The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the
three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of
charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by
the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order
to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine
mouth wash (AVALON pharma
®
) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put
it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured
iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period
of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the
palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography
and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance
time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
1 effect of different bleaching materials on color of stained resinAmeer Al-Ameedee
In this work, ZnO, and TiO
2
(Hombikat UV 100) and TiO2 doped with 0.5 % of Pt, and Pd metals, that
prepared by photo deposition method. The bare TiO
2
and prepared samples were characterized by powder
X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), nitrogen adsorption BET, and
atomic force microscopy (AFM) were evaluate the effect of photochemical activation by kinds of
semiconductors (ZnO, TiO2, Pt/TiO2, and Pd/TiO2) in bleaching gels with UV-light type A, with the
purpose of accelerating the process of pigmented component oxidation on Filtek Z350XT resin composite
(3M ESPE).The bare catalysts and metal doped prepared where testing by taken twenty-five disc-shaped of
the Filtek Z350XT resin composite specimens (3M ESPE) were used in this study, then immersion in tea
staining solutions, after that they were randomly divided into five groups specimens (each group n = 10)
according to the type of whitening chemical materials treatment applied(ZnO, Pt/TiO
2
, TiO
2
, Pd/TiO2 and
TiO2/UV 100). The color measurements were taken: at baseline, after immersion and after chemical
treatment procedures by using a stereomicroscope (vita easy shade device). The results recorded,
tabulated and statwastically analyses.The results showed the highest mean color difference ∆E values
were: group two Pt/TiO2, group three TiO2, group five TiO2 / UV 100, Pd/TiO2 and group one ZnO
respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference in-group three TiO
2.
In addition, a
whitening effect was demonstrated with group two Pt/TiO
2
and group five TiO
2
/ UV 100 showed
statistically significant lowest in a* color space compared to others groups. In addition, results show
immersion tea staining solutions had a positive influence on the color changes of resin composite.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
1 effect of different bleaching materials on color of stained resinAmeer Al-Ameedee
In this work, ZnO, and TiO
2
(Hombikat UV 100) and TiO2 doped with 0.5 % of Pt, and Pd metals, that
prepared by photo deposition method. The bare TiO
2
and prepared samples were characterized by powder
X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), nitrogen adsorption BET, and
atomic force microscopy (AFM) were evaluate the effect of photochemical activation by kinds of
semiconductors (ZnO, TiO2, Pt/TiO2, and Pd/TiO2) in bleaching gels with UV-light type A, with the
purpose of accelerating the process of pigmented component oxidation on Filtek Z350XT resin composite
(3M ESPE).The bare catalysts and metal doped prepared where testing by taken twenty-five disc-shaped of
the Filtek Z350XT resin composite specimens (3M ESPE) were used in this study, then immersion in tea
staining solutions, after that they were randomly divided into five groups specimens (each group n = 10)
according to the type of whitening chemical materials treatment applied(ZnO, Pt/TiO
2
, TiO
2
, Pd/TiO2 and
TiO2/UV 100). The color measurements were taken: at baseline, after immersion and after chemical
treatment procedures by using a stereomicroscope (vita easy shade device). The results recorded,
tabulated and statwastically analyses.The results showed the highest mean color difference ∆E values
were: group two Pt/TiO2, group three TiO2, group five TiO2 / UV 100, Pd/TiO2 and group one ZnO
respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference in-group three TiO
2.
In addition, a
whitening effect was demonstrated with group two Pt/TiO
2
and group five TiO
2
/ UV 100 showed
statistically significant lowest in a* color space compared to others groups. In addition, results show
immersion tea staining solutions had a positive influence on the color changes of resin composite.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED DYE AND METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING ORANGE PEEL AS AN A...Ajay Singh
To reduce the concentration of the dye activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent but due to the high cost of activated charcoal, the purpose of my project was to find an alternative low-cost adsorbent.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
The dye solution of Methylene blue was adsorbed onto bioadsorbent- sugarcane bagasse. Parameters studied were pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye conc.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
This simplified lecture will present to you the basic concept of intracanal medicaments, their indication, classification, and their appropriate selection.
Presented to you by Iraqi Dental Academy.
visit us on facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/Iraqi.Dental.Academy/
or Twitter:
https://twitter.com/IQDentalAcademy
Our page on Telegram:
@IraqiDental
Aimed to investigate the potential of untreated jute stick charcoal as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of dye containing wastewater. Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using jute stick charcoal has been investigated. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters, namely, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial methylene blue concentration. The maximum removal of MB dye was 90.57% at pH 9, contact time 120 min, adsorbent dose 3 g/L and 20 mg/L initial dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption of MB followed Pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the Freundlich equation fit better than the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm equation at was 29.33 mg/g. To conclude, jute stick charcoal holds promise for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution and can be used for other dyes removal and applicable in dyeing industries in Bangladesh where centralized effluent treatment plant is absent.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Este material habla acerca de la nueva modalidad de educación a distancia o virtual y de la manera en la que la tecnología ha evolucionado la educación y las formas de aprendizaje.
Bases Legales del Sistema Educativo Venezolanohaide98
Resumen acerca de la relación y la importancia que tiene la constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, la ley orgánica de educación y la ley orgánica de protección al niño, niña y adolescente y el papel que desempeñan en el sistema educativo Venezolano.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED DYE AND METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING ORANGE PEEL AS AN A...Ajay Singh
To reduce the concentration of the dye activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent but due to the high cost of activated charcoal, the purpose of my project was to find an alternative low-cost adsorbent.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
The dye solution of Methylene blue was adsorbed onto bioadsorbent- sugarcane bagasse. Parameters studied were pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye conc.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
This simplified lecture will present to you the basic concept of intracanal medicaments, their indication, classification, and their appropriate selection.
Presented to you by Iraqi Dental Academy.
visit us on facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/Iraqi.Dental.Academy/
or Twitter:
https://twitter.com/IQDentalAcademy
Our page on Telegram:
@IraqiDental
Aimed to investigate the potential of untreated jute stick charcoal as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of dye containing wastewater. Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using jute stick charcoal has been investigated. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters, namely, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial methylene blue concentration. The maximum removal of MB dye was 90.57% at pH 9, contact time 120 min, adsorbent dose 3 g/L and 20 mg/L initial dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption of MB followed Pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the Freundlich equation fit better than the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm equation at was 29.33 mg/g. To conclude, jute stick charcoal holds promise for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution and can be used for other dyes removal and applicable in dyeing industries in Bangladesh where centralized effluent treatment plant is absent.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Este material habla acerca de la nueva modalidad de educación a distancia o virtual y de la manera en la que la tecnología ha evolucionado la educación y las formas de aprendizaje.
Bases Legales del Sistema Educativo Venezolanohaide98
Resumen acerca de la relación y la importancia que tiene la constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, la ley orgánica de educación y la ley orgánica de protección al niño, niña y adolescente y el papel que desempeñan en el sistema educativo Venezolano.
The pulp is the formative organ of the tooth.
The pulp has been described as highly resistant organ and as organ with little resistance or recuperating ability.
Its resistance depends on cellular activity, nutritional supply, age and other metabolic and physiologic parame
Functionalizing a dentin bonding resin to become bioactive (Tobias Tauböck)DrMarkHogan
OBJECTIVES: To investigate chemo-mechanical effects of incorporating alkaline bioactive glass nanoparticles into a light-curable dental resin matrix.
METHODS: An unfilled Bis-GMA/TEGDMA material was infiltrated with up to 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles. The unfilled and filled resins were investigated regarding their viscosity before setting and compared to commercially available materials. Set specimens were immersed for 21 days in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C. Water uptake, pH, Knoop hardness, and degree of conversion of freshly polymerized and stored samples were investigated. Resin surfaces were viewed and mapped in a scanning electron microscope for the formation of calcium phosphate (Ca/P) precipitates. In addition, Raman spectroscopy was performed. Numeric values were statistically compared (p<0.01).><0.01).><0.01) increased the degree of conversion after 21 days. Ca/P precipitates formed on specimens filled with 20wt% of the particles, while they were scarce on counterparts loaded with 10wt%, and absent on unfilled resin surfaces.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results of the current study show that a Bis-GMA-based resin can be functionalized using alkaline nanoparticles. A material with bioactive properties and similar hardness as the unfilled resin was obtained by incorporating 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles into the resin matrix.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
His eva of caoh&bond agnt in direct pulp capping/ rotary endodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part I: Chemical-physical characterization and apatite-forming ability.
Profeta AC.
major advantages and unique features as well as its ability to overcome the disadvantages of other materials, biodentine has great potential to revolutionize the different aspects of managing both primary and permanent in endodontics as well as operative dentistry.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
Effect Of Solvent Type On Microtensile Bond Strength Of TotalEtch One-Bottle ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Similar to Effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor with (20)
Mercury from restorations constitutes the largest non occupational source of mercury in the general population, being greater than all environmental sources combined
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor with
1. ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17479
INTRODUCTION
The aesthetic goals of our patients and dentistry today
have become increasingly demanding. The use of composite
resins as tooth composite resins to achieve the optical properties
of natural teeth. The aesthetic appearance of anterior teeth has
become a major concern for patients. Discolored vital anterior
teeth have long treated with different approaches, including
crowns, direct, indirect veneers, composite resin and most
conservatively bleaching. Both take-home and in-office blea-
ching techniques have proven effective in whitening teeth, with
the latter having the advantage of producing immediate
results1,2
. In addition to color changes a compared by bleaching
process, resin composite that exit on the tooth surface also
may be cleaned may also change. These changes are effected
by different factors, such as type concentration and exposer
time of bleaching3-5
.
Kim et al.6
revealed that tooth whitening because negli-
gible alterations on the color and the surface of a nano filled
and two micro-hybrid resin composites. The composite resin
Effect of Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide in Photoreactor with
Radiation Source on Color Changes of Three Contemporary Composite Resins
AMEER H.H. ALAMEEDEE
1,2,*
, HALA A.M. RAGAB
1
, ESSAM M.H. OSMAN
1
and FALAH H. HUSSEIN
3,*
1
Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
2
Faculty of Dentistry, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq
*Corresponding authors: E-mail: ameeralameedee@gmail.com; abohasan_hilla@yahoo.com
Received: 18 February 2014; Accepted: 8 March 2014; Published online: 5 July 2014; AJC-15507
The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the
three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of
charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by
the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order
to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine
mouth wash (AVALON pharma®
) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put
it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured
iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period
of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the
palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography
and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance
time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
Keywords: Photocatalytic decolorization, Restorative composite color changes, Titanium dioxide.
Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014), 4507-4512
composed of organic and inorganic phase has important
effect in the degree of color and surface changes when exposed
to the bleaching products7-12
.
Resinmaterialsareespeciallymorepronetochemicalaltera-
tion compared to inert metal or ceramic composite resin13-15
.
In addition, composite resins tend to discolor teeth due to their
resin matrix hydrophilicity and water absorption properties,
so the degree of discoloration may lead the patient and the
dentist to replace composite resin composite resins over time16
.
The typical in-office bleaching regimen involves appli-
cation of a high percentage hydrogen peroxide formulation
either to the teeth surfaces, which activated chemically or by
a light source.The theoretical advantage of using lights is their
ability to heat hydrogen peroxide, thereby enhancing the rate
of oxygen decomposition.
The oxidation, in which the molecules causing discolo-
ration are chemically modified17
, and the increased amount of
oxygen-free radicals produced thus enhances the release of
stain-containing molecules and, therefore, results in enhanced
whitening18,19
.
2. There are many reports concerning the effects of in-office
bleaching on natural teeth, but its effect on tooth-colored
composite resin is not, yet, fully known and resin composites
are widely used as restorative materials because of their
excellent aesthetic properties. However, their initial color may
change over time because of surface and marginal staining, as
well as internal material deterioration20,21
. Staining of resin
composites by beverages such as coffee, tea and soda or by
mouth rinse agents has been reported to varying degrees22,23
.
In addition to color, surface characteristics contribute signifi-
cantly to the aesthetic quality of composite resin. Surface
roughness has a detrimental effect on light reflection, resulting
in a dull appearance that stands out from the rest of the teeth.
Moreover, rough surfaces promote bacterial plaque
adhesion, with subsequent increased staining24-26
. also the tooth
bleaching agents increased the tooth sensitivity and gingival
irritation by the effect of its oxidizing, many studies have proved
the decrease of the shear bond strength by use of any bleaching
agent either in vitro or in vivo27
.
Other studies find that high concentration hydrogen
peroxide with calcium was less effective in deep dentin than
10 % carbamide peroxide28
.
Titanium dioxide photocatalyst (VL-TiO2) and H2O2 conta-
ining with visible-light activating were introduce in some new
in-office bleaching agent were recently developed. Titanium
dioxide was used in different cleaning applications is had a very
low toxic level and inexpensive substance.Titanium dioxide also
known as the most important semiconductor photocatalyst
reacting to ultraviolet light29
. VL-TiO2 was made from original
titaniumdioxidephotocatalystandtheapplicationofvisiblelight
onableachingagentcontainingH2O2 andVL-TiOcouldincrease
the bleaching efficacy30,31
. The VL-TiO2 were photocatalyst
reacting material to visible light especially at low wavelength30
.
The purpose of this study was to determine color change of three
nanofilled composites, when subjected to iodine staining and
bleaching using chemically activated visible UV light bleaching
material.The null hypothesis was that the three-nano filled com-
posites would respond similarly to the aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide in photoreactor.
EXPERIMENTAL
Threeresincompositesspecimensi.e.,BeautifilII[bisphenyl-
glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) 7.5 %, triethylenglycol
dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) 5 %, alumino-fluoro 70 %,Al2O3
(borosilicate glass). DL-camphor quinone, (Shofu Dental
Corporation, USA)], IPS Empress Direct [paste of dimetha-
crylates, copolymer 20-21 wt. %, barpum glass 77.5-79 %
wt., ytterbium trifluoride (550 nm), Initiators, stabilizers and
pigments, (Ivoclar Vivodent, USA)] and Ceram.x.mono
[methacrylate modified polysiloxane, dimethacrylate resin,
Ba-Al-borosilicate glass 70 %, pyrogenic SiO257 %, camphor-
quinone, ethyl-4-diemethylamino benzoate, UV stabilizer,
butylated hydroxy toluene, (DeTrey, Dentsply, Germany)]
composite resin specimens, used in this study this three groups
(n = 5 discs, shade A1).
Fifteen disc specimens fabricated by using cylindrical
Teflon mold ‘each specimen was prepared as one increment
and light cure to polymerized the resin composite from each
side for 40 sec using a light unit with intensity of power density
of 355 mW/cm2
(GNATUS, Fotopolimerizador optilight plus,
Brasil). The specimens were polished with Sof-Lex system;
3M ESPE; specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C
for one week and then subjected to stain using iodine solution
at 37 °C for one week.All composite resin groups' discs speci-
mens were placed (Beautifil II, IPS Empress Direct and
Ceram.x.mono) in distilled water for one week to complete
their polymerization. Then to stain, the composite resin groups
specimens discs, immersion them in the iodine mouth wash
solution (prepared by 5 mL povidone-iodine USP 1 % w/v, in
5 mL of distilled water according to the instruction of mouth
wash use).
The absorbance of the specimen was measured at 355 nm,
using Cary 100 Bio UV-visible spectrophotometer Shimadzu
and color changes were measured using a Vita Easy Shade
device and put disc on black paper (VITAZahnfabrik H. Rauter
Gmbh & Co. KG, Bad Säckingen, Germany), they calibrated,
according to timetable as shown in Table-1.
The colorimeter display the different color parameters L*,
a*andb*accordingtotheCIEL*,a*,b*spacesystem,where L*
describes the luminance reflectance, while a* and b* describe
the red-green and yellow-blue color coordinates, respectively.
The test measures L*, a*, and b* space system and this
system are referred to as CIEL*a*b*. In the color space, L*
indicates lightness (L + = lightness and L- = darkness), the a*
coordinate represents the red/green range (a*+ = redness and
TABLE-1
TIMETABLE AND PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION OF GROUPS’ SPECIMENS
Beautifil II groups specimens
before stain (B1)
G1a
IPS Empress Direct groups
specimens’ before stain (E1)
G2a
Ceram.x.mono groups specimens
before stain (C1)
G3a
Beautifil II groups specimens
after stain (B2)
G1b
IPS Empress Direct groups
specimens after stain (E2)
G3b
Ceram.x.mono groups specimens
after stain (C2)
G3b
Beautifil II groups specimens
after bleach (B3)
G1c
IPS Empress Direct groups
specimens after bleach (E3)
G2c
Ceram.x.mono groups specimens
after bleach (C3)
G3c
4508 Alameedee et al. Asian J. Chem.
3. a*- = greenness) and the b*
coordinate represents for the yellow/
blue range (b* + = yellowness and b* - = blueness).
The values of the coordinates a* and b* approach zero,
indicating neutral color (white and grey) and an increase in
magnitudeformoresaturatedorintensecolor33
.TheCIE L*, a*, b*
space system allows the numeric definition of a color as well as
the difference between two color using the following formula:
∆E = [(L1-L0)2
+ (a1-a0)2
+ (b1-b)2
]1/2
The change in color from baseline was calculated (∆E1),
after staining (∆E2)andaftertheaqueoussuspensionsoftitanium
dioxide (TiO2) session (∆E3). The change in color after staining
and the bleaching compared to the color after staining was
also calculated. ∆E values obtained using the Hunter's equation
(Central Bureau of the International Commission on
Illumination Colorimetric CIE publication. Vienna, Austria:
1986).
∆E = [(∆L)2
+ (∆a)2
+ (∆b)2
]1/2
Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20 package
(Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.). Regression models with one-way
ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests used to test significance
of the effects of composite material and bleaching agent on
color at P ≤ 0.05.
Photocatalytic reactor is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Photocatalytic reactor
The photocatalytic reactions carried out in a batch photo-
reactor with the radiation source type Philips (CLEO), Poland,
mercury lamps containing 6 lamps with 15W for each.Aqueous
suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing specimens
in beaker, under sonication, were irradiated in light of wave-
length 365 nm with an irradiation intensity of 3 mW cm-2
. In
all experiments, the required amount of the catalyst was
suspended in 100 cm3
of aqueous solution of specimens.After
illumination, 2 mL was taken from the reaction suspension,
centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 min in an 800 B centrifuge,
the absorbance of the specimens was measured at 355 nm,
using Cary 100Bio UV-visible spectrophotometer Shimadzu.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The color changes evaluation can performed either by
using a colorimeter or, by visual assessment and spectro-
photometry as were used in dentistry, which expresses color
coordinates according to the CIE L*, a*, b* space system.
These methods generally considered more precise, as they
eliminate subjective errors32
.
The ∆E value is expressed as a relative color change
between successive color measurements, the ∆E = 3.3 value
considered clinically perceptible according to the CIELab color
space. The color space more popular and developmental for
characterization of color based on human perception30,33,34
.
Tables 2-4 represent the statistical mean and standard
deviation, comparison of color changes testing (∆E) when
compared with groups' specimens at different time interval
before iodine staining.After iodine staining and after aqueous
suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment, for Beautifill
II, IPS Empress Direct and Ceram.x.mono composite resin
group's specimens respectively.As for composite resin group's
specimens: total color change (∆E) after staining treatment
when compared to before staining, also the total color change
(∆E) after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2)
treatment when compared to after staining for all composite
resin group's specimens.
Result of Beautiful composite resin group (G1a) showed
there were significant effect (p = 0.00) when compere ∆E,
color changes after stain (∆E = 0.08) with ∆E, color changes
after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment
(∆E = 12.14).
Result of Table-3 for group three for IPS Empress Direct
composite resin (G2) showed there were significant effect (p
= 0.00) when compere ∆E color changes of IPS Empress Direct
TABLE-2
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR COLOR CHANGE (∆E) FOR BEAUTIFIL II GROUPS (G1) IN SHADE A1 (n = 5)
Difference between groups
Group one (G1) Range
Mean
(∆E, color
changes)
SD
(∆E, color
changes)
Groups
Compared
Mean
difference
a.
P-Value
(∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite
resin before stain (G1a)
0.0-0.1 0.08 0.04
(G1a)-(G1b)
-21.53* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite
resin after stain (G1b)
21.61-21.62 21.61 0.00
(G1b)-(G1c)
9.47* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite
resin after aqueous suspensions of titanium
dioxide treatment (G1c)
21.13-21.15 12.14 0.00 (G1c)- (G1a) 12.06* 0.00*
*
Mean difference is significant at the .05 Level, a
Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni
Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014) Effect of Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide in Photoreactor 4509
4. composite resin after stain (∆E = 0.12) with ∆E color changes
IPS Empress Direct composite resin after aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment (∆E = 32.97).
Result of Table-4 of the Ceram.x.mono composite resin
group (G3) showed there were significant effect (p = 0.00)
when compere ∆E color changes after stain (∆E = 0.22) with
∆E color changes of the after the aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment (∆E = 16.04).
In study by Suyama et al.30
, the effects of various light
sources on the bleaching action by using titanium dioxide
(TiO2) photocatalysts in an ultraviolet light-activated photo
catalyst (UVTiO2), versus a visible light-activated photo
catalyst (VL-TiO2). They showed high-intensity halogen with
VL-TiO2 + H2O2 caused the most significant reduction in
methylene blue concentration, and the effect of light sources,
the halogen lamps resulted in a greater bleaching effect than
the blue LED30
.
Tables 4-6 showed the color changes (∆E) represented as
bleaching effect on specimens by the effect of aqueous suspen-
sions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment, as in-group IPS
TABLE-3
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR COLOR CHANGE (∆E)
FOR THE IPS EMPRESS DIRECT GROUPS (G2) IN SHADE A1 (n = 5)
Difference between groups
Group (G2) Range
Mean
(∆E, color
changes)
SD
(∆E, color
changes)
Groups
Compared
Mean
difference
a.
P-Value
(∆E, color changes)
IPS Empress Direct composite
resin before stain (G2a)
0.1-0.2 0.12 0.04 (G2a)-(G2b) -41.72* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) IPS Empress Direct
composite resin after stain (G2b)
41.77-42.02 41.84 0.09 (G2b)-(G2c) 8.87* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) IPS Empress Direct
composite resin after aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide treatment (G2c)
32.9-33.11 32.97 0.09 (G2c)- (G2a) 32.85* 0.00*
*
Mean difference is significant at the .05 Level, a
Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni
TABLE-4
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR COLOR CHANGE (∆E)
FOR THE CERAM.X.MONO GROUPS (G3) IN SHADE A1 (n = 5)
Difference between groups
Group (G3) Range
Mean
(∆E, color
changes)
SD
(∆E, color
changes)
Groups
Compared
Mean
difference
a.
P-Value
(∆E, color changes)
Ceram.x.mono composite
resin before stain (G3a)
0.0-0.4 0.22 0.13 (G3)- (G3) -31.73* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) Ceram.x.mono
composite resin after stain (G3b)
30.66-32.34 31.95 0.68 (G3b).- (G3c) 15.9* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) Ceram.x.mono
composite resin aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide treatment (G3c)
16.02-16.05 16.04 0.01 (G3c)- (G3a) 15.82* 0.00*
*
Mean difference is significant at the .05 Level, a
Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni
TABLE-5
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR 3D COLOR SPACE FOR THE THREE COMPOSITES GROUPS IN SHADE A1
Time interval
G1
Mean, SD
G2
Mean, SD
G3
Mean, SD
L*. Before staining treatment measure 76.08aA
0.04
24.98dA
18.25
57.90gA
2.79
L*. After staining treatment measure 76.12aB
0.04
77.74dB
1.24
64.20gB
0.00
L*. After aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment measure 78.10aC
0.00
76.30dC
0.00
68.38gC
0.04
a*. Before staining treatment measure 1.50bD
0.00
77.94eD
1.61
-1.62hD
0.59
a*. After staining treatment measure 2.40bE
0.00
0.88eE
.042
2.50hE
0.00
a*. After aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment measure 0.30bF
0.00
0.10eF
0.00
-2.68hF
0.04
b*. Before staining treatment measure 15.40cG
0.00
-0.11fG
0.91
11.76kG
0.24
b*. After staining treatment measure 37.0cH
0.00
7.88fH
0.17
42.70kH
0.00
b*. After aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment measure 25.20cI
0.00
49.68fI
0.13
28.10kI
0.00
Similar small letter in column significant difference. Similar capital letter in row significant difference, p = 0.05
4510 Alameedee et al. Asian J. Chem.
5. Empress Direct composite resin after stain (G2c), then group
Ceram.x.mono composite resin after stain (G3c).
Table-5 showed the aqueous suspensions of titanium
dioxide (TiO2) treatment effect in 3D space is the L* (mean =
68.38 which mean get more dark area in color) of the group
Ceram.x.mono composite resin (G3c) after treatment by
aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2).
Table-6 showed the data submitted to two-way ANOVA
(p < 0.00) and post hoc tests. Statistical difference observed
between all groups. It has had been concluded that G2c (E3),
showed significantly higher effect of the aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment changes than the G1c
(B3) group.
(G2b) and (G3b) (mean= 0.88 and 2.50) respectively,
showed intermediary pigmentation more than (G1b) group and
in ANOVA test showed not significant of b*.
The more significant effect (mean=-2.68) in 3D space is
the a* of the G3c Ceram.x.mono after aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment (Table-5).
Tables 7-9 showed there were all groups’ increase of the
absorbance with the increasing time exposer increase and
increase in the group 1 and group 2 more than group 3.
TABLE-6
ANOVA TEST FOR ALL THREE COMPOSITE RESINS GROUPS OF THE SPECIMENS’
MEASUREMENT FOR ∆E COLOR CHANGES AND 3D COLOR SPACE
ANOVA
Sum of squares df Mean square F P-value
Between groups 2899.635 2 1449.818 7.405 0.001*
Within groups 17034.789 87 195.802∆E-Color change
Total 19934.424 89
Between groups 3862.643 2 1931.321 230.538 0.000*
Within groups 728.837 87 8.377L*
Total 4591.480 89
Between groups 65.134 2 32.567 14.199 0.000*
Within groups 199.539 87 2.294a*
Total 264.673 89
Between groups 110.692 2 55.346 .287 0.752
Within groups 16805.733 87 193.169b*
Total 16916.425 89
*
Mean difference is significant at the P < 0.05 Level
TABLE-7
ABSORBANCE DEGREES IN ALL THREE COMPOSITE
RESINS GROUPS’ OF THE SPECIMENS’ MEASUREMENT
WITHIN ALL TIMES INTERVALS
Group Group1 Group2 Group3
t (min) Beautifil II
IPS Empress
Direct
Ceram.x.mono
0 0.101 0.097 0.085
5 0.132 0.114 0.099
10 0.144 0.161 0.135
15 0.198 0.192 0.161
30 0.213 0.218 0.183
In all ‘between groups’ of ∆E-Color change, L*, a*, b*
respectively showed significant p values = 0.001, 0.000 and
0.000, respectively, there were effect of the aqueous suspen-
sions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment on the color changes
composite groups specimens, except b* showed not significant
effect (p = 0.752) in all composite groups specimens (Table-
6).
Table-8 showed multiple comparisons of the absorbance
in all groups, through different time intervals, among all groups
only the time 5 min not significant difference (p = 1.000), that
showed there were no effect titanium dioxide at absorbance
TABLE-8
MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE ABSORBANCE IN ALL GROUPS, THROUGH DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS
Bonferroni
Dependent Variable (I) Absorbance time (J) Absorbance time Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error P-value
5-time -.02067 0.013 1.000
10-time -.05233*
0.013 0.024*
15-time -.08933*
0.013 0.000*
Absorbance 0-time
30-time -.11033*
0.013 0.000*
*
Mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
TABLE-9
ANOVA TEST FOR ALL THREE COMPOSITE RESINS GROUPS’
ABSORBANCE OF THE SPECIMEN'S MEASUREMENT AT ALL TIME
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P-value
Between roups 0.025 4 0.006 24.965 0.000*
Within Groups 0.003 10 0.000Absorbance
Total 0.028 14
Mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014) Effect of Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide in Photoreactor 4511
6. of the specimens measurement at this groups in within this
times intervals (0, 5 sec, respectively).
Table-9 showed all groups were significant difference
(p = 0.000), that showed there were effect titanium dioxide on
absorbance of the specimens' measurement at these groups.
Conclusions
• The photocatalytic reaction of aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide had reduced (∆E) color change values in all
stained specimens of the three composite resins groups.
• The (∆E) color change values in all the three composite
resins groups' were responded not similarly to photocatalytic
reaction of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2).
• The absorbance degree in all the three composite resins
groups' increase with the increasing of exposer time of the
photocatalytic reaction.
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