economics methods

1. WHAT IS RESEARCH
By-
Dr. Satyendra Kishor Mishra
Reader & Head,
School of Studies in Economics
Vikram University , Ujjain (MP)

2. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
अनुसंधान क्या है ?
It is a formal process of studying any problem by using scientific
approach.
अनुसंधान एक ककसी समस्या को वैज्ञाकनक उपागम से अध्ययन करने की प्रकिया है ।
Research is simply putting curiosity into question form, doing process
systematically and satisfying the curiosity of researcher.
शोध का अर्थ किज्ञासाओं को प्रश्न क
े रूप में पररवकतथत करना तर्ा शोधकताथओं की
किज्ञासाओं को शांत करना है।

3. STEPS OF RESEARCH
(शोध क
े सोपान )
 Selection and definition of problem
समस्याओं का चयन एवं परिभाषिकिण
 Execution of research procedures
शोध प्रषियाओं का षियान्वयन
 Analysis of data
प्रदत्ों का षवश्लेिण
 Drawing and Stating Conclusion
षनष्किष

4. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
 Degree of applicability and generalization of research
षनषितार्ष एवं सामान्यीकिण क
े आधाि पि
 Basic VS Applied
मूलभूत - अनुप्रयोगात्मक
 Approach to Inquiry
ज्ञान अर्षन का उपागम
 Qualitative VS Quantitative
गुणात्मक – मात्रात्मक

5. TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Basic Research- Basic Research is conducted solely for the
development of theory and its refinement. It is basically a
scientific research which are conducted in laboratory conditions .
मूलभूत शोध - मूलभूत शोध क
े वल षसद्ांतों क
े षवकास व उसक
े परिमार्षन
िेतु षकए र्ाते िैं । इस प्रकाि क
े शोध मुख्य रूप से वैज्ञाषनक अनुसंधान की
तिि िैं र्ो की प्रयोगशालाओं में षकए र्ाते िैं ।
 Applied Research – Applied research as its name suggests it is
a research this type of research is conducted for the purpose of
applying ,testing and evaluating theory.
अनुप्रयोगात्मक शोध – र्ैसा की इसक
े नाम से परिलषित िोता िै की इस
प्रकाि क
े शोध का उद्देश्य षकनिी षसद्ांतों का अनुप्रयोग, र्ांच तर्ा मूलयांकन
िै ।

6. TYPES OF RESEARCH
शोध क
े प्रकार
 Qualitative – Qualitative research is conducted to gain
insight into the area of interest. The data is of Narrative
Nature.
गुणात्मक शोध – गुणात्मक शोध षकसी िेत्र क
े बािे में गििाई से
अध्ययन किने की प्रषिया िै षर्समें षवविणात्मक प्रदत् प्राप्त िोते िैं
।
 Quantitative – Quantitative Research is conducted to
collect data in order to explain, predict or control the
area of interest. The data is of Numerical Nature.
मात्रात्मक शोध – मात्रात्मक शोध में षकसी िेत्र क
े बािे में प्रदत्ों का
संकलन व्याख्या, पूवाषनुमान या षनयंत्रण किने क
े षलए षकया र्ाता िै
।

7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
गुणात्मक एवं मात्रात्मक शोध में अंति
Criteria
कसौटी
Qualitative Research
गुणात्मक शोध
Quantitative Research
मात्रात्मक शोध
Purpose
उदेश्य
Insight/understanding
समझ
Explain ,predict ,control
व्याख्या , पूवाषनुमान तर्ा षनयंत्रण
Approach to
Inquiry
खोर् का उपगाम
Inductive, Subjective
Holistic and Process Oriented
आगमनात्मक , व्यक्तिपिक ,
संपूणाषत्मक तर्ा प्रषिया क
े क्तित
Deductive, Objective and Product
Oriented
षनगमनात्मक , उदेश्यपिक , तर्ा
उत्पाद क
े क्तित
Hypotheses
परिकल्पना
Tentative, Evolving and
Particular षवकासशील तर्ा
क
े क्तित
Specific, Testable, Stated prior to
study षवषशष्ट , र्ांचनें योग्य तर्ा पूवष में
षनधाषरित
Review
पूवष शोध का अध्ययन
Limited
सीषमत
Extensive
गिन

8. CONTD….
Criteria कसौटी Qualitative Research
गुणात्मक शोध
Quantitative Research
मात्रात्मक शोध
Research setting
शोध व्यवस्र्ा
Naturalistic
प्राक
ृ षतक
Controlled
षनयंषत्रत
Sampling
न्यादशष
Purposive
उदेश्यपिक
Random
यादृक्तिक
Measurement
मापन
Non standardized
अमानकीक
ृ त
Standardized
मानकीक
ृ त
Design and
Method
प्राकल्प तर्ा षवषध
Flexible लचीला
• Historical ऐषतिाषसक
• Ethnographic
•Case Study व्यक्ति अध्ययन
Structured संिषचत
• Descriptive षवविणात्मक
• Co rrelational सिसंबंधात्मक
•Causal – Comparative
कािण – तुलनात्मक
•Experimental
प्रयोगात्मक

9. CONTD…..
Criteria
कसौटी
Qualitative Research
गुणात्मक शोध
Quantitative Research
मात्रात्मक शोध
Data Collection
प्रदत् संकलन
Participative, सिभागी
Unstructured, असंिषचत
Extensive गिन
Non Participative, असिभागी
Structured,संिषचत
Tests and Questionnaire
पिीिण एवं प्रश्नावली
Data Analysis
प्रदत् षवश्लेिण
Synthesis of words
शब्ों का शंश्लेिण
Statistics
सांक्तखषयकी
Data Interpretation
प्रदत्ों की व्याख्या
Tentative
असामान्यीक
ृ त
Generalization
सामान्यीक
ृ त
Trends
धािा
Implicative
षनषितार्षक
Replicative
दोििाने योग्य

10. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Descriptive Research (षवविणात्मक शोध)
 Correlation Research (सिसंबंधात्मक शोध)
 Causal-Comparative Research
(कायष कािण संबंधात्मक शोध)
 Experimental Research (प्रयोगात्मक शोध)

11. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
षवविणात्मक शोध
Descriptive research describes WHAT IS?
कववरणात्मक शोध क्या है का वणथन करता है ।
It is concerned with conditions or relationships that exist,
opinion that help , processes that are going on , effects
that are evident or trends that are developing. It describe
,analyze, record and interpret conditions that exist.
यि उन परिक्तस्र्षतयों या सम्बन्ों,िाय,प्रषियाओं प्रभाव से संबक्तन्त िैं
र्ो की षवकषसत िो ििीं िैं । यि परिक्तस्र्षतयों का वणषन , षवश्लेिण,
अंकन तर्ा व्यख्या किती िैं र्ो अभी अक्तित्व में िै । यि शोध उन चिो
से संबक्तन्त िैं षर्नको षनयंषत्रत निीं षकया र्ा सकता िै ।
It involves comparison, contrast and attempts to discover
relationship between existing NONMANIPULATIVE
VARIABLES.

12. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Compilation of information bulletin on Academic
programmes of Teaching Departments of University.
 Developmental trend of Selected Cognitive variables
Among students of IX and XI studying science.
 Study of Job satisfaction of Security Personal in relation
to Job stressors and Role commitment.

13. CO-RELATIONAL RESEARCH
Co-relational Research attempts to determine
whether and to what extent a relationship exists
between two or more quantifiable variables.
BUT CORELATIONAL RESEARCH NEVER
ESTABLISHES CAUSE –EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
ONLY RELATIONSHIP
example – result is that there is a high degree of
relationship between no of years of schooling and
income but it cannot be concluded that stay in school
longer will increase income.
Ex. Relationship between Intelligence and Self Esteem
Relationship between Anxiety and Achievement

14. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
Causal- Comparative research is a research
of studying the cause of any phenomena
without manipulating the independent variable
Independent variables in causal comparative
research cannot be manipulated .
 Ex. Effect of pre-school attendance on social
maturity at the end of the first grade.
 Ex. Effect of having working mother on school
absenteeism.

15. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Experimental Research –
Experimental Research refers to such research
in which an independent variable is
manipulated. In other words the cause of the
studied phenomena is manipulated. Thus it
implies two words control and manipulation.
 Ex. Effectiveness of personalized instruction on
computational skills
 Ex. Effect of open book examination system
with discussion on achievement

16. SURVEY RESEARCH
 A survey is an attempt to collect data from the
members of a population in order to
determine the current status with respect to
some variable. It is a type of self report
research studies.
 Survey may be of two nature- sample survey
and census.
 Other than this there are many types of
surveys like-

17. CONTD….
 Cross Sectional Survey-
Information is collected at one point of time.
 Longitudinal Survey-
Data are collected at different point of time in order to study
changes
a. Trend- population is sampled at each data collection point of
time.
b. Cohort – a specific population is followed over a period of time.
c. Panel – selects sample and same sample is studied at
subsequent point of time.
 Delphi Technique-
Delphi technique is used to reach at consensus on any issue

18. STEPS OF SURVEY RESEARCH
सवेक्षण क
े पद
 Define Objectives- उद्देश्यों का परिभाषिकिण
 Decide kind of Survey- सवेिण क
े प्रकाि क
े बािे में षनणषय
 Formulate research question- शोध प्रश्न तय
 Decide the focus- क
ें द्र तय
 Decide the information needed- र्ानकारियों की आवश्यकता
 Decide the sampling required- न्यादशष आवश्यक
 Decide the tools – उपकिणो का षनधाषिण
 Generate the instruments- उपकिणो का षनमाषण
 Decide the procedure- प्रषिया का षनधाषिण
 Pilot the instruments- उपकिणो की सूक्ष्म िि पि र्ांच
 Train the interviewers – सािातकिता का प्रषशिण
 Collect the data- प्रदत्ों का संकलन
 Analyze the data – प्रदत्ों का षवश्लेिण
 Report the result – परिणाम

19. TRIGGERS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Current status is studied.
 Reports the things as they are.
 No manipulation in variable.
 No decision about who will receive the
treatment.
 No prior arrangement for the events.
 Data is generally collected through self report.

20. PRECAUTIONS FOR DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH-
कववरणात्मक शोध में सावधाकनयााँ
 Sample selection- न्यादशष का चयन
 Data collection - प्रदत्ों का संकलन

21. THANKS