This document summarizes a research article that examined the effect of pricing strategies on customer retention among small-scale metal mechanics and fabricators in Mwanza City, Tanzania. The study investigated three pricing strategies: value-based pricing, competition-based pricing, and cost-based pricing. A survey of 228 small-scale metalworkers and interviews with 7 owners found that the adoption of value-based, competition-based, and cost-based pricing strategies had a significant impact on customer retention. The small-scale businesses were found to use these pricing strategies interchangeably depending on market conditions.
Financial literacy for Mutual Fund Investment: An extensive study on investor...AI Publications
Peoples are always intending to invest their savings for several security purposes, but the crucial matter of concern is that where they are investing. Thinking of such investment options, capital market is a superior alternative all the time. Panic due to lack of financial knowledge about that market acts as crucial parameter in becoming the people’s choice of investment. After went over a myriad of investment choices, mutual fund would be a secure platform to invest. The main purpose of this study is to get an overview about the financial literacy level of Bangladeshi investors who invest in mutual fund and trying to assess the implication of financial literacy on investment intension. Data were collected with the help of online survey method from primary sources on the basis of a well-structured questionnaire where convenient sampling is applicable due to focus on mutual fund investors. Respondents’ financial knowledge level is evaluated by asking eleven specific questions on varied financial concepts following the G20 survey of OECD and investment intention is measured by Ajzen’s conceptual and methodological framework. Based on the descriptive statistics, Correlation is used to analyze the collected primary data. Some significant findings are uncovered like Bangladeshi investors belong to low literacy level. Study also indicates a negligible inverse relationship between financial literacy level and investment intention of investors which in turn stimulate existing investors to recommend others to invest in mutual fund due to low literacy level. So it is profound that low literate investors can be a vital key to promote mutual fund and enrich financial market of Bangladesh.
A Comparison of Key Determinants on Profitability of India’s Largest Public a...Rajveer Rawlin
The banking sector in India has come under the scanner following some key changes in monetary policy. With
the Reserve bank of India (RBI) raising interest rates to support the falling Indian currency the Rupee, the cost of
funds of banks has increased significantly. This could manifest itself in rising non-performing assets (NPAs) and
declining profitability. The profitability of banks is impacted by both internal and external factors. This paper is
an attempt to compare the key drivers of profits at India’s largest public and private sector banks. Bank specific
metrics and risk factors were important drivers of profits at both banks. Productivity measures were key drivers
of profits at India’s largest public sector bank SBI but had no effect on profits at India’s largest private sector
bank, HDFC bank. Asset usage efficiency measures were key determinants of profitability at HDFC bank but not
at SBI. The single most important determinant of SBI proved to be business per employee, a productivity
measure while advances and bank size which are traditional bank metrics were key drivers of profits at HDFC
bank. Managers at both banks and their share holders thus can look at these drivers to develop a broad
understanding of profitability at the two banks.
The profitability of commercial banks is influenced by a number of internal and external factors. This paper attempts to identify the internal factors which significantly influence the profitability of commercial banks in Bangladesh. In this study, profitability is measured by ROA and ROE which may be significantly influenced by the internal factors such as IRS, NIM, CAR, CR, DG, LD, CTI and SIZE of the bank. Data are collected from published annual reports during 2014--2018 of 23 commercial banks. Using simple regression model, it is found that CR has significant effect on the profitability and CAR has significant influence on ROA only. In addition to this, DG has significant effects on PCBs’ profitability (ROE only) where as IRS and CTI have significant influence on profitability (ROA only) of ICBs. Further, none of these variables have significant effects on the profitability of SCBs but CAR and CR are correlated with profitability (ROA only) and the causes may be the nature of services provided by SCBs to its clients. The internal policy makers should manage the influential internal factors of the banks in order to increase their profitability so that they can meet stakeholders’ expectations.
This research work investigated the influence of firm size on the financial performance of deposit money banks quoted on the Nigerian stock exchange. The research work is necessitated by the need to find the factors that respond positively or negatively to the financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Five deposit money banks were sampled with the aid of Taro Yemeni sampling technique to represent the entire banking industry in Nigeria. The firm size proxied by log of total assets represents the explanatory variable while the financial performance measured by profitability proxied by return on asset is the dependent variable. The analysis was conducted using the pooled OLS regression and fixed effect/random effect regression with the aid of STATA for panel regression. In addition, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were computed. The finding of the study indicates that firm size insignificantly negatively influenced financial performance as a result of diseconomies of scale. The study therefore recommends that the industry should minimize the cost of expansion and enjoy maximum benefits of economies of scale in addition to other factors that may stimulate financial performance should be considered instead of the firm size that indicate insignificantly negative effect.
Insider Trading in Capital Market A Legal PerspectiveYogeshIJTSRD
The term insider trading is popularly used in the negative sense as it is perceived that the persons having access to the price sensitive and unpublished information used the same for their personal gains. However insider trading per se does not mean any illegal conduct. It encompasses both legal as well as illegal conduct. Ms. Garima Dhaka Sangwan "Insider Trading in Capital Market: A Legal Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43877.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/43877/insider-trading-in-capital-market-a-legal-perspective/ms-garima-dhaka-sangwan
Financial literacy for Mutual Fund Investment: An extensive study on investor...AI Publications
Peoples are always intending to invest their savings for several security purposes, but the crucial matter of concern is that where they are investing. Thinking of such investment options, capital market is a superior alternative all the time. Panic due to lack of financial knowledge about that market acts as crucial parameter in becoming the people’s choice of investment. After went over a myriad of investment choices, mutual fund would be a secure platform to invest. The main purpose of this study is to get an overview about the financial literacy level of Bangladeshi investors who invest in mutual fund and trying to assess the implication of financial literacy on investment intension. Data were collected with the help of online survey method from primary sources on the basis of a well-structured questionnaire where convenient sampling is applicable due to focus on mutual fund investors. Respondents’ financial knowledge level is evaluated by asking eleven specific questions on varied financial concepts following the G20 survey of OECD and investment intention is measured by Ajzen’s conceptual and methodological framework. Based on the descriptive statistics, Correlation is used to analyze the collected primary data. Some significant findings are uncovered like Bangladeshi investors belong to low literacy level. Study also indicates a negligible inverse relationship between financial literacy level and investment intention of investors which in turn stimulate existing investors to recommend others to invest in mutual fund due to low literacy level. So it is profound that low literate investors can be a vital key to promote mutual fund and enrich financial market of Bangladesh.
A Comparison of Key Determinants on Profitability of India’s Largest Public a...Rajveer Rawlin
The banking sector in India has come under the scanner following some key changes in monetary policy. With
the Reserve bank of India (RBI) raising interest rates to support the falling Indian currency the Rupee, the cost of
funds of banks has increased significantly. This could manifest itself in rising non-performing assets (NPAs) and
declining profitability. The profitability of banks is impacted by both internal and external factors. This paper is
an attempt to compare the key drivers of profits at India’s largest public and private sector banks. Bank specific
metrics and risk factors were important drivers of profits at both banks. Productivity measures were key drivers
of profits at India’s largest public sector bank SBI but had no effect on profits at India’s largest private sector
bank, HDFC bank. Asset usage efficiency measures were key determinants of profitability at HDFC bank but not
at SBI. The single most important determinant of SBI proved to be business per employee, a productivity
measure while advances and bank size which are traditional bank metrics were key drivers of profits at HDFC
bank. Managers at both banks and their share holders thus can look at these drivers to develop a broad
understanding of profitability at the two banks.
The profitability of commercial banks is influenced by a number of internal and external factors. This paper attempts to identify the internal factors which significantly influence the profitability of commercial banks in Bangladesh. In this study, profitability is measured by ROA and ROE which may be significantly influenced by the internal factors such as IRS, NIM, CAR, CR, DG, LD, CTI and SIZE of the bank. Data are collected from published annual reports during 2014--2018 of 23 commercial banks. Using simple regression model, it is found that CR has significant effect on the profitability and CAR has significant influence on ROA only. In addition to this, DG has significant effects on PCBs’ profitability (ROE only) where as IRS and CTI have significant influence on profitability (ROA only) of ICBs. Further, none of these variables have significant effects on the profitability of SCBs but CAR and CR are correlated with profitability (ROA only) and the causes may be the nature of services provided by SCBs to its clients. The internal policy makers should manage the influential internal factors of the banks in order to increase their profitability so that they can meet stakeholders’ expectations.
This research work investigated the influence of firm size on the financial performance of deposit money banks quoted on the Nigerian stock exchange. The research work is necessitated by the need to find the factors that respond positively or negatively to the financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Five deposit money banks were sampled with the aid of Taro Yemeni sampling technique to represent the entire banking industry in Nigeria. The firm size proxied by log of total assets represents the explanatory variable while the financial performance measured by profitability proxied by return on asset is the dependent variable. The analysis was conducted using the pooled OLS regression and fixed effect/random effect regression with the aid of STATA for panel regression. In addition, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were computed. The finding of the study indicates that firm size insignificantly negatively influenced financial performance as a result of diseconomies of scale. The study therefore recommends that the industry should minimize the cost of expansion and enjoy maximum benefits of economies of scale in addition to other factors that may stimulate financial performance should be considered instead of the firm size that indicate insignificantly negative effect.
Insider Trading in Capital Market A Legal PerspectiveYogeshIJTSRD
The term insider trading is popularly used in the negative sense as it is perceived that the persons having access to the price sensitive and unpublished information used the same for their personal gains. However insider trading per se does not mean any illegal conduct. It encompasses both legal as well as illegal conduct. Ms. Garima Dhaka Sangwan "Insider Trading in Capital Market: A Legal Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43877.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/43877/insider-trading-in-capital-market-a-legal-perspective/ms-garima-dhaka-sangwan
Determinants of Share Prices of listed Commercial Banks in Pakistaniosrjce
The focus of this paper is to identify the determinants of share prices for the listed commercial banks
in Karachi stock exchange over the period 2007-2013. One of the unique features of this paper is to find out the
impact of both internal and external factors on share price. Linear multiple regression analysis is used to
determine whether the selected independent variables have influence on share prices or not. The results indicate
that earning per share has more influence on share prices and it has positive and significant relationship with
share prices, book to market value ratio and interest rate have also significant but negative relation with share
prices while other variables (gross domestic product, price earnings ratio, dividend per share, leverage) have
no relationship with share prices
An Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio on the Profitability of Private Sector Ba...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Profitability being one of the cardinal principles of bank lending acts as a game changer for the survival and success of private sector banks in India. In order to stay profitable, banks have to capitalise on every penny advanced to yield the expected returns. However, considering the constraints laid down by the Reserve Bank of India, banks have to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio, as per the current BASEL III regulations active in India. With the mergers of public sector banks, the challenge has got just tougher for the private sector banks in India. Expansion and Diversification are the key strategies adopted by the key players from the private banking sector, however, with the minimum capital adequacy ratio observed by them, it is necessary to understand its actual impact on the bank’s profitability. This research paper aims to throw light upon the linkage that capital adequacy has with the bank’s profitability. It attempts to establish a relation between the Capital Adequacy Ratio with the Net profits of the bank. For the purpose of this study, data from the past 5 years of the leading private sector banks has been collected, namely, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, AXIS Bank and YES Bank. The collected data has been analysed using Pearson’s Correlation to establish a relation between the CAR Ratio & the bank’s profitability. Hypothesis testing has been further done to study the quantum of proportionate change in the profitability with a change in the CAR Ratio for private sector banks using applicable research tools. The said research tools are applied to achieve the desired results while maintaining the required quantum of accuracy. It also aims to understand the proportionate impact of changes in CAR to the bank’s profitability, which can act as a suggested measure for banks to develop a reliable framework for efficient capital management and increase overall efficiency. The results derived from the data collected and analyzed aim to provide scope for further study on the subject matter.
Firm level determinants to small and medium sized enterprises’ access to fina...rrpidani
Firm Level Determinants to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Access to Financing in Indonesia by Rita Pidani and Ishak Balaka. Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review, April 2013, Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 117-126.
Factors Influencing the Trading Behavior of Investors in Capital Market: An E...IOSRJBM
The investors in different categories have different trading behavior. The main contribution of this study is to analyze the buying behavior of investors in the stock markets. There are many factors that have direct or indirect effect on buying behavior of the investors. After reviewing literature and secondary data the researchers identify some driving factors and primary data have been collected and analyzed based on that factor. From the study, the researchers found that Stock dividend, Company news, Earning per share, AGM and EGM affects the buying behavior absolutely and some factors have no effect and Cash dividend, Margin loan , Placement, Net income and Paid up capital affects significantly. The researchers also found that Islamic philosophy does not play any role with share business.
Impact of profitability, bank and macroeconomic factors on the market capital...inventionjournals
Panel data has been collected for 44 Middle Eastern banks that are operated during 2005 to 2014 in different Middle Eastern countries. Secondary data has been collected primarily through the DataStream database. The study is conducted to investigate the impact of profitability, bank and macroeconomic factors on the market capitalization of the Middle Eastern banks. Results of Hausman test have explained that fixed effect model is appropriate for the analysis. The result of multiple regression have shown that market capitalization has positive relationship with ROI while negative relationship with credit risk, inflation, and year dummy for the Middle Eastern banks. Furthermore, no relationship has been observed between market capitalization and the ROA, ROE, growth and exchange rate for the Middle Eastern banks.
The Effect of Firm size and Diversification on Capital Structure and FirmValu...theijes
This study aims to examine and analyze whether firm size, diversification, and capital structure to the firm value. The design of this study was to raise the theory of Modigliani and Miller and fundamental theories in financial management that discuss some of the functional relationship fundamental variables that determine the capital structure and corporate value. The locations of this study are in the Stock Exchange Indonesia at Jalan Sudirman Jakarta and Makassar Capital Market Information Center. The data collection of this study conducted at the beginning of April to the end of July 2015. The study population was 150 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange until the end of 2014. Sampling is purposive sampling with criteria for manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of observation that is in 2006- 2014, have complete data, have been audited by the auditor's opinion unqualified, published financial statements, and have positive equity, so that the total sample of 17 companies. The method used in this research is the analysis of structural equation modeling. The results showed no effect of capital structure on Firm’s value. Diversification and Firm Size effect on firm value. Diversification has effect on capital structure. Firm size has no effect on the structure. No mediation effect of capital structure on relationship between diversification and Firm value. But there is mediation effect of capital structure to influence firm size on firm value.
Investment is one of the most essential activities to be developed in young generations, especially
among Generation Z. One of the most popular investment instruments in Indonesia is stock investment.
Technology advancements in the current digital era have made it easier for Generation Z to actively participate
in the stock market.
Liquidity and Financial Performance A Correlational Analysis of Quoted Non Fi...ijtsrd
This study explored the interactions between liquidity and the financial performance of quoted non financial firms in Ghana. The study was correlational as it sought to examine the relationship between liquidity and the firms' viability. From the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient technique of data analysis, liquidity had a significant relationship with the firms' financial performance as measured by ROA, but insignificant relationship with the firms' financial performance as measured by ROE and ROCE. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that, the firms can improve their final bottom line by proficiently handling their liquid resources. Yusheng Kong | Mohammed Musah | Andrew Osei Agyemang "Liquidity and Financial Performance: A Correlational Analysis of Quoted Non-Financial Firms in Ghana" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25248.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/25248/liquidity-and-financial-performance-a-correlational-analysis-of-quoted-non-financial-firms-in-ghana/yusheng-kong
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors- A Descriptive S...inventionjournals
Investment decisions have gained importance due to the general increase in employment opportunities and economic development of a nation. Awareness of investment avenues has led to the ability and willingness of working people to save and invest their funds for returns, in that perspective this study was conducted. The volatile behaviour of markets has challenged the hypothesis of efficient markets which motivates ones to understand the driving forces behind it. It is the major concern for academicians, investors and portfolio managers to understand the reasons causing irrationality in the markets. This paper uses the theory of behavioural finance to examine the factors influencing investment decisions of individual investors. From the extensive literature review, it was found that there is no single factor which influences the investment decisions of an individual. Moreover factors influencing investment decision varies from time to time, place to place, person to person, securities to securities etc. It was suggested that the policy makers of investment avenues must consider all the variables and its impact on the investors investment decisions while introducing any investment avenues to the market.
SME Manufacturing Credit Risk Model Forecast Correctness and Result of ModelIOSR Journals
Thai SMEs employ about 69 percent of the total population. However, SMEs structure of short term financial characteristics as they depend mostly on short term loan. Thus, we have to be aware of financial distress of SMEs. This study utilizes a Logit analysis model to examine financial ratio of 385 SMEs financial statements. The result showed that those of 37 financially distressed and 348 non-financially distressed enterprises. This study conducted with 2 research questions which are (1) Are there significant differences in liquidity, leverage and profitability ratios of financially distressed and non-financially distressed Thai SMEs. (2) Is Logit model is a good model for measuring liquidity, profitability, and financial leverage classifies Thai financially distressed. The study has examined empirical evidence from Thailand manufacturing industries to identify differences between financial profiles of financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs. It then developed and tested the Logit analysis model for predicting SMEs financially distress. The first hypothesis is supported, which showed that there are statistically significant differences between financial ratios of financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs in Thailand. The second hypothesis showed that the predictable of financial ratios in the Logit analysis model enables classifying Thai financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs more accurately than a possible occasional classification. Finally, this study could help policy-makers, SMEs owners and business consultants to determine strategies in order to develop Thai SMEs manufacturing Industry sustainably. Moreover, the Logit model of this study could be applied in other industries in order to expand the growth of Thailand industries.
Determinants of Share Prices of listed Commercial Banks in Pakistaniosrjce
The focus of this paper is to identify the determinants of share prices for the listed commercial banks
in Karachi stock exchange over the period 2007-2013. One of the unique features of this paper is to find out the
impact of both internal and external factors on share price. Linear multiple regression analysis is used to
determine whether the selected independent variables have influence on share prices or not. The results indicate
that earning per share has more influence on share prices and it has positive and significant relationship with
share prices, book to market value ratio and interest rate have also significant but negative relation with share
prices while other variables (gross domestic product, price earnings ratio, dividend per share, leverage) have
no relationship with share prices
An Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio on the Profitability of Private Sector Ba...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Profitability being one of the cardinal principles of bank lending acts as a game changer for the survival and success of private sector banks in India. In order to stay profitable, banks have to capitalise on every penny advanced to yield the expected returns. However, considering the constraints laid down by the Reserve Bank of India, banks have to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio, as per the current BASEL III regulations active in India. With the mergers of public sector banks, the challenge has got just tougher for the private sector banks in India. Expansion and Diversification are the key strategies adopted by the key players from the private banking sector, however, with the minimum capital adequacy ratio observed by them, it is necessary to understand its actual impact on the bank’s profitability. This research paper aims to throw light upon the linkage that capital adequacy has with the bank’s profitability. It attempts to establish a relation between the Capital Adequacy Ratio with the Net profits of the bank. For the purpose of this study, data from the past 5 years of the leading private sector banks has been collected, namely, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, AXIS Bank and YES Bank. The collected data has been analysed using Pearson’s Correlation to establish a relation between the CAR Ratio & the bank’s profitability. Hypothesis testing has been further done to study the quantum of proportionate change in the profitability with a change in the CAR Ratio for private sector banks using applicable research tools. The said research tools are applied to achieve the desired results while maintaining the required quantum of accuracy. It also aims to understand the proportionate impact of changes in CAR to the bank’s profitability, which can act as a suggested measure for banks to develop a reliable framework for efficient capital management and increase overall efficiency. The results derived from the data collected and analyzed aim to provide scope for further study on the subject matter.
Firm level determinants to small and medium sized enterprises’ access to fina...rrpidani
Firm Level Determinants to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Access to Financing in Indonesia by Rita Pidani and Ishak Balaka. Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review, April 2013, Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 117-126.
Factors Influencing the Trading Behavior of Investors in Capital Market: An E...IOSRJBM
The investors in different categories have different trading behavior. The main contribution of this study is to analyze the buying behavior of investors in the stock markets. There are many factors that have direct or indirect effect on buying behavior of the investors. After reviewing literature and secondary data the researchers identify some driving factors and primary data have been collected and analyzed based on that factor. From the study, the researchers found that Stock dividend, Company news, Earning per share, AGM and EGM affects the buying behavior absolutely and some factors have no effect and Cash dividend, Margin loan , Placement, Net income and Paid up capital affects significantly. The researchers also found that Islamic philosophy does not play any role with share business.
Impact of profitability, bank and macroeconomic factors on the market capital...inventionjournals
Panel data has been collected for 44 Middle Eastern banks that are operated during 2005 to 2014 in different Middle Eastern countries. Secondary data has been collected primarily through the DataStream database. The study is conducted to investigate the impact of profitability, bank and macroeconomic factors on the market capitalization of the Middle Eastern banks. Results of Hausman test have explained that fixed effect model is appropriate for the analysis. The result of multiple regression have shown that market capitalization has positive relationship with ROI while negative relationship with credit risk, inflation, and year dummy for the Middle Eastern banks. Furthermore, no relationship has been observed between market capitalization and the ROA, ROE, growth and exchange rate for the Middle Eastern banks.
The Effect of Firm size and Diversification on Capital Structure and FirmValu...theijes
This study aims to examine and analyze whether firm size, diversification, and capital structure to the firm value. The design of this study was to raise the theory of Modigliani and Miller and fundamental theories in financial management that discuss some of the functional relationship fundamental variables that determine the capital structure and corporate value. The locations of this study are in the Stock Exchange Indonesia at Jalan Sudirman Jakarta and Makassar Capital Market Information Center. The data collection of this study conducted at the beginning of April to the end of July 2015. The study population was 150 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange until the end of 2014. Sampling is purposive sampling with criteria for manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of observation that is in 2006- 2014, have complete data, have been audited by the auditor's opinion unqualified, published financial statements, and have positive equity, so that the total sample of 17 companies. The method used in this research is the analysis of structural equation modeling. The results showed no effect of capital structure on Firm’s value. Diversification and Firm Size effect on firm value. Diversification has effect on capital structure. Firm size has no effect on the structure. No mediation effect of capital structure on relationship between diversification and Firm value. But there is mediation effect of capital structure to influence firm size on firm value.
Investment is one of the most essential activities to be developed in young generations, especially
among Generation Z. One of the most popular investment instruments in Indonesia is stock investment.
Technology advancements in the current digital era have made it easier for Generation Z to actively participate
in the stock market.
Liquidity and Financial Performance A Correlational Analysis of Quoted Non Fi...ijtsrd
This study explored the interactions between liquidity and the financial performance of quoted non financial firms in Ghana. The study was correlational as it sought to examine the relationship between liquidity and the firms' viability. From the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient technique of data analysis, liquidity had a significant relationship with the firms' financial performance as measured by ROA, but insignificant relationship with the firms' financial performance as measured by ROE and ROCE. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that, the firms can improve their final bottom line by proficiently handling their liquid resources. Yusheng Kong | Mohammed Musah | Andrew Osei Agyemang "Liquidity and Financial Performance: A Correlational Analysis of Quoted Non-Financial Firms in Ghana" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25248.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/25248/liquidity-and-financial-performance-a-correlational-analysis-of-quoted-non-financial-firms-in-ghana/yusheng-kong
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors- A Descriptive S...inventionjournals
Investment decisions have gained importance due to the general increase in employment opportunities and economic development of a nation. Awareness of investment avenues has led to the ability and willingness of working people to save and invest their funds for returns, in that perspective this study was conducted. The volatile behaviour of markets has challenged the hypothesis of efficient markets which motivates ones to understand the driving forces behind it. It is the major concern for academicians, investors and portfolio managers to understand the reasons causing irrationality in the markets. This paper uses the theory of behavioural finance to examine the factors influencing investment decisions of individual investors. From the extensive literature review, it was found that there is no single factor which influences the investment decisions of an individual. Moreover factors influencing investment decision varies from time to time, place to place, person to person, securities to securities etc. It was suggested that the policy makers of investment avenues must consider all the variables and its impact on the investors investment decisions while introducing any investment avenues to the market.
SME Manufacturing Credit Risk Model Forecast Correctness and Result of ModelIOSR Journals
Thai SMEs employ about 69 percent of the total population. However, SMEs structure of short term financial characteristics as they depend mostly on short term loan. Thus, we have to be aware of financial distress of SMEs. This study utilizes a Logit analysis model to examine financial ratio of 385 SMEs financial statements. The result showed that those of 37 financially distressed and 348 non-financially distressed enterprises. This study conducted with 2 research questions which are (1) Are there significant differences in liquidity, leverage and profitability ratios of financially distressed and non-financially distressed Thai SMEs. (2) Is Logit model is a good model for measuring liquidity, profitability, and financial leverage classifies Thai financially distressed. The study has examined empirical evidence from Thailand manufacturing industries to identify differences between financial profiles of financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs. It then developed and tested the Logit analysis model for predicting SMEs financially distress. The first hypothesis is supported, which showed that there are statistically significant differences between financial ratios of financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs in Thailand. The second hypothesis showed that the predictable of financial ratios in the Logit analysis model enables classifying Thai financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs more accurately than a possible occasional classification. Finally, this study could help policy-makers, SMEs owners and business consultants to determine strategies in order to develop Thai SMEs manufacturing Industry sustainably. Moreover, the Logit model of this study could be applied in other industries in order to expand the growth of Thailand industries.
Strategic Cost and Activating Competitive Advantageijtsrd
This study aimed to identify the Role of Strategic Costs (SCs) in Activating Competitive Advantage (Field Study in the Paints Companies - Khartoum State). The study tested two hypotheses which are: There is a significant relation between (SCs) and the Activating of the Competitive Advantage in the Sudanese Paints Companies in Khartoum State, there is a significant relation between (SCs) and the reduction of production costs in the Sudanese Paints Companies in Khartoum State. Researchers distributed (40) questionnaire forms among some of the workers in the field selected randomly (33) Forms were collected as 83%. Statistical package of social sciences programmer (SPSS) used for analyzing data. The study reached some findings from which: the strategic costs contribute in reducing costs during the products design stage, the companies has awareness in analyzing the competitive advantage situation to the competitors costs structure, the paints companies in Khartoum work to improve its operations and products continuously to decrease costs, Some of the study recommended to: there is necessity in applying the strategic cost methods together to activate the competitive advantage continuously , to do more studies in all the Sudanese industrial companies to the benefit of adopting the strategic cost in decreasing costs and to support the competitive advantage. Dr. Abubkr Ahmed Elhadi Abdelraheem | Dr. Badreldin Elhadi Ahmed Serajeldin | Aldouma Abdallah Abdalrahman Jedo"Strategic Cost and Activating Competitive Advantage" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd147.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/147/strategic-cost-and-activating-competitive-advantage/dr-abubkr-ahmed-elhadi-abdelraheem
Purchase Decision Analysis Marketing Mix (Case Study Mandiri E-Cash Transacti...inventionjournals
PT. Bank Mandiri experiencing some problems that the level of use of Mandiri e-Cash Registered and Unregistered who have too big difference. The problems are caused by factors of product, price, promotion, distribution channels in the decision Mandiri e-Cash. This study aims to determine the effect of marketing mix on purchase decisions in Mandiri e-Cash Transaction Banking Retail Group. The study used quantitative methods using a type of survey, data collection methods with questionnaires. The population in this study are all users of Mandirie-Cash both Registered and Unregistered much as 302.435 which consists of the Mandiri e-Cash Registered and Unregistered 36.462 and 265.973 number. Probability sampling technique with Slovin formula obtained a sample of 399.39 or 400 respondents. Data were analyzed using SEM (The Structural Equation Model). The results showed that the products and distribution channels are not significantly influence the purchasing decision. Prices and promotions influence on purchase decisions Mandiri e-Cash.
Impact of Strategic Cost Analysis on Accounting Informationijtsrd
This study handles impact of strategic cost analysis on accounting information (field study on engineering industries Companies - Khartoum State), the study aimed to understand the concept of strategic cost analysis and the concept and characteristics of accounting information. The study test one hypothesis following: There is a statistically significant relationship between the application of strategic costs analysis and accounting information and hypothesis is achieved. The study reached some findings from which: strategic cost analysis contributes to the provision of appropriate information for decision making, Strategic cost analysis contributes to reducing the costs of different activities, strategic cost analysis contributes to providing information about activities that do not add value to the product, the study recommended following: care should be taken to apply the types of strategic cost analysis to obtain product information at all stages, must be applied the types of strategic cost analysis with modern cost methods to reduce the total cost of production. Dr. Abubkr Ahmed Elhadi Abdelraheem | Dr. Badreldin Elhadi Ahmed Serajeldin | Aldouma Abdallah Abdalrahman Jedo"Impact of Strategic Cost Analysis on Accounting Information" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd146.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/146/impact-of-strategic-cost-analysis-on-accounting-information/dr-abubkr-ahmed-elhadi-abdelraheem
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Factors Affecting On Customer Retention: A Case Study of Cellular Industry of...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of price perception, customer satisfaction, brand image, switching barriers (switching cost, interpersonal relationship and attractiveness of alternative) and trust towards the Customer retention in the cellular industry of Pakistan. This study adds many other supporting materials especially for the literature review; a model is used by this study to find the effect of the factors on customer retention. The data was collected from the customers in Lahore who are subscribers one of the cellular company (Mobilink, U-Fone, Telenor, Warid, and Zong) of Pakistan. The data is analyzed with the help of the multiple regression analysis. Out of seven variables tested it is found that switching barriers (interpersonal relationship and switching cost), brand image, price perception, trust and customer satisfaction have the effect on customer retention. However, customer satisfaction has little to do to increase the customer retention. This study also provides evidence that the higher switching barrier of attractiveness of the alternative lower will be the customer retention. This current study has its own limitation since this research is only conducted in Lahore area. Therefore the finding of the study is unable to be generalized for the whole population of mobile users in Pakistan as the sample size is measured small. The findings can help the service providers to find the effect of customer satisfaction, price perception, trust, brand image and switching barriers towards the customer retention.
Effects of Supply Chain Management Practices On The Performance Of Banks In K...Editor IJCATR
The paper examines the adoption of the Supply Chain Management practices on the performance
of Banks in Kenya. This research conceptualizes and develops four dimensions of SCM practice
(outsourcing of goods & services, information & communication technology, strategic supplier
partnership, and globalization) and tests the relationships between SCM practices, and
organizational performance. The study employed descriptive design. Data for the study was
collected using a self-administered questionnaire procedure, where the questionnaires were
administered to the selected respondents through drop and pick later technique. A sample size of
33 respondents was drawn from the sample frame using simple stratified random sampling
technique to promote the needs for efficiency and representativeness from various branches and
outlets of Postbank as an organization in Nairobi County and the relationships proposed in the
framework was tested using Chi-square, T-test among other statistical tools. Data was analyzed
by aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study will be useful in the academic
circles as it will contribute immensely towards filling the gaps in knowledge in the area of service
industry. The study found that outsourcing was important to the banks only when the appropriate
methods are employed. It also found that ICT had a major role in determining the performance of
banks as it dictated the mode of transaction and data they displayed to clients. Strategic
partnership was also important based on what it intended to achieve in enhancing the performance
of banks. Lastly, globalization is equally vital as it increases competition and exposes local banks
to global scene to experience how performance of banks can be improved. The study recommends
that correct ICT methods should be applied to promote the competitiveness of banks and improve
performance. Also it recommends that outsourcing be done only if they promote the objectives and
goals of the banking institute.
Effects of Supply Chain Management Practices On The Performance Of Banks In K...Editor IJCATR
The paper examines the adoption of the Supply Chain Management practices on the performance
of Banks in Kenya. This research conceptualizes and develops four dimensions of SCM practice
(outsourcing of goods & services, information & communication technology, strategic supplier
partnership, and globalization) and tests the relationships between SCM practices, and
organizational performance. The study employed descriptive design. Data for the study was
collected using a self-administered questionnaire procedure, where the questionnaires were
administered to the selected respondents through drop and pick later technique. A sample size of
33 respondents was drawn from the sample frame using simple stratified random sampling
technique to promote the needs for efficiency and representativeness from various branches and
outlets of Postbank as an organization in Nairobi County and the relationships proposed in the
framework was tested using Chi-square, T-test among other statistical tools. Data was analyzed
by aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study will be useful in the academic
circles as it will contribute immensely towards filling the gaps in knowledge in the area of service
industry. The study found that outsourcing was important to the banks only when the appropriate
methods are employed. It also found that ICT had a major role in determining the performance of
banks as it dictated the mode of transaction and data they displayed to clients. Strategic
partnership was also important based on what it intended to achieve in enhancing the performance
of banks. Lastly, globalization is equally vital as it increases competition and exposes local banks
to global scene to experience how performance of banks can be improved. The study recommends
that correct ICT methods should be applied to promote the competitiveness of banks and improve
performance. Also it recommends that outsourcing be done only if they promote the objectives and
goals of the banking institute.
Factors that Influence the Supplier Selection of Manufacturing BusinessesQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The objective of this study is to find out the factors that influence businesses in manufacturing industry while selecting suppliers. The data used in the study were obtained from 80 small and medium sized enterprises in Samsun organized industrial site and small industrial areas by using face-to-face questionnaire method. KMO and Barlett’s test were used to find out whether the data set used in the study was suitable for factor analysis. According to the results, KMO and Barlett’s test results (0.761) show that the sample size is sufficient for factor analysis. Factor analysis gave a 4 factor structure that explained 84.48% of the total variance. The names of these factors and their rates of explaining the total variance were quality 33.08%, delivery 20.29%, price 18.72% and criteria about the supplier 12.39%, respectively. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients of these four factors and their sub-components were 0.978, 0.967, 0.920 and 0.602, respectively. As a conclusion, it was found that the businesses in manufacturing industry placed great importance on the quality and delivery of the product provided by the supplier. In addition, manufacturing businesses aim to supply quality products from the supplier with the lowest cost within the same period of time in accordance with their objectives.
Selection of Supplier by Using Saw and Vikor MethodsIJERA Editor
Now a days, Lean manufacturing becomes a key strategy for global competition. In this environment the most important process is the efficient selection of suppliers. In any organization various criteria such as quality, cost, location etc are used for the selection of supplier which plays a vital role in the industry. In the present work multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are used such as SAW method and VIKOR method. It is used to select the best supplier for implementing the spring manufacturing industry. Choice of the efficient supplier could be a complicated and is a complex problem and this draw back associate degreed a key success for an organization. In this paper linguistic fuzzy data is used to search out the ratings and weights and also the introduced methodologies employed to pick the efficient supplier
Factors Affecting On Customer Retention: A Case Study of Cellular Industry o...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of price perception, customer satisfaction, brand image, switching barriers (switching cost, interpersonal relationship and attractiveness of alternative) and trust towards the Customer retention in the cellular industry of Pakistan. This study adds many other supporting materials especially for the literature review; a model is used by this study to find the effect of the factors on customer retention. The data was collected from the customers in Lahore who are subscribers one of the cellular company (Mobilink, U-Fone, Telenor, Warid, and Zong) of Pakistan. The data is analyzed with the help of the multiple regression analysis. Out of seven variables tested it is found that switching barriers (interpersonal relationship and switching cost), brand image, price perception, trust and customer satisfaction have the effect on customer retention. However, customer satisfaction has little to do to increase the customer retention. This study also provides evidence that the higher switching barrier of attractiveness of the alternative lower will be the customer retention. This current study has its own limitation since this research is only conducted in Lahore area. Therefore the finding of the study is unable to be generalized for the whole population of mobile users in Pakistan as the sample size is measured small. The findings can help the service providers to find the effect of customer satisfaction, price perception, trust, brand image and switching barriers towards the customer retention.
Keywords: customer satisfaction, brand image, price perception, trust, switching barriers, customer retention.
CONCEPTUALTHEORETICAL PAPERCustomer engagement in serviceAlleneMcclendon878
CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL PAPER
Customer engagement in service
V. Kumar1,2,3,4 & Bharath Rajan1 & Shaphali Gupta1,5 & Ilaria Dalla Pozza6
Received: 1 February 2017 /Accepted: 20 September 2017 /Published online: 7 October 2017
# Academy of Marketing Science 2017
Abstract We develop a framework to facilitate customer en-
gagement in service (CES) based on the service-dominant (S-
D) logic. A novel feature of this framework is its applicability
and relevance for firms operating both in developed and emerg-
ing markets. First, we conduct a qualitative study involving
service managers from multinational companies (MNCs)
across the developed and emerging markets to understand the
practitioner viewpoints. By integrating the insights from the
interviews and the relevant academic literature, this framework
explores how interaction orientation and omnichannel model
can be used to create positive service experience. We also iden-
tify the factors that moderate the service experience, and
categorize them as follows: offering-related, value-related, en-
abler-related, and market-related. Further, we also propose that
perceived variation in service experience moderates the influ-
ence of service experience on satisfaction and emotional attach-
ment, which ultimately impacts customer engagement (CE).
From these factors, we advance research propositions that dis-
cuss the creation of positive service experience. One of the
study’s key contributions is that MNCs can focus their attention
on the moderators to ensure consistency in positive service
experience, in an effort to enhance CE.
Keywords Service experience . Customer engagement .
Developed markets . Emerging markets . Service-dominant
logic
Introduction
The emergence of service activities globally can be observed
at the firm level through the concept of customer engagement
(CE). In such an environment, engaging with customers has
been recognized as a viable way for enhancing brand and firm
performance (Gartner 2014). For instance, Gallup research
found that on a per-trip basis, Bfully engaged^ customers in
the consumer electronics industry spent $373, compared to
$289 by the Bactively disengaged^ customers (Sorenson and
Adkins 2014). With financial performance at stake, service
firms would, therefore, be more inclined to engage with their
customers.
Research studies have identified CE as a key success factor
for firms (Kumar and Pansari 2016; Verhoef et al. 2010). In
this regard, value contribution from customers to the firms
extends beyond just purchases transactions to also include
non-purchase related customer behaviors (Kumar and
Reinartz 2016). All these ways of customer value contribution
Satish Jayachandran served as Area Editor for this article.
* V. Kumar
[email protected]
Bharath Rajan
[email protected]
Shaphali Gupta
[email protected]
Ilaria Dalla Pozza
[email protected]
1 Center for Excellence in Brand & Customer Management, J. Mack
Robinson College of Business, Georgia State Univ ...
The study of the effects of the pricing policies on an organizations profit: ...EECJOURNAL
The main purpose of this research is to examine the influence of pricing policies on organizations’ profit. The researcher applied a quantitative method to analyze the data in this study, the researcher prepared questionnaire and distributed in the different organizations located in Erbil. The survey was divided into two sections; the first section was demographic analysis which started with respondent’s age, gender, and level of education. The second section of survey consisted of 32 questions concerning pricing policies and its impact on organization profit. 89 participants were involved in the current study; however the researcher used SPSS software in order to analyze the gathered data. Moreover, the researcher aimed to develop the main research hypothesis which stated that there is a positive and significant impact of pricing policies on organization profit. The result of a simple regression analysis demonstrates that the value B for pricing policy is .712 which is greater than .0001 this proves that the main research hypothesis is supported which stated that the there is a positive and significant impact of pricing policy on organization profit.
Strengthening Supply Chains for a Sustainable Housing Sector in Nepal : Facto...ijmvsc
EU’s main approach to sustainable housing is promoting green practices/products within the building
construction sectors SCs. EU Switch Asia program financed research conducted in Nepal, 2015, to
understand the organization of SCs, identify factors/barriers affecting SCM and existing relationships, the
reasons to adopt green concepts/approaches and recommend support for SMEs to strengthen the sector’s
management and sustainability. 109 companies, non-probabilistic snowball sampling and semi-closed
questionnaires used in the survey. Conclusions: Companies create SCs to increase customer satisfaction,
maintain long-term sales and retain clients. Size of company influences SCs organisation, SCM and
using/producing green products/services; majority of participants had a person in the company to manage
SC’s and had very good knowledge of SC, SCM and greening issues. SMEs need support with:
information/communication technology, promotion and improvement/development of green
products/services. Government should: increases awareness of green building products/services; develop
financial green incentives and simplify administrative procedures to buy solar products.
Similar to Effect of pricing strategies on customer retention among small scale metal mechanics and fabrication: A case study of Mwanza City-Tanzania (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 19
(2009) furnishes writing audit on retailer evaluating with an
attention on the cooperation between estimating systems
and serious impacts in Europe. Gauri et al., (2010) took a
gander at the structure of on the web and disconnected retail
estimating in the created world. There are yet different
analysts who have concentrated on the idea of estimating
technique in the western world (Jung, (2014); Ellickson et
al., 2008).
As indicated by Kotler and Armstrong (2017), price is one
of the elements of market mix (4Ps) which accounts for that
20% client's maintenance. Evaluating procedure add to
clients maintenance or absconding, the issue of valuing
systems corresponding to client maintenance apply to all
organizations whether it is in a created nations or
agricultural nations such Tanzania, but the degree of use
change starting with one country then onto the next country
or from one industry to another just as monetary conditions,
so the kind of estimating methodologies utilized by
association mirror the uniqueness of the economy where it
is working.
In overall, there are three types of pricing strategies used to
improve business economic conditions: value-based pricing
strategies, competition-based pricing strategies, and cost-
based pricing strategies (Nagle and Holden 2003; Kotler et
al 2006). In any case, even a little value change can cause
an enormous response of purchasers. For that reason it is
important for an organization to decide the value technique
that the organization will utilize and keep up with all
through the business life cycle.Al-Salamin and Al-Hassan
(2016) underlined that setting cost for an item or
administration is one of the enormous test in light of the fact
that there are numerous factors not set in stone. The worth
capacity of the cost can be additionally trouble to gauge
without the broad examination thus a great deal of
exorbitant missteps are made numerous business
organizations.
In spite of the importance that price has on determining
performance of businesses, this marketing mix element has
not received due attention from academics and marketing
professionals. Most of the focus has been placed on the
development of new products, distribution channels and
communication strategies. As a result according to Lancioni
(2005), this has led to setting pricing decisions without
adequate evaluating market and associated cost factors in a
given industry. One aspect in the market that is given little
attention, is the effect of pricing strategies on customers’
retention in small scale industries such as metal mechanics
and fabricators who are responsible for setting their price
and their survival in the market is dependent upon
continuous patronage of few customers.
Pricing goods or services or goods and associated is
regarded as the most basic strategy in marketing, and as a
result, many businesses base their prices on intuition and the
manager's market experience (Simon,1992) and little
strategic thought is made when administrating their prices
in order to create favorable conditions that lead to profits
(Nagle & Holden,2003). In view of these deficiencies,
Liozu and Hinterhuber (2012) suggested that there is need
for more research regarding the pricing preferences and
practices because, according to the authors, less than 2% of
all published articles in marketing journals are focused on
pricing. An example of studies conducted concerning
pricing strategies include that Liozuetal (2011) which was
carried out in America whereby 15 small and Medium
America companies interviewed 44 of their Managers to
address the main three pricing strategies basically on
Customer value based pricing strategy( 4 companies),Cost
based pricing strategy 6 companies and competition pricing
strategy on (5 companies).The result showed that majority
of the companies based their prices on cost bases in which
they all used contribution and profit margin for setting their
prices.
On the other hand, Ndyamukama and Machibya (2015)
studied the influence of pricing strategies on customers’
retention but only looked at the relationship from
employees’ perspective. The study found that the various
pricing strategies employed by Airtel, Kenya highly
affected the rate of customer retention. Early study by
Hinterhuber (2008) found that a company’s rate of customer
retention is highly affected by pricing. The study highlights
that the pricing strategies to be used differ depending on the
industry, country of operation, available clients and as well
as the way companies offer the value of their products and
services.
In general, most of the research conducted in both
developed and developing countries mentioned above
aimed to focus on service satisfaction and quality; however,
behaviors influencing customers' willingness to buy were
not assessed or addressed. In addition, there is under study
concerning the link pricing strategies with customers’
retention in Tanzania. Thus, the present study intends to
investigate the effect of three pricing strategies on
customers’ retention in Tanzanian context with particular
reference to small scale metallic mechanic and metal
fabricator in Mwanza city. Small scale metal mechanics
industry is one of the fast growing sector in Mwanza city
,they are involved in the fabrication of metal and Aluminum
into products such as security guards, doors windows, home
gates as stipulated by the clients. That is the study examined
3. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 20
pricing strategies according to categorization by Nagle and
Holden (2003) namely value-based, competition-based and
cost-based pricing strategies and their effect on customers’
retention.
II. LITERATURE
2.1 Pricing Strategies
As specified earlier, Nagle and Holden (2003) classified
pricing strategies into three categories namely value-based,
competition-based and cost based pricing models, in which
for the purpose of this study, the researcher examined the
effect of the mentioned pricing models on customer
retention.
2.1.1 Customer value-based pricing strategy
Value based can be defined as the offer of benefits of equal
or superior value to the sacrifices incurred by the purchaser
for a product and/or service. Inside the potential penances,
there is the monetary penance, which is made an
interpretation of by the cost to be charged to or really paid
by the purchaser (Juran& De Feo, 2010;Porter, 1986;
Zeithaml, 1988). Also, the course of significant worth
settlement incorporates the change of the outcomes from the
authoritative methodology on programs expected to
extricate and convey worth to the organization's clients.
Furthermore, it recognizes the advantages and expenses (or
forfeits) of items and encounters coming about because of
the connection between the clients and the association. The
predominant worth proposition addresses as a proposal for
the clients which builds the worth or takes care of an issue
in a superior manner contrasted with those presented by
comparative contenders (Payne &Frow, 2014).
2.1.2 Competition-based pricing strategy
Competition-based pricing uses as key data the contenders'
value levels, just as conduct assumptions, seen in genuine
contenders as well as likely essential sources to decide
sufficient evaluating levels to be polished by the
organization (Liozu&Hinterhuber, 2012). The principle
benefit of this methodology is thinking about the real
evaluating circumstance of the contenders, yet its
fundamental burden is that the interest related angles for the
item are not thought of. Besides, a solid cutthroat
concentration among the contenders can expand the danger
of beginning a value battle among rivals on the lookout
(Kane, 2007).
2.1.3 Cost-based pricing Strategy
Cost-based pricing is the most simple also, well known
technique at setting costs for some actual products where is
not difficult to assess the expense. By and large, it is the
most normal estimating methodology since it conveys a
feeling of monetary perspective (Simonet al., 2008). The
expense based valuing includes including an overall
revenue costs, for example, adding a standard rate
commitment edge to the items and administrations. To
begin with, the business level not set in stone, and afterward
the unit and all out costs are determined, trailed by actually
looking at the organization's benefit destinations lastly
setting up the costs. Along these lines, for the experts
engaged with this interaction, it is important to show to
clients enough worth on items and popularized
administrations to legitimize the costs charged by the
organization (Urdan, 2005).
2.2 Customer Retention Concept
Customer retention is a strategy whose goal is to keep a
client and to hold them to the extent that this would be
possible. It expects to keep client from abandoning to
elective brands or organization. Most supervisors realize
that it costs less to keep a current client than securing new
ones so client maintenance make incredible financial
sense(Cook 2002). In particular, Cook (2002) demonstrated
on normal it is assessed to cost fivefold the amount of to
draw in another client as it does to keep on old one.
Thusly, to keep beneficial clients bodes well the way to
client connection is furnishing unrivaled client worth and
fulfillment in light of this many organization will keep their
clients fulfilled (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001), This is on the
grounds that building long haul relationship is more
productive on the grounds that the expense of happening
new clients can used to better steadfast client will more
often than not spend more and cost less to serve fulfilled
client than securing new ones. Kotler and Armstrong,
(2001) further contended that despite the fact that the ideal
blend of promoting programs is novel to every plan of
action, client maintenance is regularly simpler and less
expensive than client securing, particularly in stable
business sectors with low development rates.
In the past many organizations underestimated their clients
as they were no elective wellspring of providers or all
providers were similarly insufficient in help or the market
was developing entirely quick, to the point that the
organization didn't stress over fulfillment of its clients.
Today thing have unmistakably changed and with hyper-
serious climate, clients these days are value touchy, more
requesting less lenient yet are drawn closer by more
contenders with equivalent or better offers. As indicated by
Kotler and Armstrong (2014) the accentuation is presently
on holding and building client fulfillments, Furthermore,
According Kotler (2000) there are two different ways to
fortify client maintenance one is to raise high exchanging
boundaries client are less including to change to another
provider when this would include high capital expense high
4. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 21
inquiry cost or less of faithful client limits. The better
methodology is to convey high consumer loyalty this makes
it harder for contenders to defeat exchanging boundaries by
just contribution lower costs exchanging businesses. It is a
significant contributing component in the net development
pace of independent ventures.
2.3 Theoretical framework
This study adopted the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
to guide the study as customers have a tendency of
reasoning the price of products based on different
perspective including value or price charged by different
firms and opt for the lowest price. Hence, entrepreneurs
such as metal mechanics and fabricators needs to have the
ability to filter their customers’ price preferences through
reasoning and take actions through deploying appropriate
pricing strategies.
2.3.1 Theory of Reasoned action
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) is a well-established
hypothesis created in the last part of the 1950s by Martin
Fishbein. Development of TRA by Fishbein and Ajzen
happened all through the 1960s and 1970s and has
establishment in friendly brain science with respect to
shopper conduct (Njite&Parsa, 2005).The Theory of
Reasoned Action (TRA) proposes that an individual's
conduct is dictated by their goal to play out the conduct and
that this goal is, thus, a component of their mentality toward
the conduct and abstract standards (Fishbein and Ajzen,
1975). The best indicator of conduct is aim or
instrumentality (conviction that the conduct will prompt the
planned result). Instrumentality is dictated by three things:
their mentality toward the particular conduct, their
emotional standards, and their apparent social control. The
more ideal the mentality and the emotional standards and
the more noteworthy the apparent control, the more
grounded the individual's goal to per. The goal to
acknowledge or dismiss a specific innovation depends on a
progression of tradeoffs between the apparent advantages of
the framework to the client and the intricacy of learning or
utilizing the framework. This peculiarity can be sensibly
clarified by utilizing the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
(Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). The
TRA suggests that conduct results from the development of
explicit goals to act (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen and
Fishbein, 1980).
As per the TRA model, two main considerations decide
social expectations in particular: the individual's insight
toward the conduct, and emotional standards. Disposition
toward the conduct alludes to the individual's judgment at a
specific cost of a specific item that playing out the conduct
is fortunate or unfortunate. The emotional standards mirror
the individual's view of prevalent difficulties put on him/her
to perform or not to play out the conduct being referred to.
As per the hypothesis, perspectives are a component of
convictions. As a rule, an individual who accepts that
playing out a given conduct will prompt positive results
which hold a great disposition toward playing out the
conduct. Likewise, an individual who accepts that playing
out a given conduct will prompt structure the conduct.
The hypothesis had various components which clarify the
mentalities and conduct of a person. The main component
in the hypothesis is the ID and estimation of interest in the
conduct (Ajzen&Fishbein, 1980). Recognize the
wellsprings of purchaser buy choice and how much those
sources impact the buy choice. As per this hypothesis, a
singular's motivation to settle on a choice is an immediate
determinant of the choice (Ajzen&Fishbein, 1980). The
second component of the hypothesis is the comprehension
of a singular's activities and requires a comprehension of
two determinants, the individual and social impacts
(Ajzen&Fishbein, 1980). The apparent worth of any
evaluating procedure is something individual in light of the
fact that each individual places a specific worth on the cost.
Understanding the evaluative standard a singular uses in
buying an item is one angle the hypothesis of contemplated
activity can address (Ajzen&Fishbein, 1980; Njite&Parsa,
2005). Shoppers, overall have more noteworthy
affectability to value changes than changes in other item or
administration components and accordingly cost is
supposed to be a significant determinant of buyer buy
choice which prompts maintenance. Valuing data adds to a
customer's comprehension of the item or administration
introduced and the shopper can settle on an educated choice
dependent on that agreement. The review utilized this
hypothesis to clarify what evaluating methodology means
for purchaser buying choice.
The significant strength of this hypothesis, as clarified by
Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), is the way that it very well may
be utilized to estimate, explain, and influence individuals'
activities since it centers on anticipating and understanding
a singular's activity. This hypothesis was valuable in this
review since it assisted with getting what drives customer
buy choice. It was additionally helpful in deciding the extent
to which evaluating techniques could influence buyer buy
choice and that would make them rehash the buys or not.
2.4 Empirical literature review
Numerous studies have been conducted in and outside
Tanzania concerning the pricing strategies and its
relationship to customer retention. For instance, Dawes
(2009) did an examination about the effect of real cost
increments on client maintenance in an assistance setting in
5. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 22
Pakistan and how the impact of a cost increment is directed
by both residency and broadness of the client's relationship.
The investigation discovered that residency of rental
lodging was related with brought client affectability down
to cost increments just as having an ideal direct impact on
client standards for dependability. It likewise showed that
advertisers should give additional consideration to short-
residency and expansive expansiveness clients when
executing cost expands slight expansion in rental costs in
short-residency lessens client maintenance.
Polo, Sese and Verhoef (2011) led a review to examine the
drivers of client maintenance in a changing business sector.
Utilizing longitudinal information for an example of 650
cell phone buyers and a split-populace danger model that
records for the idea that a few clients who are never in
danger of surrender, the creators showed that both the
central company's (officeholder) and the contenders' cost
and mass promoting apply a huge impact on the likelihood
of ending a current occupant relationship. The scientists
further observed that the connections between promoting
factors particularly valuing techniques utilized and
maintenance were not static but rather fluctuate after some
time. Cost was by and large less viable in holding clients in
the beginning phases of market advancement, which
recommends that clients turned out to be more value
delicate in later phases of item lifecycle.
Ebodey (2012) conveyed a review in telecom industry
among different versatile media transmission organizations
(MTN Sudan, Sudatel and Zain Sudan (Mobitel)) in Sudan
to decide factors affecting client maintenance. The
exploration utilized quantitative system and overviewed
443 college understudies utilizing a self-controlled survey.
The autonomous factors comprising of estimating
techniques to be specific: serious valuing, multi-
dimensional evaluating methodology, level rate evaluating
and time based valuing procedures just as seen exchanging
hindrances and firms' notorieties while the reliant variable
was client maintenance. The information was dissected
utilizing graphic and inferential insights. The review
uncovered organizations like in most emerging nations have
not done a lot to further develop client maintenance
techniques in their method of administration conveyance. In
any case, the review showed that three elements impacted
client maintenance were arranged by significance: on value
insights, seen exchanging boundaries and firms' notorieties.
Minimal expense initiative and low cost regular valuing
procedures were the two principle evaluating
methodologies that lead to relative better client maintenance
in Zain Sudan (Moitel).
Ndyamukama&Machibya (2015) led a review in Kenya
telecom industry concerning Airtel. The point was to find in
case there was connection be tween’s estimating procedures
and client maintenance. The review overviewed an example
of 20 of representatives that work for Airtel (T) Ltd who
were associated with the day by day running of the
organization and had an immediate touch with the clients. It
utilized survey and investigated information utilizing
illustrative measurements of free factors comprising of
valuing techniques specifically: serious evaluating, multi-
dimensional estimating procedure, level rate evaluating,
volume based valuing, time based estimating, quality
valuing and premium valuing methodologies. The reliant
variable was client maintenance. The investigation
discovered that there is a positive relationship be tween’s
valuing methodologies and client maintenance and
accordingly to hold whatever number clients as could
reasonably be expected, Airtel expected to think of better
estimating procedures that will draw in however many
clients as would be prudent.
Uma, Arif and Uma (2019), completed a review to research
the connection between evaluating systems and client
maintenance in chose organizations in Kurdistan. The
scientist utilized quantitative exploration approach and
overviewed 87 respondents (shoppers) utilizing survey. The
discoveries uncovered that there is a positive and huge
connection between evaluating systems and client
maintenance in organizations in Kurdistan and market
entrance estimating is
2.5 Conceptual framework
The conceptual framework for this research which is as
presented in Figure 1 indicates the relationship between
independent and dependent variables and reflects the
proposed research objectives in this study. The independent
variables representing pricing strategies are, in particular,
cost plus based, perceived value based and competition
based pricing. The dependent variable, on the other hand, is
customer retention, which is measured in terms of repeat
purchases.Several studies in literature in various industries
except in metal mechanic have shown that pricing strategies
is one of many factors contributing to customer retention. In
more studies in various industries have demonstrated that
pricing strategies affect customers retention (Ebodey2012;
Ndyamukama&Machibya 2015; Dewes 2009; Polo, Sese
and Verhoef, 2011; Uma, Arif and Uma 2019). The
proposed study investigated whether various pricing
strategies have influenced customer retention in SMEs with
particular reference to those involved metal fabrication in
Mwanza city.
6. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 23
Fig.1: Conceptual Framework
Source: Researcher (2021)
III. METHODOLOGY
This study adopted a mixed study approach as the
examination had what and how sort of exploration
questions, the review took on a blended technique approach
that join both quantitative and qualitative examination
strategies to acquire a superior information and inside and
out comprehension of the review theme. This study targeted
metal mechanics and fabricators located at satellite
industrial sites of Nyakato, Igoma, Buswelu,
MeccoNyasaka, and Pasiansi in Ilemela district and
Mkuyuni, Buhongwa, Mkolani and City Centre metal works
in Nyamagana district. Stratified random sampling was used
to select metal work fabricators from the selected
homogenous subsets and purposive sampling techniques
was utilized for obtaining seven participants for face-to-
face personal interview. Quantitative data collected through
questionnaire was analyzed using Statistical Package for
Social Science (SPSS version 23.0) in which multiple
regression analysis was derived. On the other hand,
qualitative data collected through interview was analyzed
using thematic analysis with the aid of Nvivo qualitative
software which essentially grouped information in terms of
themes, meanings and pattern from data.
3.1 Demographic profile
In this study, majority of respondents (29.8% of 228) were
aged between 26-35 followed by those aged between 36 and
45, aged between 20-25, aged between 46-55 and the least
aged above 55 (See Table 1). More than third quarter
(86.4% of 228) of respondents were male and the rest were
female. Furthermore, nearly half of respondents (44.7% of
228) hold certificate level of education followed by the ones
holding diploma, secondary certificates and bachelor degree
(See table 1 for further inspection).
Table 1: Demographic profile (n=228)
Variable Sub variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Age(years) 20-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
Above 55
54
68
57
31
18
23.7
29.8
25
13.6
7.9
Gender Male
Female
197
31
86.4
13.6
Education level Secondary 47 20.6
7. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 24
Certificate
Diploma
Bachelor degree
102
59
20
44.7
25.9
8.8
Source: Research 2021
IV. RESULTS
This part present the discoveries based on the study’s
objectives including the effect of value-based pricing
strategy on customer retention, the effect of competition
based pricing strategy on customer retention and the effect
of cost based pricing strategy on customer retention among
small scale metal mechanics and fabricators in Mwanza
City.
4.1 Effects of value-based pricing strategy on customer
retention among small scalemetal mechanics and
fabricators in Mwanza city
Linear regression analysis results indicated that value-based
pricing strategy have positive significant influence on
customer retention with the total average of 0.7495 which is
acceptable. This implies that value-based pricing strategy
contributes to customers’ re-purchase intentions, hence in
order to retain customers, metal mechanics and fabricators
should consider using value based pricing strategy (See
Table 2). Multicollinearity test results indicated that the
model does not suffer from multicollinearity as VIF is
ranging between 1.55-1.88 (See Table
Table 2: Multiple regression results
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
T Sig. Collinearity
Statistics
B Std.
Error
Beta Toleranc
e
VIF
1 (Constant) .760 .184 4.135 .000
Value-based
pricing
.402 .061 .374 6.571 .000 .645 1.55
1
Competition-
based pricing
.130 .060 .135 2.157 .032 .531 1.88
2
Cost-based
pricing
.276 .050 .345 5.528 .000 .537 1.86
1
The quantitative findings obtained through questionnaire
and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple
regression analysis are in line with qualitative findings
through interview. This is because the interviewees have
revealed that value based pricing strategy matters in
influencing customers’ repeat purchases however the
quality of products should be high and unique. For instance,
one interviewee said that:
“Value-based pricing is good especially for customers
who desire high quality or unique products, nowadays
people are motivated to use quality metal products in
their construction sites and hence it is important to meet
the desired quality of products in order to use value-
based pricing. This pricing if done appropriately, our
firm can attain customer retention”
The findings of the current study obtained through
questionnaire and interview concur with the findings from
other studies. For instanceLiozu (2013) revealed that value-
based pricing strategy is a more modern pricing approach
whereby if a firm achieve to meet expectation of customers
can achieve both customer retention and maximize profit.
Also consistent with the findings of Ingenbleek, et al (2003)
that perceived value-based pricing has enormous
contribution to customer repeat purchases and development
of business as a whole. Furthermore, these authors
demonstrated that the usage of value-based pricing is a key
pricing practice for obtaining larger returns and for creating
some kind of comparative advantage for the companies’
offers.
8. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 25
4.2 Effects of competition-based pricing strategy on
customer retention among small-scale metal mechanics
and fabricator in Mwanza city
Additionally, various relapse investigation results showed
that opposition based valuing methodology have positive
critical effect on client maintenance (See Table 2). This
infers that the utilization of rivalry based valuing
methodology by metal mechanics and fabricators have
shown positive outcomes, the business people can win client
maintenance. These discoveries are in accordance with talk
with discoveries which additionally uncovered that
opposition based estimating system is for the most part
utilized by metal mechanics and fabricators in valuing their
items and has tremendous commitment to clients' re-buy
expectations. To put a lot of accentuation on this, one
interviewee said that:
"Generally me and my associates at this firm notice the cost
charged by our rivals and charge lower costs as client
moving in metal mechanics and manufacture business is
normal, thusly we are extremely cognizant with regards to
cost charged by our rivals to win more clients and
guarantee rehash buys."
These discoveries agree with the discoveries from other past
investigations, for example Liozu&Hinterhuber, (2012)
called attention to that considering contenders' cost through
serious based estimating approach adds to consumer loyalty
and rehash buys, notwithstanding, its inconvenience is that
the interest related perspectives for the item are not thought
of. Predictable with the discoveries by Diamantopoulos,
(2005) that opposition based estimating system is extremely
valuable for merchants who wish to amplify the volume of
deals because of client rehash buys, this can urge even the
contenders to bring down their costs. Nonetheless, a few
scientists, for example, Ingenbleeketal.(2010)and Simon et
al., (2008) tested that opposition based estimating may
result to discounted net revenues and value war when the
contenders likewise respond and bring down their costs.
Nagle &Holden, (2003) added that utilizing rivalry based
valuing is exceptionally perilous as it is extremely difficult
for an organization to notice the creation costs caused by
their rivals or their overall revenues, so an organization
might bring about misfortune while its rivals create gain.
4.3 Effects of cost-based pricing strategy on customers’
retention among small scale metal mechanics and
fabricators in Mwanza city
Furthermore, multiple regression results also revealed that
cost-based pricing strategy have positive significant
influence on customer retention. This implies that the use of
cost-based pricing by metal mechanics and fabricators
contributes to customer retention and encourage re-
purchase intentions among customers (See Table 2).
The quantitative findings obtained through questionnaire
and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple
regression analysis concur with the qualitative findings
through interview which also revealed that cost-based
pricing strategy is also commonly used by metal mechanics
and fabricators and has enormous contribution to customer
retention. For instance, one interviewee said that:
Cost-based pricing strategy is very useful as our kind of
business involves production, therefore, the price we
incur in buying materials as well as other costs involved
determines the appropriate price to be charged for a
product. This pricing strategy highly ensures profit
making as a firm can hardly make loss and if applied
properly it brings about fair price which in turn leads to
customer retention.
The findings of the current study are consistent with the
findings of Urdan, (2005) that cost-based pricing
contributes to customer repeat purchases as it enables the
company to show to customers enough value on products
and commercialized services; this justify the prices charged
by the company and influence customer retention. In line
also with the findings of Milan et al, (2013) who revealed
that cost-based pricing approach contributes to customer
satisfaction and retention at the same time it encourages
companies to use better expenditure techniques as pricing is
based on cost focus. Similarly, Simonet al., (2008) pointed
out that cost-based pricing approach is very simple and
popular as carries a sense of financial point of view. Liozu
et al. (2011) added that most of companies are basing their
prices on costs-based model as it has enormous contribution
to the rise of profit margins and sustainable development of
an organization.
V. CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
This paper concludes that the use of value-based pricing,
competition-based pricing and cost-based pricing strategies
has enormous contribution on client maintenance among
limited scope metal mechanics and fabricators in Mwanza
City. Firstly it was seen that the limited scale mechanics
and fabricators utilizes these evaluating methodologies at
times relying upon the market circumstances. These market
circumstances incorporates Market data assembled
particularly in contest based estimating, costs associated
with creation like material, work, warehousing, hardware in
cost based evaluating and client needs and worth impression
of the item in value based valuing methodology. For
example, if their rival charges lower value they use rivalry
based evaluating, if cost settle they use esteem based or
cost-based, suggesting that there is no authority method of
9. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 26
embracing one static estimating system in value assurance
among limited scope metal mechanics and fabricators in
Mwanza City. Both estimating procedures are utilized as an
endurance instrument by the limited scale metal mechanics
and fabricators in Mwanza City since they do rely upon one
another directly; The esteem based valuing is mostly used
as the estimation of Product worth and it is more normal for
administration presented by the fabricators, Secondly the
cost based evaluating shows the measure of cash spend for
an item and how much the clients will pay for it over and
over, and contest put together evaluating is accomplished
depending with respect to the expense based evaluating
which might be charged relative relying upon your rivals.
Thirdly it has been found that value based pricing procedure
also has a positive effect on customer retention among
clients of small scale metal mechanics and fabricators. This
remarkable as clients will pay for goods when they match
the value they attach to them.In general competition based
pricing had greater influence on customer retention
followed by Value based and Cost plus pricing policy.
5.2 Recommendations
This paper proposes the following recommendations in
order to help small scale metal mechanics and fabricators
and other entrepreneurs realize the contribution of pricing
strategies such as value-based, competition-based and cost-
based pricing on customer retention.
(i) Small scale metal mechanics and fabricators
as well as other entrepreneurs should study
their customers’ perceptions on the value of
products they produce or sell and come out
with quality products that their customers are
willing to pay for. Also metal developers and
owners should share their strategies for
mitigating the risk of increasing prices of their
metals.
(ii) The Entrepreneurs including small scale
mechanics and fabricators should offer
products with unique features and highly
valuable in order to take advantage of the
value pricing model which is very profitable if
done in a right way. By doing so these small
scale mechanics will be in a position to
compete with larger metal operators and
companies as a result this will assure their
customers to maintain constant quality.
(iii) For improvement of competitive market
environment, entrepreneurs must maintained
the small scale metal mechanics and
fabricators should observe the price charged
by their competitors in order to take advantage
of the competition-based pricing strategy, this
can be done by paying close attention to past
fluctuations in competition demand. In small
scale business it is not wise to lower your price
in order to penetrate to the market the best way
is to observe first the whole value of the
commodity you are offering and finally you
look for your competitors ‘ pricing system.
Also for better performance achievement
Small scale mechanics should establish a set
of superior resources such as skills, abilities
and knowledge for effective improvement and
increase of customer’s repeat purchases.
(iv) To ensure the business is making profit, small
scale metal mechanics and fabricators should
first understand their consumer demand
within the market , review their costs and
finally should calculate well the cost incurred
in the production process and set reasonable
prices that support profit making.
(v) To improve Massive education programs such
as trainings and workshops should be
conducted to entrepreneurs like small scale
metal mechanics and fabricators in order to
help them determine price strategically using
value, competition and cost plus pricing
models rather than determining price
depending on the circumstances without a
specific pricing strategy in place.Also this
knowledge will help these small scale
Entrepreneurs to understand well which one is
a truly price strategy that will meet customers’
needs without affecting the whole product line
pricing.
5.3 Areas for further study
This study opens avenue for future researchers interested to
conduct further study related to pricing strategies and its
effect on customer retention. Firstly, similar study can be
conducted to other small scale entrepreneurs in other sectors
such as those dealing with food and butchery products,
farming and livestock keeping in order to create awareness
of small scale entrepreneurs on pricing strategies. In
addition, the same study can be conducted in another
geographical area incorporating customer satisfaction as an
intermediate variable on the effect of pricing strategies on
customer retention.
REFERENCES
[1] Ajzen, I.&Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and
predicting social behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall
10. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 27
[2] Al-Salamin, H., & Al-Hassan, E. (2016). The Impact of
Pricing on Consumer Buying Behavior in Saudi Arabia
:AlHassa Case Study European Journal of Business and
Management 8(12), 62-73.
[3] Armitage, C. J., & Christian, J. (2003).From attitudes to
behavior: Basic and applied research on the Theory of
Planned Behaviour. Current Psychology, 22(3), 187-195.
[4] Avlonitis G, Indounas, K A and Gounaris S P (2005),
Pricing objectives over the service life cycle: Some empirical
evidence, European Journal of Marketing, 39 (5/6) (2005),
pp. 696-714 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[5] Bartee, R. T., Grandjean, B. D., &Beiber, S. L. (2004).
Confirming the reliability of a theory based questionnaire.
American Journal of Health Studies, 19(3), 175-180
[6] Biswas, A., Pullig, C., Yagci, M. I. &Dwane, D. (2002).
Consumer evaluation of low price guarantees: the
moderating role of reference price and store image. Journal
of Consumer Psychology, 12(2), 107-118.
[7] Boulding, W. and A. Kirmani (1993), “A Consumer-Side
Experimental Examination of Signaling Theory: Do
Consumers Perceive Warranties as Signals of Quality?”,
Journal of Consumer Research, 20 (June), 111-23.
[8] Chandrashekaran, R. (2011). Focal and contextual
components of price history as determinants of expected
price.Journal of product & brand management, 20(5), 408-
419.
[9] Collis, J. & Hussey, R. (2009), Business Research: A
practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students,
3rd edition, New York, Palgrave Macmillan
[10] Cook, S. (2002). Customer Care Excellence: How to Create
an Effective CustomerFocus. Kogan Page Limited. London,
UK
[11] Dawes et al. 2006. ‘Building brands through brand alliance:
doesa second ally help?’ Marketing letters,15,2/3.147-159
[12] Dawes, J. (2009). The effects of service price increases on
customer retention: The moderating role of customer Tenure
and relationship breadth. Journal of Services Research: Vol,
11:232
[13] De Toni, D.; Mazzon, J.A. (2013) Testing a Theoretical
Model on the Perceived Value of a Product’s Price.Revista de
Adm.2013, 49, 549–565
[14] Diamantopoulos, A. (2005). Determinac¸ão de prec¸os. In: M.
Baker (org.), Administrac¸ão de marketing, Rio de Janeiro:
Elsevier.
[15] Diamantopoulos, A. (2005)In: M. Baker (org.),
Administração de marketing, Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Google
Scholar
[16] Dudu, O.F.; Agwu, E.A (2018). Review of the e_ect of
pricing strategy on the purchase of consumer goods. Int. J.
Res. Manag. Sci. Technol. 2018, 2, 88–102.
[17] Ebodey MMM (2012) factors influencing customer
retention: a study of usage of mobile phone in suda, PhD
Thesis, University Utara Malaysia
[18] Ellickson, P. B, &Misra, S. (2008). Supermarket pricing
strategies. MarketingScience 16(3), 811-828
[19] Fishbein, M. Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and
Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and
Research.Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley
[20] Gauri, D., Bhatnagar, A., &Raghav, R. (2010). Role of Word
of Mouth in Online Store Loyalty Comparing online store
ratings with other e-store loyalty factors. Communications of
the Acm. 51(3), 1-50.
[21] Hidalgo, P., Manzur, E., Olavarrieta, S. & Farias, P. (2008).
Customer retention and price matching: the AFPs case.
Journal of Business Research, 61(6), 691-696
[22] Hinterhuber A (2008), Customer value-based pricing
strategies: Why companies resistJournal of Business
Strategy, 29 (4) (2008), pp. 41-50. CrossRefView Record
inScopusGoogleScholar
[23] Ingenbleek, P., Debruyne, M., Frambach, R. T., &Verhallen,
T. M. (2003). Successful new product pricing strategies: A
contingency approach. Marketing Letters, 14(4), 289–305.
[24] Ingenbleek, P., Frambach, R. T., &Verhallen, T. M. (2010).
The role of value informed pricing in market oriented product
innovation management. Journal of Product Innovation
Management, 27(7), 1032–1046.
[25] Jiang, J, Kumar, andRatchford, B T. (2016), “Price-Matching
Guarantees with Endogenous Consumer Search,”
Management Science, 63 (10), 3489–3513. Google Scholar |
Crossref. Journal of Business Strategy, 33 (4) (2012), pp. 28-
39, CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogleScholar
[26] Jung, C. (2014). Online shoppers' response to price
comparison sites. Journal of Business Research 67(10),
2079–2087
[27] Juran, J. M., & De Feo, J. (2010).Juran's quality handbook:
The complete guide to performance excellence (6th ed.). New
York: McGraw-Hill.
[28] Kalyanaram, G. &Winer, R. S. (1995). Empirical
generalizations from reference price research. Marketing
science, 14(3), 161-169.
[29] Kane, F (2007). The effect of Pricing Strategy on Consumer
Behavior in the Personal Insurance Industry
[30] Kopalle, P., Dipayan, B., Pradeep, K. Chintagunta, J., Koen,
P., Brian, R. (2009). Retailer Pricing and Competitive Effects,
Journal of Retailing, 85 (1), 56–70.
[31] Kotler, P. &Amstrong, G., Wong, V. & Saunders, J.
(2001).Principles of Marketing, Harlow, United Kingdom
[32] Kotler, P. (2000). A Framework for Marketing
Management.London, UK: Prentice Hall.
[33] Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G., 2014. Principles of marketing.
Boston [etc.]: Pearson.
[34] Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G., 2017. Principles of marketing.
17th ed. Pearson.
[35] Lancioni, G. (2005). An Overview of Research on Increasing
Indices of Happiness of People with Severe/Profound
Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities. DisabilRehabil.
27(3):83-93
[36] Liozu S M and Hinterhuber A (2012)Industrial product
pricing: A value-based approachJournal of Business Strategy,
33 (4) (2012), pp. 28-39, CrossRefView Record in
ScopusGoogleScholar
[37] Liozu S M and Hinterhuber A (2012)Industrial product
pricing: A value-based approach
[38] Liozu S M andHinterhuber A (2013). Pricing orientation,
pricing capabilities, and firm performance Management
11. Osano et al.
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 6(1)-2022
https://www.aipublications.com/ijebm 28
Decision, 51 (3) (2013), pp. 594-614.CrossRefView Record
in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[39] Liozu, S. M. (2013). Pricing capabilities and firm
performance: A socio-technical framework for the adoption
of pricing as a transformational innovation. (Electronic
Thesis or Dissertation). Retrieved from
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/
[40] Liozu, S. M., &Hinterhuber, A. (2013). Pricing orientation,
pricing capabilities, and firm performance. Management
Decision, 51(3), 594–614.
[41] Liozu, S., Boland, R., Hinterhuber, A., &Perelli, S. (2011).
Industrial pricing orientation: The organizational
transformation to value-based pricing. Paper presented at
First International Conference on Engaged Management
Scholarship, June 2, 2011. Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1839838
[42] Lurie, N H and Srivastava, J (2005), “Price-Matching
Guarantees and Consumer Evaluations of Price Information,”
Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15 (2), 149–58.Google
Scholar | Crossref
[43] Mamadehussene S (2019), PriceMatching Guarantees as a
Direct Signal of Low Prices, Journal of Marketing Research,
Sage Journals
[44] Manzur, E., Olavarrieta, S., Hildago, P., & Uribe, R. (2011).
Store brand and national brandMarketing science, 14(3), 161-
169.
[45] Milan, G. S., De Toni, D., Larentis, F., &Gava, A. M. (2013).
Relac¸ão entre estratégias de prec¸os e de custeio. Revista de
Ciência da Administra¸cão,15(36), 229–244.
[46] Monroe, K. B. (1990). Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions,
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
[47] Nagle T and Holden R K (2003), Estratégias e táticas de
preços: um guiapara as decisõeslucrativas, Prentice Hall, São
Paulo (2003). Google Scholar
[48] Ndyamukama G G and Machibya M W (2015) Pricing
Strategies and Customer Retention The Case Of Airtel (T)
Ltd, Masters Dissertation, Tampere University of Applied
Sciences
[49] Njite, D., &Parsa, H. G. (2005).Structural equation modeling
of factors that influence consumer internet purchase
intentions of services.Journal of Services Research, 5(1), 43-
59
[50] Payne A and Frow P (2014), Developing superior value
propositions: A strategic marketing imperative, Journal of
Service Management, Vol. 25(2)
[51] Polo Y, Sese F J and Verhoef P C (2011), The Effect of
Pricing and Advertising on, Customer Retention in a
Liberalizing Market, Journal of Interactive Marketing
25(4):201-214DOI:10.1016/j.intmar.2011.02.002
[52] Porter, M. (1986). Estratégiacompetitiva: técnicas para
análise de indústriasedaconcorrência (17the ed.). Rio de
Janeiro: Campus
[53] Prager, K (2012), Understanding Behavior Change: How to
apply Theories of Behavior ChangetoSEWeb and related
public engagement activities,SEWeb LIFE10 ENV-UK-
000182, project Action promotion attitudes antecedes.
Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 286-29Psychology,
12(2), 107-118.
[54] Rosa, I. M. and Rodan, F. J. (2011). Antecedents of the
importance of price in purchase decision. 52Roth, S. A.
(2007).Understanding Pricing Objectives and Strategies.The
Pennsylvania State University.
[55] Simon H (1992), Pricing opportunities – and how to exploit
them. Sloan Management Review, 33 (2) (1992), p. 55, View
Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[56] Simon H, Bilstein F R , Luby F (2008), Gerenciarpara o
lucro, nãopara a participação de Mercado Bookman, Porto
Alegre (2008), Google Scholar
[57] Srivastava, J and , Lurie, H. (2004), “Price-Matching
Guarantees as Signals of Low Store Prices: Survey and
Experimental Evidence,” Journal of Retailing, 80 (2), 117–
28. Google ScholarCrossref
[58] Trafimow, D., & Finlay, K. A. (2002). The prediction of
attitudes from beliefs and evaluations: The logic of the double
negative. British Journal of social Psychology, 41(1), 77-86.
[59] Uma S, Arif, S A F and Azad S (2019), A Study on the Effect
of Pricing Strategy on Customer Retention in Kurdistan
Project: Human Resources Practices as a Strategic Tool for
Competitive Advantage
[60] Urdan, A. T. (2005). Práticas e resultados de
apre¸camentonasempresasbrasileiras (Relatório de
Pesquisa/2005). São Paulo: FGV/EASP.
[61] Wang R, Saboo A R and Grewal R (2012), A managerial
capital perspective on chief marketing officer succession,
International Journal of Research in MarketingVolume 32,
Issue 2, June 2015, Pages 164-178
[62] White, T B and Yuan, H (2012), “Building Trust to Increase
Purchase Intentions: The Signaling Impact of Low Pricing
Policies,” Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22 (3), 384–94.
Google Scholar | Crossref
[63] Zeithaml, A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality,
and value: A means end model and synthesis of evidence.
Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2–22.