7. B – examples of sporting superstitions
D – the psychological effects of superstitions
8. A – the physical effects of superstitions
C – the disadvantages of superstitions
9.
10. 1. They’re examples of famous sportspeople’s
superstitions.
2. They were used in a study at the University of Cologne
to show that people perform better when they have
‘lucky’ things.
3. Adrenaline and other chemicals are produced as a
result of sporting rituals, helping athletes to focus
better.
4. This is an example of how superstitions can cause
problems – both players wanted to be the last person to
leave the changing room. go
11.
12.
13. 1. Cristiano Ronaldo enters the pitch in the same way every time.
2. The martial artist mentioned receiving their socks from a fan.
3. Serena Williams has the same routine for both serves.
4. Better performance can be achieved through the confidence
increase that superstitions bring.
5. Athletes are able to focus better mainly because of the
adrenaline the body releases produces after rituals.
6. Superstitions are only really useful to sportspeople.
14. 1. Cristiano Ronaldo enters the pitch in the same way every
time. – True “Cristiano Ronaldo always steps onto the pitch
with his right foot first”
2. The martial artist mentioned receiving their socks from a
fan. – False “the lucky socks were a gift from her
grandmother”
3. Serena Williams has the same routine for both serves. –
False “always bounces the ball five times before a first serve
and twice before a second serve”
15. 4. Better performance can be achieved through the confidence
increase that superstitions bring. – True “superstitions make
people feel more confident, which makes the perform better”
5. Athletes are able to focus better mainly because of the
adrenaline the body releases produces after rituals. – Not given.
We don’t know if it’s mainly due to this.
6. Superstitions are only really useful to sportspeople. – False
“And it isn’t just sports. People who had their lucky charms
performed better at memory tests. ”
16.
17.
18. 1. fans
2. referee / umpire
3. captain
4. team
5. players
6. sports hall
7. coach
8. stadium
9. spectators / the
crowd
27. 1. I hurt myself when I caught the ball.
2. Her serve’s worse than the other girl’s.
3. It was a draw ・the score was four-all.
4. It’s the worst sport in the world.
5. We warmed up on the court.
6. They wore red shirts and white shorts.
28.
29. 1. You can do the butterfly in swimming.
2. There’s a shot called a slam dunk in basketball.
3. The person who throws the ball in baseball is called the pitcher.
4. There are two teams of fifteen people, and a ball that isn’t round, in rugby.
5. You hit the ball over a net on a table in table tennis (or ping pong).
6. Players walk about eight kilometres, and never run, during a game of golf.
7. There are two teams of six, who play on ice, in ice hockey.
8. There are four main tennis tournaments in the world: in Melbourne, Paris,
London, and New York.
9. You can do different activities, for example running, high jump or javelin, in
athletics.
10. Brazil have won more World Cups than any other country in football.
42. • Past continuous: he was winning; His brother,
Alistair, was running
• Past perfect: he’d gone very fast; he hadn’t
drunk enough; Jonny had stopped; who had been
behind them
43. • The past continuous verbs show that
these actions were in progress when
the main events happened.
• The past perfect verbs show that
these things happened before the
main events in the story.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51. happened were driving
cheered blew
didn’t recognize had changed
stopped
wasn’t wearing
weren’t listening
was talking
couldn’t hadn’t
snowed
weren’t able to hadn’t
booked
got
had taken off
go
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57. • They got lost because her husband followed the instructions
given by the satnav, which sent them in the wrong direction.
• They also left their dog under the table in the café on the
motorway.
58. • Although, but and however = contrast (things that
are different)
• The people in England are friendly, but it rains a lot.
• Although the people in England are friendly it rains a lot.
• The people in England are friendly although it rains a lot.
• The people in England are friendly. However, it rains a lot.
59. • As soon as - without delay / straightaway
• Instead of (+ ing) – choosing one option over
another. Instead of working Wednesday I’m
working on Monday. I’m working on Monday instead
of Wednesday.
• Because = introduce a reason
• So = introduce a result
• When = talking about time
