in
textile mill effluents under different aeration conditions. One fungal strain with five rates of air was
used to absorb direct brown dye. Five liters bioreactors were applied to study the removal performance.
The experimental results are compared for various operating conditions. The effects of airflow rate
(1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 v/v min) inlet on the dye removing were assessed. It was found that the rate of aeration
of ½ v/v min induced increase in dye removal percentages (72%) and fungal biomass (9.2 g); at the rate
of aeration of 2 v/v min, high dye removal percentage (77%) was recorded with a decrease in biomass
dry weight at the end of the incubation time. The results also indicated that the biomass dry weight
obtained at three flow rates of aeration was more or less similar until the end of the growth stage (after
incubation for three days). The results obtained indicate that using low rate of aeration (1/8, ¼, ½ v/v
min) was better for dye biosorption than high rate (1, 2 v/v min), and therefore it is recommended for
dis-azo dye removing.
Microbial DNA extracted from two soil samples collected from Beni-Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh were
subjected to PCR amplification with primers specific for 16S rDNA gene and cloned in linear pCR 2.1
plasmid vector. Recombinants were transformed into Escherichia coli competent cells. Sixty clone
inserts (30 from each soil sample) were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Forty
sequences of the sixty clones were affiliated with previously recognized bacterial groups. Thirty six of
these had closest relatives among cultured taxa and clustered primarily with three divisions containing
microrganisms commonly associated with soil: Proteobacteria, Gram-positive organisms, and
Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group. The results also showed the presence of one clone related to
Nirospira retrieved from Beni-Suef soil, one clone from Archaea kingdom retrieved from Kafr El-Sheikh
soil, and three clones affiliated to the newly described Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum in both Beni-
Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh soils. Seven sequences grouped with known divisions but had closest relatives
among soil taxa known only from rDNA sequences analysis. Twelve clone sequences were distantly
related to known sequences. Many of these sequences may represent new bacterial divisions.
Early blight of potato caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler is one of the factors that affect
potato production. Using chemical control to reduce disease severity represent another risk for
agriculture. Biological control, using microorganisms, as well as plant extract and compost are safe
measures that give reliable control. Applying either measure of control reduced disease incidence to less
than 2% during two successive seasons. Microbial spray of diseased potato reduced the disease to various
extents. Trichoderma sp. was the most effective among all tested microorganisms, followed by
Penicillium sp. On the other hand, alcoholic extract of three plants was more effective than their water
extract. However, water extract showed highly significant reduction of disease incidence. Polygonum
gave the highest reduction of disease incidence in both cases. Also water extract of compost greatly
suppressed early blight when applied as spray to potato leaves. Duration of extraction may affect the
ability of compost extract to suppress disease. All results were comparable to that of fungicides.
The saponins contents of six Egyptian plants; Alhagi maurorum, Lippia nodiflora, Pergularia tomentosa,
Spergularia marina, Tribulus terrestris and Zygophyllum album were biologically determined by using
Trichoderma viride Pers. a sensitive fungus to saponins. Potato-glucose medium was used in culturing
the fungus. The experiment revealed that the high value of saponins contents was recorded in Spergularia
marina (6.06 mg/100 ml). Whereas, the minimum value was recorded in Lippia nodiflora and Alhagi
maurorum (1.14 and 1.88 mg/100 ml, respectively).
A number of 41 morphologically different endophytic actinomycete isolates were recovered from
surface-sterilized medicinal plants; Artemisia herba-alba, Echinops spinosus, Mentha longifolia and
Ballota undulate. A simplified method for selective recovery of actinomycetes from internal plant tissues
is described. Successful recovery was achieved on the media: starch-casein agar, 1/10 diluted starch
casein agar, tap water-yeast extract agar and MG-plant extract agar. Preliminary description of the
isolates, according to microscopic examination and amino acid composition of the cell wall
hydrolystates, indicated prevalence of genus Streptomyces. The highest number of endophytic
actinomycetes was recovered from Mentha longifolia and represented 34% of the isolates. Organic
extracts of the growth metabolites from the cultures were tested for cytotoxicity against Artemia salina as
well as for antimicrobial activities against 4 reference bacterial strains, 6 clinical bacterial cultures and
two clinical fungal cultures. Variable activities were obtained with different actinomycete isolates; the
highest activity could be detected against Gardnerella vaginitis and Shigella boydii strain ATCC 9207;
being represented in 29% of the isolates in both cases. For the first time, the isolation of endophytic
actinomycetes from Saint Katherine wild plants is reported and their potential use as novel source of
bioactive compounds is discussed.
Ras Muhammad Marine National Park is located on faulted and uplifted Neogene blocks that are
partially covered by Quaternary limestones of predominantly coralgal facies. The physiography of the
reefal limestone cropping out in the area and also the present-day depositional environments are
tectonically controlled. Surface morphology observations show that earthquake pools that cut through the
uplifted Pleistocene reefs indicate continuing recent movements, as indicated by numerous records of
seismic activity in the study area. The morphostructural-generated depositional facies patterns on the
peninsula are a wide tidal belt with tidal shoals and coastal spits, barrier and fringing reefs, three
elongated embayments, Hiddan Bay, mangrove and tidal channels, Ras Muhammad pool and sabkha, and
earthquake pools (two earth fissures). The distribution of marine plants is described for each area. The
abundance of algae in Ras Muhammad appeared to be inversely related to the abundance of living corals.
The study attempted to characterize the physicochemical limnology and the algal community of
El-Timsah Lake during March 2004 to May 2005. The physicochemical limnology plays a key role in the
blooming characteristic of benthic mats during spring season. Two mats were recognized visually of
green and black colours. The green mat was constructed by the mechanical entanglement of filaments of
Cladophora with four species of diatoms trapped within the filaments. In addition, the mat also bears
fragments of Ulva, Enteromorpha and Chaetomorpha. The black mat was constructed primarily from
filaments of Oscillatoria nigroviridis with two genera of coccoid cyanobacteria and some diatom species.
Mat-forming algae grow initially on the bottom, but often “breaks away” to create numerous floating
pads on the surface of the lake. Although, marine macroscopic algae were identified during this
investigation, a brackish stratification was consistently confirmed by the appearance of some indicators
of brackish type of diatoms such as Melosira nummuloids, Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia,
Skeletonema subsalsum, Navicula capitata, Navicula digitoradiata and Surirella brebissonii
Spores of four Frankia-Casuarina strains were tested for their ability to infect and fix atmospheric
nitrogen in combination with Casuarina equisetifolia plants, after being stored for 3 and 6 months in
different media. The media used were liquid cultures (BAP) and wet or dry polyacrylamide. The Frankia
strains used were: UGL020601, UGL020604, HFPCcI3 and ORS021001. Inoculation with stored spore
inocula showed reduction in total nitrogen content. The reduction ranged between 33 and 88% of freshly
prepared spores-inoculated plants, depending on strain and the inoculum type. The wet gel-incorporated
Frankia strains scored the best values within all treatments. In general, the reduction in plant total
nitrogen was lower after 3 months than after 6 months of storage at 7°C for all treatments indicating
better performance after short storage. The number of nodules decreased gradually with the increase in
storage time for all strains and treatments. For all the tested strains, spores scored better values for
root/shoot and nodules/plant ratios (i.e. lower and higher ratios) for all strains stored for 3 months, as wet
gel, than for other treatments. Dry powdered gel may have an advantage of long "shelf- life" than the
other treatments and may be used also as a preservation medium for large-scale inoculation with Frankia.
In general, it is recommended to store dry or wet gel-immobilized Frankia spores in the refrigerator for
up to 3 months for commercial purposes
The present work was carried out in 2001 and 2002 seasons in the Experimental Farm of Faculty of
Agriculture, Suez Canal, Ismailia University, to evaluate the production of some marjoram cultivars
namely Origanum majorana marcelka, Origanum majorana blart, Origanum majorana and Origanum
majorana kruiden compared to local one Origanum majorana (Syn. Majorana hortensis M.) grown
under sandy soil conditions and normal fertilization doses of organic manure (20 m3), calcium super
phosphate (300 kg/feddan), ammonium sulphate (300 kg/feddan) and potassium sulphate (100
kg/feddan) were added. The results revealed that Origanum majorana marcelka was superior in growth
characters in terms of number of branches and both plant fresh and dry weights. Moreover, it gave high
oil percentage in the two seasons (1.14% and 1.02%, v/w) compared to the local cultivar (0.69% and
0.71%, v/w). Also, it was pioneer in the oil constituents, as it recorded the highest total of oxygenated
and hydrocarbon compounds in the oil (94.02%) compared to the other studied cultivars. Identification
of volatile components was performed using the modern technique of Gas Chromatography equipped
with Head Solid State technique. The major oxygenated compounds of Origanum majorana marcelka
were terpinene-4-ol, linalyl acetate and linalool (19.11, 17.01 and 16.54%, compared to the local
cultivar, 17.97, 13.99 and 15.59%, respectively).
Algal epiphytes were examined for 12 months at Shura El-Roweysia and several tidal levels on the shore
of South Sinai dominated by Laurencia obtusa and Cystoseira myrica. Sixty seven species of the
epiphytes were recorded (41 Bacillariophyta, 20 Cyanophyta, 3 Chlorophyta and 3 Pyrrhophyta). An
inverse relationship between percentage cover of L. obtusa and their epiphytes were observed to be
affected by desiccation stress due to frequent emersion of the intertidal flat and exposure to strong
radiation, while high cover percentage of C. myrica was associated with the high number of epiphytes.
The present study was carried out on some halophytes and xerophytes in the Deltaic Mediterranean
coastal salt marshes, desert of north and south Sinai and the northern part of the Red Sea coastal desert by
studying their distribution and response to prevailing environmental factors. Vegetation and soil were
sampled in 56 stands representing different saline and xeric habitat types. Relative values of frequency,
density and cover were determined for each perennial species and were then added to provide an estimate
of its importance value. Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) classified the stands into
four defined vegetation groups using importance values of plant species. Detrended Correspondence
Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were used to study species-environment
relationships. The vegetation groups obtained by TWINSPAN classification were distinguishable and had
a clear pattern of segregation on the ordination planes. Moisture content, porosity, sand fraction, sodium
cation, electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride contents were the most important soil factors for the
distribution of halophytic species. While the contents of calcium carbonate, magnesium and calcium
cations, total nitrogen, silt and clay fractions and the soil reaction (pH) were the most effective soil
factors affecting the distribution of xerophytic species
The present study intended to compare the efficiency of the wetland plants Phragmites australis (cav.)
Trin. ex Steudel and Cyperus papyrus L. for the accumulation of heavy metals. Maximum accumulation
of the heavy metals Pb (132.5-175 μg/g DW), Zn (97.5-100 μg/g DW) and Cr (80.5-90 μg/g DW) was
recorded in roots of the two wetland plants C. papyrus and P. australis, respectively. Cadmium showed
the lowest metal accumulation in the tissues of both plants (0.55-5.5 μg/g DW). C. papyrus roots
accumulated higher levels of most metals than those of P. australis. Heavy metals were shown to be not
only accumulated in roots of both plants but also were translocated to the shoots and accumulated in the
harvestable plant parts. The results showed variation in the levels of the heavy metals accumulated in the
different parts of C. papyrus and P. australis, in spite of being planted at the same site and subjected to
the same conditions. The potential use of Phragmites australis and Cyperus papyrus in phytoremediation
is also discussed.
Seven years-round since 1999, distribution and percentage cover were investigated in Caulerpa prolifera
collected from 13 stations along the coast of the Suez Canal at different depths and from different types
of substrates as well as from monthly collected samples in a dense unshaded meadow at
a depth of 3-7 m at Great Bitter lakes. Caulerpa prolifera start increasing their cover in Spring and
continued to increase into Autumn, with maximum cover in Winter. The seasonality patterns have been
correlated with changes in light, temperature, desiccation and grazing. A rapid spread and high
abundance of the invaded Caulerpa prolifera were observed on sandy or muddy sea bottom in shallow
protected area of the Great Bitter Lakes. Caulerpa prolifera changes the ecology of area by reducing the
abundance of native marine fauna and flora.
Biological treatment of domestic wastewater using constructed wetlands is gaining acceptance worldwide
due to low cost and simple operation and maintenance. A treatment system (BIOWATSYST) was
established at Abo-Attwa Experimental Station, Ismailia, Egypt in 1998. The system consists of six
parallel short-deep treatment beds, three sterilization ponds and a disinfection pond. The beds were filled
with gravel and/or sand. Four beds were planted with Phragmites australis and two beds were planted
with Cyprus papyrus. The study evaluates the performance of the treatment beds for the removal of
nutrients and pathogens from primary treated domestic wastewater, with minimizing the length of the
treatment beds. Maximum removal efficiency was 76.3% for the biochemical oxygen demand, 83.9% for
chemical oxygen demand, 59.2% for total suspended solids, 58.6% for organic matter, and 22.1% for the
total nitrogen. Maximum removal efficiency was 82.6% for fecal coliforms, 79.8% for fecal enterococci,
and 87.4% for the coliphages. The results revealed that sand bed was the most effective treatment bed for
the removal of both nutrient and pathogenic bacteria from primary treated domestic wastewater.
Key words: Constructed wetland, Cyprus papyrus, Phragmites australis, physicochemical monitoring,
sewage, wastewater, biological management, treatment beds.
This study aimed to analyze the floristic composition and the distributional behavior of plant
communities in relation to the main physiographic features and soil properties in Gebel Serbal. Canopy
cover of plant species and altitude were measured in 58 stands (20 m x 20 m). Gravel percentage, soil
texture, hygroscopic moisture, pH, electric conductivity, total carbonate, total nitrogen, available
phosphorus, and soil organic matter were determined in each stand. The results revealed that Serbal
Mountain is characterized by distinguished microhabitats and low to moderate human impact that result
in unique floristic composition and vegetation patterns. One hundred and six species were identified in
this study including 11 endemic species, and 36 characteristic species. Based on multivariate analyses,
seven main plant communities were recognized in Gebel Serbal area. Distribution of the plant
communities was more related to altitude, hygroscopic moisture, and gravel percentage rather than to
sand, silt and clay fractions, soil organic matter, and total nitrogen. The present study indicates that Gebel
Serbal is the most diverse area in South Sinai, and has a high conservation value. We recommend that
Gebel Serbal, a part of St. Katherine Protectorate, should be declared as habitat/species management
area.
The objective of this paper is to study seed coat morphological and anatomical features of three Lupinus
species; L. albus L., L. digitatus Forssk. and L. angustifolius L., in order to reveal the taxonomic
relationships among them. Among seed coat macromorphological characters used were seed dimensions,
seed weight and testa color, while those of the hilum were lens and macula raphalis. Seed coat
micromorphological features revealed a similarity between L. digitatus and L. angustifolius since the
outer periclinal walls of the isodiametric epidermal cells are tuberculate. The summit of each tubercle
takes the form of umbrella with a central elevation in the former species, while each tubercle possesses
long and narrow tips in the latter one. However, in L. albus the outer periclinal walls of the isodiametric
epidermal cells are combination between pusticulate and reticulate. The anatomy of seed coat of Lupinus
species shows that it is formed of two layers, the exotesta and the mesotesta. The exotesta is
distinguished into two sublayers; the outer epidermis which is formed of malpighian cellulosic thickwalled
cells (macrosclereids) and the inner hypodermis of hourglass thick-walled cells with large
intercellular spaces (osteosclereids). On the other hand the mesotesta layer is formed of parenchyma
cells. L. angustifolius, L. digitatus and L. albus displayed the same intermediate cotyledon type with
some specification for L. albus.
Keywords
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. Effect of Priming on Germination, Seedling Growth and Antioxidant Enzymes
82
7 d under dark conditions in an incubator at 25 ± 2ºC.
The experiment was repeated three times.
Germination percentage was calculated from the first
day of germination until the seventh day. Emergence of
the radicle for 2 mm was an indicator of successful
germination as indicated by ISTA (2009). Data of
germination percentage presented here are those of the
7th day. At the end of the experiment seedlings were
collected for estimation of different growth variables
and calculation of germination rate, seedling vigours,
mean daily germination (MDG), pick value (PV =
maximum germinated seed number at one day/day
number), germination value (GV = PV × MDG)
according to the equations provided in Azimi et al.
(2013). Samples were taken for the estimation of total
phenols and some antioxidant enzymes.
Preparation and characterization of chitosan nano-
particles
Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using
methacrylic acid according to the method developed by
DeMoura et al. (2008), Corradini et al. (2010) and
Hasaneen et al. (2014). About 0.2 g chitosan (degree of
deacetylation, 98%) were dissolved in 0.5 (v/v) of
methacrylic acid aqueous solution for 12 hours under
magnetic stirring. Then, about 0.005 g potassium
persulfate was added to the previous solution with
continuous stirring till the solution became clear. After
that, the solution was heated up at 70 °C for 1 hour
under magnetic stirring to ensure the formation of
chitosan nanoparticles. Finally, the solution was cooled
in an ice bath to stop the reaction.
The average size and zeta potential of the obtained
chitosan nanoparticles were determined by measuring
zeta size using Zetasizer NanoZS (Malvern Instruments,
UK). On a carbon coated grid, one drop of the prepared
chitosan nanoparticles was spread and then the gird was
dried at room temperature and examined using a JEOL
1010 transmission electron microscope at 80 kV (JEOL,
EM unit, Mansoura University).
Estimation of total phenols
Total phenols were estimated in sample tissues
according to the method developed by Ainsworth and
Gillespie (2007). Fresh seedlings (0.2 g) were homo-
genized with 5 ml 95% methanol and kept in the dark at
room temperature for 48 h. Samples were centrifuged at
13000 g for 5 min and supernatant was collected. The
reaction mixture contained 0.5 ml of sample, 1 ml of
10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 4 ml of 700 mM
sodium carbonate. Methanol was used as blank. The
reaction mixture was kept at room temperature for 2 h
and the absorbance of the resulting colour was read at
765 nm using a spectrophotometer. Gallic acid solutions
were used to make standard curve and total phenols
were estimated from that curve.
Enzyme extraction
Broad bean seedlings (0.2 g) were homogenized in a
mortar with 5 ml of chilled phosphate buffer. For APX,
the extraction medium was 0.1 M phosphate buffer at
pH 7.8 and for CAT, POX and PPO, 0.1 M phosphate
buffer at pH 6.8 was used. The homogenate was filtered
through cheesecloth and the filtrate was centrifuged in a
refrigerated centrifuge at 10,000 g for 20 min. The
supernatant served as enzyme extract. All operations
were carried out at 4°C (Agarwal and Shaheen, 2007).
Assay of catalase activity
Catalase (CAT) activity was assayed by the method
of Sinha (1972). The enzyme extract (0.5 ml) was added
to the reaction mixture containing 1ml of 0.01 M
phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.5 ml of 0.2 M H2O2, 0.4 ml
H2O and incubated for one minute. The reaction was
terminated by the addition of 2 ml of acid reagent (5%
potassium dichromate/ glacial acetic acid mixture, 1:3
by volume). To the control, the enzyme was added after
the addition of acid reagent. All the tubes were heated
for 10 minutes and the absorbance was read at 610 nm.
Catalase activity was expressed in μmoles of H2O2
consumed/min/g fresh tissue.
Assay of ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX)
Ascorbate peroxidase activity was assayed by
measuring the decrease in absorbance at 290 nm due to
ascorbate oxidation; as adopted and described by
Nakano and Asada (1981). The reaction mixture contai-
ned 0.83 ml of 0.5 mM AsA in phosphate buffer (pH 7),
0.13 ml of 2 mM H2O2 and 0.04 ml of enzyme extract in
a final volume of 1 ml at 25°C. Ascorbate peroxidase
activity was expressed in terms of μmoles of AsA oxidi-
zed/min/g fresh tissue.
Assay of peroxidase activity (POX).
POX activity was assayed as the increase in absor-
bance at 420 nm due to the formation of purpurogallin
(Devi, 2002). The reaction mixture contained 3 ml of
pyrogallol phosphate buffer (0.05 M pyrogallol in 0.1 M
phosphate buffer, pH 6), 0.1 ml of enzyme extract and
0.5 ml of 1% H2O2. One enzyme unit is defined as unit
per min per g fresh weight.
Assay of polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO)
PPO activity was assayed as the increase in absor-
bance at 420 nm due to the formation of purpurogallin
(Devi, 2002). The reaction mixture contained 2 cm3
of
0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7), 1 cm3
of 0.1 M pyro-
gallol and 1 cm3
of enzyme extract. The reaction
mixture was incubated for 1 min at 25 °C and the
reaction was stopped by adding 1 cm3
of 2.5 N H2SO4.
One enzyme unit is defined as unit per g fresh weight
per min.
Statistical analysis
Mean values of all three replicates are represented
here. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of vari-
ance (ANOVA) with Post Hoc L.S.D. (least significant
difference) test. *P value ≤ 0.05 was accepted statist-
ically significant. Statistical analysis was performed
with statistical package for social science for windows
(SPSS, version 20.0, 2011, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY,
USA).
3. Abdel-Aziz et al.
83
RESULTS
Characterization of chitosan nanoparticles
The obtained chitosan nanoparticles showed a mean
size of 20 ± 2 nm. The average zeta potential obtained
for nanochitosan was 81.3 mV. Transmission electron
microscopy revealed that chitosan nanoparticles
appeared round in shape (Fig. 1).
Figure (1): Transmission electron micrograph of chitosan
nanoparticles.
Changes in germination features and growth varia-
bles
Table (1) revealed that treatment with chitosan nano-
particles resulted in significant decreases in all the
determined germination features as compared with cont-
rol. Germination percentage was greatly decreased due
to treatment with 0.1% CsNPs. It should be mentioned
that treatment with higher concentrations more than
0.1% of CsNPs ceased germination. The following
sequence of treatments was shown: C > 0.05% CsNPs
>0.1% CsNPs with respect to the determined germi-
nation percentages. Priming of broad bean seeds with
chitosan nanoparticles (0.05% and 0.1%) also caused
significant decreases in the mean day for germination,
germination rate, pick value (PV), germination value
(GV) and the two vigor indices (I, II), as compared with
control untreated seeds. The pattern of germination of
broad bean seeds in each treatment is shown in Figure
(2).
Priming of broad bean seeds with two different con-
centrations (0.05% and 0.1%) of chitosan nanoparticles
resulted in decrease of radicle length, fresh weight and
water content of seedlings (7 d old). The magnitude of
decrease was much observed in treatment with 0.1%
CsNPs. In general the following sequence was found:
Control > 0.05% CsNPs >0.1% CsNPs. Dry weight of
seedlings was not changed due to treatment with 0.05%
CsNPs but was decreased due to treatment with 0.1%
CsNPs as compared with control seedlings (Table 2).
Table (1): Effect of chitosan nanoparticles on germination features of 7 d old broad bean seedlings. Data are the means of three
replicates ± standard error.
Treatment Germination (%) MDG (day) Germination rate PV GV Vigor index I Vigor index II
C 90.91±0.50 12.99±0.05 11.03±0.50 5.71±0.06 74.17±0.10 154.55 239.09
0.05% CsNPs 76.67±0.60* 9.52±0.12* 10.09±0.30* 4.29±0.11* 40.84±0.21* 90.00* 166.00*
0.1% CsNPs 37.78±0.20* 5.40±0.10* 4.76±0.20* 2.43±0.30* 13.12±0.30* 30.98* 78.96*
* Means are significantly different from control at p ≤ 0.05
Figure (2): Pattern of germination of broad bean seeds of the control (C), and those primed with chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) at
the end of the experiment.
Table (2): Effect of chitosan nanoparticles on growth parameters of 7 d old broad bean seedlings. Data are the means of three
replicates ± standard error.
Treatments Radicle length
(cm/seedling)
Fresh weight of seedling
(g/ seedling)
Dry weight of seedling
(g/ seedling)
Water content
(g/ seedling)
C 1.70±0.04 2.63±0.05 0.77±0.03 1.86±0.06
0.05% CsNPs 1.35±0.17* 2.49±0.17 0.77±0.05 1.72±0.12
0.1% CsNPs 0.82±0.02* 2.09±0.12* 0.68±0.03 1.41±0.10*
* Means are significantly different from control at p ≤ 0.05
4. Effect of Priming on Germination, Seedling Growth and Antioxidant Enzymes
84
Changes in total phenols and antioxidant enzymes
Data presented in table (3) represent the effects of
using chitosan nanoparticles as priming solutions for
broad bean seeds on total phenols and different antio-
xidant enzymes of broad bean seedlings (7 d old).
Priming of broad bean seeds with 0.05% CsNPs resulted
in a significant increase in total phenols, CAT, APX,
POX and PPO activities, as compared with untreated
control seeds. On the other hand, treatment with 0.1%
CsNPs resulted in a significant decrease in all the
determined enzyme activities as well as total phenol
contents, as compared to control seedlings. In this
respect, the following sequence was displayed: 0.05%
CsNPs > Control >0.1% CsNPs.
Table (3): Effect of chitosan nanoparticles on total phenols and antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX),
peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) of 7 d old broad bean seedlings. Data are the mean of three replicates ± standard
error.
Treatments
Total phenols
mg gallic acid/ g fwt
CAT
mmol H2O2/ min/ g f.wt
APX
μmol AsA / min/ g f.wt
POX
U/ min/ g f.wt
PPO
U/ min/ g f.wt
C 2.90±0.05 24.30±0.95 2.68±0.06 83.06±3.22 67.06±1.05
0.05% CsNPs 3.03±0.13* 26.16±0.43* 4.92±0.25* 86.34±5.06* 69.07±2.15*
0.1% CsNPs 2.14±0.11* 9.40±0.35* 1.49±0.07* 60.13±3.17* 54.00±2.33*
* Means are significantly different from control at p ≤ 0.05
DISCUSSION
Nanotechnology proved its importance in agriculture
nowadays. Research is being developed to provide
nutrients to crop plants using nanofertilizers. Nano
fertilization could be done by three methods: seed
priming, foliar application or soil incorporation (Divya
and Jisha, 2018). Foliar application of nanofertilizers
showed different results with several crops with respect
to enhancement of growth and increased productivity.
Foliar application of chitosan nanoparticles improved
growth and yield of wheat plants (Abdel-Aziz et al.,
2016), French bean plants (Hasaneen et al., 2016) and
coffee seedlings (Van et al., 2013).
In the present work, characterization of chitosan
nanoparticles showed stable round particles with mean
diameter of 20 ± 2 nm and zeta potential of + 81.3 mV,
hence showing the cationic nature of the obtained
nanoparticles.
Nanopriming of seeds is a new technique developed
to improve seed germination and seedling growth
especially under stressful conditions such as drought
and salinity (Maroufi et al., 2011). In the present study,
priming of broad bean seeds with 0.05% and 0.1%
chitosan nanoparticles resulted in reduction of germi-
nation percentage and decrease in radicle length and
fresh weight of seedlings, as compared with those of the
control. Similar results were also obtained for different
germination features: germination rate, seedling vigor,
mean daily germination (MDG), pick value (PV) and
germination value (GV). The magnitude of decrease
was most pronounced at 0.1% chitosan nanoparticles.
These results are in accordance with the findings of
Omar (2017) who showed that priming of French bean
seeds with 100% chitosan nanoparticles resulted in
failure of germination of seeds. Meanwhile treatment
with 10% CsNPs resulted in a decrease of germination
percentage and all growth variables including length of
radicle, length of plumule, as well as fresh and dry
weights of seedlings. In the same context, Behboudi et
al. (2017) showed that priming of barley and wheat
grains with chitosan nanoparticles showed no significant
changes in germination rate, MDG, PV and GV.
Meanwhile, lower concentration (30 ppm) of chitosan
nanoparticles showed increased seedling vigor index,
whereas increased concentrations (60 and 90 ppm) of
CsNPs showed lower values of seedling vigor index for
both wheat and barley seedlings. Few reports showed
that chitosan nanoparticles had stimulating effects on
seed germination and seedling growth as illustrated in
tomato and maize (Saharan et al., 2015 and 2016).
The present obtained results of reduction in germ-
ination percentage and different germination features
due to priming of broad bean seeds in 0.05% and 0.1%
chitosan nanoparticles would verify that nanoparticles
could penetrate pores of seed coat. Then chitosan
nanoparticles are predicted to reach the embryo cells
causing cytotoxic effects as indicated by Khalifa and
Hasaneen (2018) who stated that higher concentrations
of chitosan nanoparticles (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%) that
reduced root elongation of pea seedlings resulted in
genotoxic effects on root cells of seedlings (Khalifa and
Hasaneen, 2018).
In the present study, priming of broad beans with
0.05% chitosan nanoparticles resulted in significant
increase in total phenols and antioxidant enzymes, as
compared with those of the control seedlings. On the
other hand, the higher concentration of chitosan
nanoparticles (0.1%) caused serious drop in the antio-
xidant enzyme system of broad bean seedlings. This
could be explained on the bases of comparison with the
effect of lower concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles
that were found to act as stimulating factor for the
antioxidant system of treated seeds with respect to the
control. A similar trend was also observed in French
bean (Hasaneen et al., 2016) and coffee seedlings (Van
et al., 2013). Priming with chitosan nanoparticles also
increased the activity of catalase enzyme and proline
content in salt-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings
(Zayed et al., 2017). On the other hand, high
concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles decreased
antioxidant enzyme activities of maize and tomato
(Saharan et al., 2015 and 2016). These findings might
be interpreted on the bases that lower concentrations of
chitosan nanoparticles acted as signals which stimulated
the expression of genes responsible for synthesis of
different antioxidant enzymes and total phenols. On the
other hand, high concentrations of chitosan nanopar-
5. Abdel-Aziz et al.
85
ticles are assumed to induce oxidative stress in embryo
cells that would then induce serious harmful effects on
seed germination and reduce production of antioxidant
enzymes and phenols accumulation (Divya and Jisha,
2018).
In conclusion, priming of broad beans with chitosan
nanoparticles could be used at lower concentrations
(0.5% or lower) to enhance antioxidant enzymes and
total phenols accumulation which could help make
seeds to further tolerate oxidative stress conditions. The
most important thing is that the cytotoxic effects of
priming with chitosan nanoparticles should be monit-
ored and controlled to alleviate harmful effects on hum-
an health and environment.
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