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Edanz author success workshop
- 1. Author Success Workshop: 연세대학교 Effectively Communicating Your Research ‐‐일시‐‐ 2016년 7월 13~14일 오전 10시 ‐‐장소‐‐ 연세삼성 학술정보관 3층 멀티미디어교육실
- 2. S Be an effective communicator Your goal is not only to publish, but also to be widely read and cited Develop professional writing skills Write your ideas clearly Logically present your research
- 5. Professional writing skills Impact and study design Systematic reviews of RCTs Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) Other controlled trials Observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional surveys/audits, diagnostics) Computer models (in silico), animal models (in vivo), in vitro, case studies Case studies, anecdote, opinion, technical, simulation Hypothesis testing {Descriptive Methodological { {Secondary research Primary research Experimental (exposure assigned)* } } Non- experimental *
- 6. Professional writing skills Research Article Short Communication Case Study Technical Note Review Article Editorial Letter to the Editor Brief report about a specific finding Most common; full‐length paper Brief report about a specific situation Brief report about a new methodology Summary of recent advances in a field Brief discussion about an interesting topic Brief discussion about a published article Types of articles
- 7. Professional writing skills Use reporting guidelines PRISMAPRISMA Systematic reviews & Meta‐analyses STROBESTROBE Observational studies CARECARE Case reports CONSORTCONSORT Randomized controlled clinical trials ARRIVEARRIVE Animal studies http://www.equator‐network.org/
- 9. Professional writing skills Start with your illustrations Where to start?Where to start? Your findings form the basis of your manuscript First step: logically organize your display items Logic, then language Figure 1 Figure 2 Table 1 Figure 3 Logical flow (Chronology, Least to most important, General to specific, Whole+parts) Is anything missing? ? Additional analyses?
- 10. Professional writing skills Prepare an outline I. Introduction A. General background B. Related studies C. Problems in the field D. Aims II. Methods A. Subjects/Samples/Materials B. General methods C. Specific methods D. Statistical analyses III. Results A. Key points about Figure 1 B. Key points about Table 1 C. Key points about Figure 2 D. Key points about Figure 3 E. Key points about Figure 4 IV. Discussion A. Major conclusion B. Key findings that support conclusion C. Relevance to published studies D. Limitations E. Unexpected results F. Implications G. Future directions Write down key ideas in bullet points, as IMRaD No need for sentences or correct English yet Use reporting guidelines Then, draft the title/abstract List information from your reading in the appropriate section: Paraphrase with citations! List information from your reading in the appropriate section: Paraphrase with citations!
- 11. Professional writing skills Get feedback Write your manuscript section‐by‐section – Less stressful – Get feedback after each section; set deadlines – Easier for your colleagues to review Revise for content, overall logic, and journal style (see guidelines/past papers) Edit for conciseness, clarity, consistency & accuracy Get feedback from pre‐submission peer review Get language assistance
- 12. Professional writing skills Manuscript structure How does your study contribute to your field? What did you find? What did you do? Why did you do the study? Title/Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion
- 16. Professional writing skills Readers focus at the end of the sentence to determine what is important. 1. You deserve the funding, but the study design is not perfect. Which sentence suggests that you will get funding? 2. The study design is not perfect, but you deserve the funding. Academic English writing style
- 18. Professional writing skills Almost all participants indicated a high level of satisfaction with the content, sequence and relevance of the ICT professional development program they attended. Only a few teachers reported that the duration of the professional development program was too short. However, the majority of the teachers reported that they developed an understanding of what TPACK is, and the way technology can enhance teaching and learning of difficult science concepts through the collaborative design of technology‐ enhanced science lessons in teams. “I developed an understanding of how TPACK can be applied in the design and teaching of a technology‐enhanced lesson” said one of the pre‐ service teachers. A teacher from School C said if it was not the professional development he attended, he would not know how to use technology in teaching. The pre‐service teachers had the opportunity to further develop learning about technology integration in teaching after the professional development program had finished. They were invited to use their TPACK knowledge in workshops organized by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training… Topic sentenceTopic sentence Stress sentenceStress sentence Topic sentenceTopic sentence Supporting sentencesSupporting sentences Academic English writing style Source: Kafyulilo et al. Educ Inf Technol. 5 May 2015; DOI 10.1007/s10639‐015‐9398‐0
- 20. Customer ServiceEffective writing Nature’s guide to authors: Nature is an international journal covering all the sciences. Contributions should therefore be written clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language. www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/index.html#a4 “I should use complex words to make my writing more impressive.” “I should use complex words to make my writing more impressive.”
- 21. Customer ServiceEffective writing To ascertain the efficaciousness of the optional language program, we interrogated the optional language program participants. To ascertain the efficaciousness of the optional language program, we interrogated the optional language program participants. To determine the success of the program, we questioned the participants. To determine the success of the program, we questioned the participants. Improve readability
- 23. Customer ServiceEffective writing Delete unnecessary words “A number of studies have shown that demographic factors...” “...as described in our previous study.” “...at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.” “As a matter of fact, such a genetic mutation…” “That is another reason why, we believe…” “It is well known that most of the interviewed informants...”“It is well known that Most of the interviewed informants...” “As a matter of fact, such a This genetic mutation…” “A number of studies have shown that Demographic factors...” “That is thus another reason why Therefore, we believe…” “...as described previously in our previous study.” “...at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.”
- 25. Customer ServiceEffective writing Active voice Sentences written in the active voice are:Sentences written in the active voice are: simple direct clear easy to read The mechanisms regulating enzyme activity were investigated. Passive We investigated the mechanisms regulating enzyme activity. Active
- 26. Customer ServiceEffective writing Active voice is preferred “Use the active voice when it is less wordy and more direct than the passive”. “Use the active voice rather than the passive voice…”. “As a matter of style, passive voice is typically, but not always, inferior to active voice”. “In general, authors should use the active voice…” ACS Style GuideACS Style Guide APA Style APA Style Chicago Style Guide Chicago Style Guide AMA StyleAMA Style “Use active voice. The use of active rather than passive voice produces clearer, more concise writing” SPE StyleSPE Style “Wherever possible, use active verbs that demonstrate what is being done and who is doing it…” ASCE Style ASCE Style “Use active voice by default; research shows readers comprehend it more quickly than passive voice…” IEEEIEEE
- 27. Customer ServiceEffective writing In this study, a mathematical equation for domestic happiness was developed, using factor analysis. Tunn et al. created a questionnaire to probe how happy people feel in their households.3 Avoid reader confusion Part of the IntroductionPart of the Introduction Who did the work in this study? The author ?The author ?Tunn et al. ?Tunn et al. ?
- 28. Customer ServiceEffective writing Avoid reader confusion Fix stacked and misplaced modifiers The final analyzed sample only appeared blue temporarily because we had added the especially prepared reagent that we were testing slowly. The final analyzed sample only appeared blue temporarily because we had added the especially prepared reagent that we were testing slowly. The final sample that we analyzed appeared blue only temporarily, because we had slowly added the test reagent. The final sample that we analyzed appeared blue only temporarily, because we had slowly added the test reagent.
- 29. Customer ServiceEffective writing 30 words Economists considered Tanaka Industries, a large Japanese trading corporation founded in 1916 outside of Nagoya by Ichiro Tanaka, to be a model in the development of modern employee conditions worldwide. Economists considered Tanaka Industries, a large Japanese trading corporation founded in 1916 outside of Nagoya by Ichiro Tanaka, to be a model in the development of modern employee conditions worldwide. Use short sentences
- 30. Customer ServiceEffective writing Economists considered Tanaka Industries to be a model in the development of modern employee conditions worldwide. This large Japanese trading corporation was founded in 1916 outside of Nagoya by Ichiro Tanaka. 16 words 15 words One idea per sentence Use short sentences
- 31. Customer ServiceEffective writing Readers expect… verbs to closely follow their subjects heavy ends (not starts) of clauses Subject The viral infection that the patient caught on a trip to an outbreak‐prone area in Africa spread among the hospital staff quickly. The patient caught a viral infection on a trip to an outbreak‐prone area in Africa. This infection spread quickly among the hospital staff. Verb Write clear sentences
- 32. Customer ServiceEffective writing Avoid nominalizations Avoid nominalizations Use strong verbs instead of converting a verb into a noun Estimate Estimation Decide Decision Assess Assessment We made a/an… We conducted a/an… Extra, weak verbExtra, weak verb We decided… Clear, short, and direct Use strong verbs
- 33. Customer ServiceEffective writing Clarify the subject “Titania (TiO2) has been extensively investigated because of its potential usefulness for monitoring analytes of biomedical importance, such as dopamine, glucose, glutamate... It has three primary polymorphs in nature…” “Titania (TiO2) has been extensively investigated because of its potential usefulness for monitoring analytes of biomedical importance, such as dopamine, glucose, glutamate... TiO2 has three primary polymorphs in nature…” ?
- 34. Customer ServiceEffective writing Use correct verb tense PresentPresent Present perfect Present perfect PastPast Stating an accepted fact Stating current implications Referring to previous results that are still relevant Referring to what you did in the current study Introduction Discussion Introduction Discussion Methods Results “The CRISPR/Cas system is one of the most powerful tools for gene editing.” “Nanobiocatalysts have been shown to increase the reaction rates of...” “Silanization increased the resin bonding strength at the fiber post...”
- 35. Customer ServiceEffective writing Correct verb tense – Case study “Several ubiquitination models for proteolysis were described.” Introduction “Several ubiquitination models for proteolysis have been described.” y “Our laboratory conducts studies using E1 and E2 enzymes….” y y “Our laboratory has been conducting studies using E1 and E2 enzymes. These enzymes are...” y y “Our laboratory has conducted studies using E1 and E2 enzymes. These enzymes were…” Present perfect: “So far”, Experience, News/announcing, Change topic/new paragraph
- 36. Customer ServiceEffective writing Correct verb tense – Case study “We have taken the body fat percentage…” Results “We measured the body fat percentage…” “A shift in the patient’s attitude is observed…” “A shift in the patient’s attitude was observed…” “We observed a shift in the patient’s attitude …”
- 37. Customer ServiceEffective writing “This result suggested that these peaks were from…” Discussion “This result suggests that these peaks originated from…” “These computed tomography results confirmed that…” “These computed tomography results confirm that…” Signal words: Suggest, demonstrate, confirm, supportSignal words: Suggest, demonstrate, confirm, support Correct verb tense – Case study
- 38. Customer ServiceEffective writing Respectively is used for corresponding list items The two values were 143 and 21, respectively.The two values were 143 and 21, respectively. The values for groups A and B were 143 and 21, respectively. The values for groups A and B were 143 and 21, respectively. The two values were 143 and 21.The two values were 143 and 21. Avoid mistakes 1
- 39. Customer ServiceEffective writing Compared with is for saying how things are different The toxicity of the new scaffold was reduced compared to the previous scaffold. The toxicity of the new scaffold was reduced compared with that of the previous scaffold. The toxicity of the new scaffold was lower than that of the previous scaffold. Avoid mistakes 2
- 40. Customer ServiceEffective writing Due to means “caused by” or “attributable to” Due to the heavy rain, the samples became unusable. Owing to the heavy rain,… Because it rained heavily,… The loss of usable samples was due to the heavy rain. Avoid mistakes 3
- 42. Customer ServiceEffective writing Don’t use new words; use “that” for defining terms Some of the data from the last 2 years, which we inputted into the analysis, impacted on the overall calculation. Some of the data from the past 2 years that we entered into the analysis affected the overall calculation. Some of the data from the past 2 years that we included in the analysis skewed the overall calculation. Avoid mistakes 5
- 45. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Writing the Introduction Your aims must directly address the problem 1 So far, most research has focused on the negative psychological impact of myocardial infarction. However, trauma can also produce psychological benefits. The identification of factors associated with post‐traumatic growth after myocardial infarction is of importance. AimsAims The present study investigated the relative contribution of three possible factors to post‐traumatic growth after myocardial infarction: personality, psychological health, and cognitive coping. ProblemProblem Modified from: Garnetski et al. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2008; 15:270–277 .
- 46. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Common mistakes in the Introduction Ideas are not logically organized Important topics in the Introduction are not mentioned again in the Results/Discussion Important topics in the Results/Discussion are not mentioned in the Introduction Cited studies are not up‐to‐date Cited studies are geographically biased Why study needs to be done? Why study needs to be done? Keep focusedKeep focused Write lastWrite last <5 years<5 years InternationalInternational
- 47. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Study design http://www.equator‐network.org/ Methods
- 48. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Methods What did you do? How the study was done How the study was done •• Processes, treatments, measurements, follow‐up • Variables (direct/proxy) • Outcome • Quantification/models • Statistical tests (& P level) • Consult a statistician Who/what was studied Who/what was studied • Participants, controls • Enrollment, N & “power” • Materials, databases Data analysisData analysis
- 49. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Established techniques Established techniques •• Cite previously published studies • Briefly state modifications • Use flow chart/table if needed •• Explain purposes; justify choices • Give enough detail for reproducibility • Use Supplementary Information OrganizationOrganization •• Arrange in (titled) subsections • Keep parallel to the display items • Use topic sentences New techniques New techniques Methods
- 50. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Distribution of data affects analysis and presentation • Parametric tests (e.g., t‐test and ANOVA) can be used only with continuous & normally distributed data with a large enough sample size • Use the mean ± SD only for normally distributed data Distribution of data affects analysis and presentation • Parametric tests (e.g., t‐test and ANOVA) can be used only with continuous & normally distributed data with a large enough sample size • Use the mean ± SD only for normally distributed data Simple guide: • If SD is ≥ mean, most likely not normally distributed • If SD is > 0.5 × mean, may not be normally distributed Use Shapiro‐Wilk’s W test for normality Wrong statistical tests Common mistakes in the Methods
- 51. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure 2 categorical endpoints Paired (within sample) Paired (within sample) Unpaired (between sample) Unpaired (between sample) McNemar’s test Fisher’s exact test 2 treatment groups *for sample sizes > 60 Chi‐square test* >2 treatment groups du Prel et al. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010; 107: 343–8. Common mistakes in the Methods
- 52. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Continuous endpoints Parametric Nonparametric PairedPaired UnpairedUnpaired PairedPaired UnpairedUnpaired 2 groups: Paired t test >2 groups: Repeated‐ measures ANOVA 2 groups: Unpaired t test >2 groups: ANOVA (F test) 2 groups: Wilcoxon signed‐ rank test >2 groups: Friedman one‐way ANOVA 2 ) 2 groups: Mann–Whitney U test (Wilcoxon rank‐sum test ) >2 groups: Kruskal–Wallis test Lang and Secic 1997; 71. Common mistakes in the Methods
- 53. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure What did you find? Results • Efficacy/safety • Group/subgroups • Uni‐/bi‐/multivariable g • Each subsection corresponds to one figure and method • Remember to refer to all figures • What you found, not what it means • Use Supplementary Information • Data accessibility Logical presentationLogical presentation SubsectionsSubsections Factual descriptionFactual description
- 54. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Describe relationships among your results Drug A reduced tumor volume by 32.7%, increased blood pressure by 12.3%, and increased the patient’s weight by 7.3 kg. Drug B reduced tumor volume by 22.3%, increased blood pressure by 15.6%, and increased the patient’s weight by 2.4 kg. Drug C reduced tumor volume by 38.1%, increased blood pressure by 6.9%, and increased the patient’s weight by 9.2 kg.
- 55. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Describe relationships among your results Patients treated with Drug C showed the greatest reduction in tumor volume (38.1%) compared with those treated with Drug A (32.7%) or Drug B (22.3%). Drug C also had the lowest increase in blood pressure (6.9%) compared with that seen after treatment with Drug A (12.3%) or Drug B (15.6%). However, patients treated with Drug C had the highest weight gain among the three groups (Drug A, 7.3 kg; Drug B, 2.4 kg; Drug C, 9.2 kg).
- 56. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Common mistakes in the Results Patient parameters …improved significantly; it is significant that… X was correlated with Y The risk of developing X in this case‐control study… Patient variables …improved considerably/markedly; it is important that…* X was associated with/related to/linked to Y The odds of developing X in this case‐control study… Don’t misuse statistical words! *Also: don’t confuse statistical with clinical significance!
- 57. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Some teachers reported that they developed an understanding of what ICT is and the way technology can enhance teaching and learning of difficult science concepts through the collaborative design of science lessons in teams. “I developed an understanding of how ICT can be applied in the design and teaching of a technology‐enhanced lesson,” said one of the pre‐service teachers. Some teachers reported that they developed an understanding of what ICT is and the way technology can enhance teaching and learning of difficult science concepts through the collaborative design of science lessons in teams. “I developed an understanding of how ICT can be applied in the design and teaching of a technology‐enhanced lesson,” said one of the pre‐service teachers. • Match qualitative data to the claim • “Tell” and “Show” Modified from: Kafyulilo et al. Educ Inf Technol. 5 May 2015; DOI 10.1007/s10639‐015‐9398‐0 Topic sentences are unsupported! Common mistakes in the Results
- 58. Activity 1: Results Please see Activity 1 in your Workbook
- 60. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Writing the beginning of your Discussion State the major conclusion of the studyState the major conclusion of the study Most health professionals, including dental students, require rudimentary introduction to health economics. The pedagogical challenges of teaching health economics in dentistry arise from the fact that health economics is a nondental subject that requires deep understanding. In this study, we found that debate when used to teach health economics to dental students enhanced their interest and reinforced their knowledge of the topic and improved organizational thinking. Re‐introduction Conclusion Modified from: Khan et al. J Dent Educ. 2012;76: 1675–1683. Problem
- 61. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Compare your findings with those published by others Compare your findings with those published by others Writing the middle of your Discussion Modified from: Rimfeld et al. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e638. Comparison with previous studies Comparison with previous studies Current finding Potential reasons We found that most individual differences in second language achievement are accounted for by genetic differences, rather than school, family, and other environmental influences. Our heritability estimates are higher than those in our earlier study [3], which might be because different measures were used. In the present study we used standardized examination scores at the end of compulsory education, as compared with teacher ratings of academic achievement in our earlier report.…
- 62. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Describe limitations and negative resultsDescribe limitations and negative results Why? Reporting transparency • Allows complete evaluation of your study • Prevents others from repeating those experiments • Allows others to modify those experiments • Prevents funding agencies from wasting money Data repositoriesData repositories Writing the middle of your Discussion
- 63. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Readers use sentence structure to determine emphasis • Stress position • Main clause vs. subordinate clause • Clause length Useful in the Discussion Vary emphasis of your interpretations Useful in the Discussion Vary emphasis of your interpretations Contrasting ideas
- 64. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Contrasting ideas Main vs. subordinate clause Although the study design is not perfect, you deserve funding. SubordinateSubordinate MainMain Linking word • Although • Even though • While • Whereas Subordinate clauses say 2 things: • Idea may not be important • There is a contrasting idea coming
- 65. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Discussing limitations Although this study was limited by its small sample size, our survey demonstrates that women commonly cite experiencing signs and symptoms of postnatal depression within the first 6 months of delivery. Although our survey demonstrates that postnatal depression is common, the study was limited by its small sample size. Bad news = Subordinate clause at the startBad news = Subordinate clause at the start Bad news = Main clause in stress positionBad news = Main clause in stress position Bad news = Subordinate clause at start Good news = LONG main clause in stress position Bad news = Subordinate clause at start Good news = LONG main clause in stress position
- 66. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure What do you want people to remember?What do you want people to remember? Writing the end of your Discussion May be a separate section May be a “Future work” section We have demonstrated here that genes explain a larger proportion of differences between children in second language achievement than do shared environmental influences of school and home. Our bivariate results for twins demonstrate a general genetic factor of language achievement in the sense that achievement in English and second language is influenced to a large extent by the same genes. It is important to note that genes not only influence aptitude and achievement, but also appetite for knowledge. Such genotype–environment correlation may be increasingly important during adolescence. Our future research thus involves longitudinal study of second language achievement. ConclusionConclusion Key findingKey finding ImplicationsImplications Future directions Future directions Modified from: Rimfeld et al. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e638.
- 67. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Common mistakes in the Discussion Do not restate your results We showed that tumor volumes in Groups A, B, and C were 34.6, 74.2, and 53.9 mm3, respectively, after a 4‐month drug treatment, reflecting only a 8.6% decrease. However, after a 12‐month drug treatment, the tumor volumes in Groups A, B, and C were 16.3, 18.7, and 16.9 mm3, respectively, which reflects a 45.2% decrease (p<0.05). The results demonstrate that 12 months of treatment is necessary for Drug X to effectively reduce tumor size among the three groups. The results presented in this study demonstrate that Drug X more effectively reduces tumor size after 12 months of treatment (45.2% reduction) than it does after 4 months (8.6% reduction).
- 68. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Common mistakes in the Discussion Do not overgeneralize your findings In this study, we demonstrated that Drug A effectively reduced tumor growth. Therefore, this drug should have therapeutic applications in breast cancer treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that Drug A effectively reduced the growth of various breast cancer cell lines. Our findings suggest that this drug may have therapeutic applications in breast cancer treatment. Result: Drug A reduced breast cancer cell growth in vitro
- 69. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Link your ideas General background Aims Methodology Results and figures Summary of findings Implications for the field Relevance of findings Problem in the field Current state of the field Introduction Methods Results Discussion Solution Situation/ Problem Evaluation /Comment
- 70. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Link your ideas Problem‐based learning is an instructional method in which problems are the focal part of learning. However, it is unclear which particular aspect of the problem is essential for student learning. In conclusion, this study is among the first to shed more light on the causal interactions of specific problem characteristics at the micro level. BackgroundBackground ProblemProblem ConclusionConclusion Discussion Modified from: Sockalingam et al. Advances in Health Sciences Education. 2011;16:481–490. We process and outcome variables We tested a model in which we hypothesized that problem input variables would be related to problem process and outcome variables. ObjectiveObjective
- 71. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure After the first draft…. Format manuscript Format manuscript • Use journal template/style • Re‐check word limits • Format references Revise manuscript Revise manuscript • Get input from colleagues • Check Figures/Tables • Check consistency/logical flow between sections • Edit for clarity, conciseness, and accuracy • Have a rest! Then proofread
- 73. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Figures Clear figure legend Kindlin‐2 knockdown and focal adhesion localization. Confocal immunofluorescent microscopy with anti‐β1 integrin and anti‐paxillin on C2C12 cells transfected with RNAi and then changed to differentiation media for 2 days. Control cells show linear staining consistent with localization to costameres (arrows), as well as punctate focal contact staining (arrowheads). Focal contact proteins in the kindlin‐2 RNAi cells fail to form linear structures and instead are concentrated in unusual appearing puncta (*). (Scale bar = 20 μM). Dowling et al. (2008) BMC Cell Biol 9:36. Clear indicators Title of the experimentTitle of the experiment Brief methodologyBrief methodology Key findingsKey findings
- 74. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Tables vs. graphs Type A Type B Type C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aluminum Gold Figure 1. Additional 50‐year projected life expectancy Additional yearsWho will have a longer life in 50 years’ time?Who will have a longer life in 50 years’ time? Women Men Country 1 Country 2 Country 3
- 75. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Tables vs. graphs Type A Type B Type C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aluminum Gold What is the highest number of projected additional years?What is the highest number of projected additional years? ?? Additional years Women Men Figure 1. Additional 50‐year projected life expectancy Country 1 Country 2 Country 3
- 76. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Country Population No. of years Country 1 Women 4.3 Country 2 Women 3.4 Country 3 Women 6.7 Country 1 Men 1.4 Country 2 Men 2.4 Country 3 Men 3.8 Tables vs. graphs Table 1. Additional projected life expectancy in the next 50 years What is the highest number of projected additional years?What is the highest number of projected additional years?
- 77. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Independent variables Table formatting Raj et al. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106210. Symbols defined Dependent variable; N numbers given Table 1. Demographic profiled of ever‐married women aged 20–24 years for most recent Demographic Health Survey data from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Clear and concise table title
- 78. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure What’s wrong with this line graph?
- 79. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Line graphs Kennedy et al. Reprod Health. 2011;8:11. Figure 2. Proportion of births to women aged 15‐49 spaced less than 18 months for A. 'ever‐married women' and B. 'all women' (married and unmarried) (%). Cambodia, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vietnam do not include data for adolescents for this indicator because of too few non‐first births in the 15‐19 age group. Use colors and shapes to differentiate lines Use colors and shapes to differentiate lines Figure title and notes usually go below Figure title and notes usually go below Independent variable Independent variable Dependent variable Dependent variable
- 80. Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Bar graphs Waters et al. SAGE Open. 2014; doi: 10.1177/2158244014529779. Figure 3. Impediments to choosing elective music versus sport. Note. Impediment items were phrased in negative where appropriate, meaning that a high mean score indicates strong agreement with the opposite valence compared with strong agreement with the corresponding item. *p < .05. Dependent variable Dependent variable Independent variable Independent variable Statistical significance Statistical significance
- 82. Attract your readers Title and abstract First impression of paper: clear/concise/convincing First impression of paper: clear/concise/convincing Importance of your results Validity of your conclusions Relevance of your aims Your title & abstract should attract readersYour title & abstract should attract readers It sells your work: Readers judge your style & credibility It sells your work: Readers judge your style & credibility Often first or only part that is read by readers/reviewers Often first or only part that is read by readers/reviewers
- 83. Attract your readers Title and abstract TitleTitle Important pointsImportant points Only main idea/s Accurate, simple Population/model Include keywords Fewer than 20 words Include method/ study type AvoidAvoid Unneeded words (“A study of”) Sensationalism, journalistic style Complex word order Abbreviations, jargon “New” or “novel”
- 84. Attract your readers Title and abstract InterrogativeInterrogative Do biochar blends affect microbial composition of sandy soil? Indicative/ Descriptive Indicative/ Descriptive Effects of modern fertilizers on nutrient leaching and legume crop yield … + Approach (subtitle) … + Approach (subtitle) Melamine contamination of milk: A southern China perspective Assertive/ Declarative Assertive/ Declarative Health literacy does not narrow the education‐based e‐health gap / Education‐based e‐health gap not narrowed by health literacy TitleTitle
- 85. Attract your readers Structured abstracts AimAim Objective, hypothesis ResultsResults Most important findings ConclusionConclusion Relevance, implications MethodsMethods Techniques, measurements No references, jargon, unusual abbreviations, figures/tables BackgroundBackground Context, problem
- 86. Attract your readers Modified from: Cannegieter et al. Blood. 2015; 125: 229‒235. Numerous systemic treatment options exist for patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS); however, the comparative efficacy of these treatments is unclear. We performed a retrospective analysis of our cutaneous lymphoma database to evaluate the treatment efficacy of 198 MF/SS patients undergoing systemic therapies. The primary end point was time to next treatment (TTNT). Patients with advanced‐stage disease made up 53%. The median follow‐up time from diagnosis for all alive patients was 4.9 years (range 0.3‒39.6), with a median survival of 11.4 years. Patients received a median of 3 lines of therapy (range 1‒13), resulting in 709 treatment episodes. Twenty‐ eight treatment modalities were analyzed. We found that the median TTNT for single‐ or multiagent chemotherapy was only 3.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2‒5.1), with few durable remissions. α‐interferon gave a median TTNT of 8.7 months (95% CI 6.0‒18.0), and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) gave a median TTNT of 4.5 months (95% CI 4.0‒6.1). When compared directly with chemotherapy, interferon and HDACi both had greater TTNT (P < .00001 and P = .01, respectively). In conclusion, this study confirms that all chemotherapy regimens assessed have very modest efficacy; we recommend their use be restricted until other options are exhausted.How does your study contribute to your field? What did you find? What did you do? Why did you do the study? Unstructured abstract
- 87. Attract your readers Bioethics traffics in matters moral. As such, bioethics frequently bumps up against religion, offering an ideal arena to examine how the sacred and the secular encounter each other in modern medicine. In this essay I consider two places where bioethics and religion intersect: 1) the response of bioethics to the universal problem of suffering, and 2) the professional proselytizing or “missionizing work” that bioethics does in order to make a place for itself among the professions of the life sciences. De Vries. Society. 2015;52:438–447. Social sciences abstract (short) Why you did the study What you did
- 88. Attract your readers Check author guidelines Check author guidelines Check recently published articles Check recently published articles Consider your audience Consider your audience For interdisciplinary audiences, include background/aim, method, results, and conclusion Identify journal editor preference What the journal requires Social science abstracts What sections should you include? “…Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.”
- 89. Attract your readers Graphical abstracts Visually demonstrate key features of the study Help readers quickly identify suitable articles Targeting the lymphatics using dendritic polymers Kaminskas and Porter. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2011; 63: 890–900.
- 90. Attract your readers Highlight statements Clear summaries for quick overview 4–5 key sentences or 3–5 bullet points (maximum 85–100 characters per bullet, including spaces; no abbreviations) British Medical Journal: (1) “What is already known on this topic” & (2) “What this study adds” (included as a Box in online and print article) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Fisheries Research, Bioenergetics: 3–5 bullets of core results (only in online version of table of contents and article)
- 91. Attract your readers Search Engine Optimization Identify 7–8 keywords (try to use standard terms*) Use 2 in your title; 5–6 in the keyword list Use 3 keywords 3–4 times in your abstract Use keywords in headings when appropriate Be consistent throughout your paper; include some synonyms Cite your previous publications when relevant *Standard terms from PsycINFO, BIOSIS, ChemWeb, ERIC Thesaurus, GeoRef, MeSH, etc
- 92. Please see Activity 6 in your Workbook Activity 2: Titles and abstracts
- 93. Thank you! Any questions? 에단즈 에디팅 한국지사 http://kr.edanzediting.com 신현숙 실장: korea@edanzediting.com