1.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
「初歩だよ、福岡UX勉強会君」
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
研究方法の基礎定義及び一般的な間違い
Cruz Christian
クルッツ・クリスチャン

2.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
RE
SEARCH
2
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3.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
1000 pt
Systematised effort to gain new knowledge
研究とは体制的に新しい知識を身につける事です。
3
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4.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Random decisions
over CREATIVITY
Precise Control
over INNOVATION
創造力のランダムな
決定
イノベーションの正確な
管理
RE
SEARCH
Systematised effort to gain new knowledge
研究とは体制的に新しい知識を身につける事です。
4
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5.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
A
GOOD
research is
‣
SYSTEMATIC体制的: Reject the use of guessing & intuition, but DOES NOT rule out creative thinking
‣
CONTROLLEDコントロール: Variables are identified & controlled, wherever possible
‣
LOGICAL論理的: Guided by rules of logical reasoning & logical process of induction& deduction
•
Deduction (Aristotle)推論 - “From whole to part”
•
Induction (Francis Bacon) 帰納 - “From number of Observations”
‣
EMPIRICAL実証的: Provide a basis for external validity to results (validation)
‣
REPLICABLE重複: Verified by replicating the study
‣
SELF CORRECTING自ら修正: Built in mechanism & open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals
5
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6.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Descriptive
叙述的
Analytical
分解的
WHAT?
WHY?
何？
なぜ？
Applied
応用的
Fundamental
理論的
Problem
問題
Theory
理論
Quantitative
数量的
Qualitative
質的
How much, many, fast,
heavy, long? etc.
いくつ、どのぐらい?など
HOW?
どう？
Conceptual
概念的
Empirical
実証的
Abstract idea Applied idea
抽象的アイデア 応用的アイデア
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
TYPES of research
6
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7.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Descriptive
叙述的
Analytical
分解的
WHAT?
WHY?
何？
なぜ？
The major purpose of
descriptive research is
description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present.
The methods of research used
in descriptive research are
survey methods of all kinds,
including comparative and
correlational methods.
The analytical research usually
concerns itself with causeeffect relationships
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
TYPES of research
7
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8.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Applied research aims at
finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a
society or an industrial/
business organisation.
”Discover a solution for some
pressing practical problem"
Concerned with
generalisations and with the
formulation of a theory.
Applied
応用的
Fundamental
理論的
Problem
Theory
理論
問題
TYPES of research
8
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9.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative research is based
on the measurement of
quantity or amount.
Qualitative research, on the
other hand, is concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e.,
phenomena relating to or
involving quality or kind. This
type of research aims at
discovering the underlying
motives and desires, using in
depth interviews for the
purpose
Quantitative
数量的
Qualitative
質的
How much, many, fast,
heavy, long? etc.
Why?
なぜ？
いくつ、どのぐらい?など
TYPES of research
9
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10.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
TYPES of research
Conceptual research is that
related to some abstract
idea(s) or theory. It is generally
used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new
concepts or to reinterpret
existing ones.
Empirical research relies on
experience or observation
alone, often without due regard
for system and theory. It is
data-based research, coming
up with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by
observation or experiment.
Conceptual
概念的
Empirical
実証的
Abstract idea Applied idea
抽象的アイデア 応用的アイデア
10
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11.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
1.
Defining the research theme or idea 研究テーマを設立
2.
Formulating the research problem 研究問題を明確化
3.
Conceptual(or Theoretic) Framework 観念的枠組み
4.
Development of working hypotheses 仮説を立てる
5.
Preparing the research design 研究方法を立てる
6.
Determining sample design 統計方法を立てる
7.
Collecting the data データーを集計
8.
Analysis of data データーを分析
9.
Hypothesis-testing 仮説を検証
10.
Generalisations and interpretation 結論とまとめ
11.
Preparation of the report or the thesis 論文をまとめ
EMPHASIS
EMPHASIS
Research PROCESS
EMPHASIS
EMPHASIS
Execution of the project プロジェクトを実行
11
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12.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Defining the research theme or idea 研究テーマを設立
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
A good idea is…
良いアイデアは…
Personal
Novel
Useful
個人的
新た
有意義
To think a good idea one must REVIEW THE EXISTING RESEARCH.
良いアイデア考える為に先行研究を調べなければなりません。
12
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13.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Formulating the research problem 研究問題を明確化
The problem
Objectives
問題点
目標
Research
Research
Questions
PROCESS
Viability
実行可能性
Relevance Consequences
重要
結果
Convenience
利便
何？
!
WHEN?
いつ？
Social relevance
社会的関連
The problem MUST
express one or more
relations between
variables.
The Objectives MUST be
measurable.
問題点は必ず変数の
一つまたは一つ以上
と関連する。
An objective MUST NOT
contain moral or
aesthetic judgments.
!
WHO?
誰？
WHY?
Practical Implications
なぜ？
具体的結果
目標は必ず測定可能。
!
目標は必ず道徳また
は美感覚を含めない。
!
ETC…
HOW?
ETC…
どうやって？ など・・・
など・・・
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
研究質問
WHAT?
13
!
Theoretical value
理論的価値
!
Methodological value
方法論的価値

14.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
Measuring sets of
variables or
quantities and their
relationship to one
another
MEASUREMENT
!
態度測定Attitude measurement
アンケートQuestionnaire
一定試験と目録Standardised test and inventories
PROCESS
Understanding
the qualities of a
specific field of
inquiry
Quantitative
数量的
Qualitative
質的
How much, many, fast,
heavy, long? etc.
HOW?
どう？
いくつ、どのぐらい?など
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
ETHNOGRAPHY
!
Interviewインタビュー
Focus Groupフォーカスグループ
ETCなど
Research
PROCESS
14
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15.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Measure
測定
To assign empiric(quantifiable) indicators to abstract concepts
抽象概念を量的指標化する
Observable Data
観測可能なデータ
Hypotheses relation
仮説関係
Answer
結果
15
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16.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
data
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
knowledge
information
知識
情報
データ
Variable
変数
A property which can change and its variations
can be measured.
変化する特徴、この特徴が計る事が出来る。
Our personal map/model of the World
世界の個人的なモデル。
Data is raw and unorganised
fundamental facts.
Numerical values
!
データとは、未処理あるいは未組
織な基礎的事実のことです。
「数値」
When data is
processed,
organised, structured
or presented in a
given context so as to
make it useful, it is
called Information.
Meaning
データが処理、整理、
構造化されると、役立
つデータになり、情報
と呼ばれています。
「意味」
16
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17.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
A property which can change and its variations
can be measured.
Variable
変数
data
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
変化する特徴、この特徴が計る事が出来る。
データ
information
Variable 変数
Watch times
情報
Watch times
month
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
January
January
2
4
31
6
8
1
8
February
February
3
7
28
3
5
1
3
March
March
1
4
31
8
3
1
3
April
April
4
8
30
4
4
4
4
May
May
5
3
31
5
2
1
5
June
June
12
3
30
6
1
2
1
July
July
5
14
31
5
4
5
3
August
August
6
6
31
7
1
2
3
September
September
8
8
30
8
4
2
3
October
October
3
6
31
5
5
2
1
November
November
5
4
30
5
7
2
2
December
December
1
0
31
12
8
1
1
month
times
KEEP
CALM
AND
LOVE
Evangelion
17
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18.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Collection Instrument
手法
VALIDITY
妥当性
The degree in which an
instrument really
measures what is
intended to be measured.
本当に測定する手法の程度は
意図している測定です。
RELIABILITY
確実性
The degree in which the
repeated application
produces the same results.
繰り返す適用の程度は同じ結果を
生成している
18
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19.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Collection Instrument
手法
VALIDITY
RELIABILITY
妥当性
確実性
Factors that affect Validity and Reliability
妥当性と確実性に影響を与える要因
Improvisation
Morphology
即興
形態論
e.g. Intelligence measurement
e.g. Behaviour measurement
e.g. Not enough space for writing
e.g. Too small characters
Environment
Empathy
環境
共感
e.g. Weather
e.g. Lunch time
e.g. Complicated language
e.g. economical background
e.g. educational background
Cultural Context and Time
文化的文脈と時間
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20.
Collecting the data
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
What is measuring the instrument? (items scales)
Maker(Trek, Peugeot, Hammer, etc.)
メーカ
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Category
Quantity
部門
手法は何を測定するのか？
Variable
変数
20
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
分量
Nominal
名義
Type(Mountain bike, Tourer, Road Racer, etc.)
タイプ
Components Maker(Shimano, Campagnolo, etc.)
要素のメーカ
Age
期間
USED BICYCLE
中古自転車
Condition (Excellent, Acceptable, Poor)
状態（良い, まあまあ, 悪い)
Ordinal
順序
Price
値段
Measurement
Size of frame
フレームのサイズ
測定
Number of gears(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12…)
変速の数量
Discrete
個別
Qualitative
Interval
間隔
HOW good?
ratio
比率

21.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
attitude
態度
Learned predisposition to react in favor or against to objects or symbols
態度は物がシンボルに対する賛成か反対かを反映する学習の偏向です。
21
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22.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
!
態度は物がシンボルに対する賛成か反対かを反映す
る学習の偏向です。
態度
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Learned predisposition to react in favor or
against to objects or symbols
ATTITUDE
PROCESS
22
Attitudes are INDICATORS of
conduct but NOT the conduct itself.
!
態度は、行動ではなく、行動の指標です。
?
Attitudes are symptoms only.
!
態度は兆候だけです。

23.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Attitude measurement
態度測定
Attitude Scales
態度スケール
Likert Scale
Semantic Differential
リッカート尺度
ＳＤ法
23
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24.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Likert Scale
リッカート尺度
Statement
陳述
Scoring
得点
1.Strongly disagree
1.全く同意できない
2. Disagree
2.同意できない
Reaction
反応
3. Neither agree nor disagree
3.どちらともいえない
4. Agree
4.同意できる
5.Strongly agree
5.非常に同意できる
1
-2
5
2
-1
4
3
0
3
4
1
2
5
2
1
24
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25.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Codebook (Likert Scale)
コードブック (リッカート尺度)
Variable
Item
Category
Codes
Column
変数
アイテム
カテゴリー
コード化
列
1.Strongly disagree
1.全く同意できない
2. Disagree
2.同意できない
3. Neither agree nor disagree
3.どちらともいえない
3
4
5
1
2. Disagree
2.同意できない
陳述 n
2
1.Strongly disagree
1.全く同意できない
Statement n
1
5.Strongly agree
5.非常に同意できる
陳述２
5
4. Agree
4.同意できる
Statement 2
4
2. Disagree
2.同意できない
陳述１
3
1.Strongly disagree
1.全く同意できない
何を測定するのか？
3. Neither agree nor disagree
3.どちらともいえない
5.Strongly agree
5.非常に同意できる
Statement 1
2
4. Agree
4.同意できる
What is being measured
1
2
3. Neither agree nor disagree
3.どちらともいえない
3
4. Agree
4.同意できる
4
5.Strongly agree
5.非常に同意できる
5
1
2
n
25
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26.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Data Matrix
データー行列
Subject
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
Column n
回答者
列1
列２
列３
列４
列n
1
1
2
5
1
3
2
2
3
4
2
3
3
3
2
5
3
2
4
4
5
4
3
2
5
5
3
3
3
4
6
1
2
2
2
2
7
2
1
3
1
1
8
4
2
4
2
2
n
o
p
q
r
s
26
74

27.
Collecting the data
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
27
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Research
PROCESS
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Likert Scale
リッカート尺度
Subject
回答者
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
列1
列2
列3
列4
Level of Agreement (per Subject)
Average
平均
1
2
5
1
2.25
2
2
3
4
2
2.75
3
3
2
5
3
3.25
4
4
5
4
3
4
5
5
3
3
3
3.5
6
1
2
2
2
1.75
7
2
1
3
1
1.75
8
4
2
4
2
3
4
Agreement Level
1
5
4
3
2.25
1.75
0
Subject 1
Subject 2
2
5
2
3
4
2
3
3
2
5
3
4
4
5
4
3
5
5
3
3
3
6
1
2
2
2
7
2
1
3
1
8
4
2
4
2
Average
平均
2.75
2.5
3.75
2.125
Subject 4
Column 2
Subject 5
Subject 6
Column 3
Subject 7
Column 4
Subject 8
Average
5
1
2
Subject 3
Level of Agreement Average (per Statement)
4
Agreement Level
1
1.75
1
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
列1
列2
列3
列4
1
3
2.75
Column 1
Subject
回答者
3.5
3.25
3.75
3
2
2.75
2.5
2.125
1
0
Statements
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4

28.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Percentage of Selections
(Statement 1)
18%
28
25%
Percentage of Selections (Total)
Likert Scale
20%
リッカート尺度
30%
5%
3%
23%
17%
11%
50%
1.Strongly disagree
4. Agree
2. Disagree
5.Strongly agree
3. Neither agree nor disagree
1.Strongly disagree
4. Agree
2. Disagree
5.Strongly agree
3. Neither agree nor disagree

29.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Comparission of the Agreement Level Average and Best Possible Selection
Level of Agreement
5
5
4
3.75
3
2.75
2
2.5
1
0
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Average
Column 4
Likert Scale
Best Possible
リッカート尺度
Comparission of the Agreement Level for Each Statement (Number of selections)
40
Number of People
30
27
23
20
20
20
20
14
10
10
10
7
1
0
13
7
2
Statement 1
10
7
4
2
1.Strongly disagree
5.Strongly agree
10
5
1
Statement 2
10
Statement 3
2. Disagree
1 1 1
Statement 4
2
1 1
Statement 5
3. Neither agree nor disagree
3
5
2
Statement 6
4. Agree
29
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30.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Semantic Differential
ＳＤ法
Dimension
次元
Positive adjective
Scoring
Negative Adjective
積極的形容詞
得点
消極的形容詞
3
7
1
0
-1
-2
2
GOOD
2
1
0
-1
-2
6
5
4
3
2
○
-3
BAD
1
30
74

31.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Codebook(Semantic Differential)
コードブック (ＳＤ法)
Dimension
Bipolar Adjectives Pair
Codes
Column
次元
正反対的形容詞双
コード化
列
2
1
What is being measured
Positive adjective 1
Negative Adjective 1
何を測定するのか？
積極的形容詞１
消極的形容詞
0
1
-1
-2
2
1
Positive adjective 2
Negative Adjective 2
積極的形容詞２
消極的形容詞２
0
2
-1
-2
2
1
Positive adjective n
Negative Adjective n
積極的形容詞 n
消極的形容詞
0
-1
-2
n
31
74

32.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Data Matrix
データー行列
Subject
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
Column n
回答者
列1
列２
列３
列４
列n
1
1
2
5
1
3
2
2
3
4
2
3
3
3
2
5
3
2
4
4
5
4
3
2
5
5
3
3
3
4
6
1
2
2
2
2
7
2
1
3
1
1
8
4
2
4
2
2
n
o
p
q
r
s
32
74

33.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
態度測定Attitude measurement
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
Semantic Differential
ＳＤ法
Dimension 1
Dimension 2
Dimension 3
Dimension 4
Average
+/-1
4
1
3
1
2.25
+/-2
4
1
2
2
2.25
+/-3
4
1
3
3
2.75
+/-4
5
2
2
4
3.25
+/-5
3
3
2
4
3
+/-6
4
4
2
4
3.5
+/-7
2
5
2
4
3.25
+/-8
3
5
2
4
3.5
+/-9
4
5
2
4
3.75
+ / - 10
5
4
2
4
3.75
+ / - 11
3
3
3
3
3
+ / - 12
2
4
4
2
3
+ / - 13
3
3
5
2
3.25
+ / - 14
2
4
3
2
2.75
+ / - 15
2
3
2
2
2.25
+ / - 16
2
2
2
2
2
+ / - 17
3
1
3
1
2
+ / - 18
4
4
4
1
3.25
+ / - 19
3
5
5
1
3.5
+ / - 20
2
2
5
2
2.75
33
74

34.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
アンケートQuestionnaire
Research
PROCESS
Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire
アンケート
a set of questions about a certain variable
特定の変数についての質問のセット
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
34
74

35.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
アンケートQuestionnaire
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire
アンケート
CLOSED
Delimited Categories or
Alternatives of answers
限定するカテゴリーの自由な
答えあるいは提供された選択
肢からの答え
ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4
OPEN
35
74

36.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
アンケートQuestionnaire
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire
アンケート
CLOSED
ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4
Advantages
Disadvantages
メリット
デメリット
Easy to answer (effortless)
答えやすい
!
Faster
早い
!
Easy to Codify
コード化しやすい
!
Easy to analyse
分析しやすい
Due to their nature, these questions
might limit the number of options and
not really represent the respondents'
point of view.
限定された選択肢からの答えのため、参加者の
本当の見解が見つからない可能性がある。
36
74

37.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
アンケートQuestionnaire
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire
アンケート
OPEN
Advantages
Disadvantages
メリット
デメリット
These questions allow the
gathering of more detailed data
about the measured topic
Slower
これらの質問は、測定されたトピックに関
するより詳細なデータの収集を可能にする
Difficult to Codify
遅い
!
コード化しづらい
!
Difficult to analyse
分析しづらい
37
74

38.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
MEASUREMENT
アンケートQuestionnaire
questionnaire
CLOSED
OPEN
アンケート
ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4
!
BE Clear and Easy to understand
わかりやすい、理解しやすい
!
NOT be uncomfortable or disturbing
不快なことは与えない
!
BE oriented toward a UNIQUE logical aspect.
Questions must…
質問は必ず…
固有の論理の側面に行
!
NOT contain the answers or elements which negate the free will of the respondent
全く自由意志否定ません
!
Be according to the social, cultural, and intellectual characteristics of the respondent
回答者の社会的・文化的・知的特性に応じたこと
!
NOT express ideas supported by institutions, organisations, or groups.
組織やグループなどの考えを表現しない
!
Include clear and easy to understand INSTRUCTIONS.
わかりやすい、理解しやすい説明があり
38
74

39.
Collecting the data
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
データーを集計
MEASUREMENT
アンケートQuestionnaire
Research
PROCESS
39
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire
CLOSED
OPEN
アンケート
ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4
A questionnaire should…
アンケートは…すべき
Contain introductory questions of a neutral nature (age, sex, job, etc.) so the respondent can get accustomed to the situation.
回答者は慣れるためにニュートラル 質問があります（年齢、性別、仕事、など）
!
Include (depending on the necessity) verification questions
検証質問があり（必要性による）
Depend on wether the answers really reveal the necessary information.
!
答えは本当に必要な情報を表示しているかどうか
Not ask unnecessary or unjustified questions in order to keep the answer time on a "comfortable scope"
不必要な質問が含まれていない

40.
Collecting the data
データーを集計
Research
PROCESS
What is measuring the instrument? (items scales)
Maker(Trek, Peugeot, Hammer, etc.)
メーカ
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Category
Quantity
部門
手法は何を測定するのか？
Variable
変数
40
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
分量
Nominal
名義
Type(Mountain bike, Tourer, Road Racer, etc.)
タイプ
Components Maker(Shimano, Campagnolo, etc.)
要素のメーカ
Age
期間
USED BICYCLE
中古自転車
Condition (Excellent, Acceptable, Poor)
状態（良い, まあまあ, 悪い)
Ordinal
順序
Price
値段
Measurement
Size of frame
フレームのサイズ
測定
Number of gears(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12…)
変速の数量
Discrete
個別
Qualitative
Interval
間隔
HOW good?
ratio
比率

41.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Measurement Scales
測定スケール
Calculation
Category
Quantity
計算
部門
分量
Nominal
度数分布
Median and Percentiles
中央値、パーセンタイル
Add or Subtract
Interval
ratio
名義
Frequency Distribution
Ordinal
順序
間隔
比率
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
X
足し算、減算
X
X
Arithmetic Mean, standard deviation,
standard error of the mean
X
X
X
X
平均、標準偏差、標準誤差
Ratio, coefficient of variation
比率、微系数
Likert Scale
!
Semantic Differential
X
Likert Scale
Semantic Differential
!
41
74

42.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Cross-Breaks | Cross-Tabulations
クロス集計
age
gender
income
health
年齢
性別
給料
健康
42
74

43.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
“Statistical Thinking”
統計的な考え
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
43
74

44.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Summarising our experience so that we and other
people can understand its essential features.
皆が分かるために我々の経験をまとめます
!
Using the summary to make estimates or
predictions about what is likely to be the case in
other (perhaps future) situations.
未来を予測するためにその経験を使います
2010
18歳
2011
19歳
2012
20歳
2013
21歳
?
44
74

45.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Statistics
統計
Descriptive Statistics
要約統計量
Methods to summarise or describe our observations
A set of methods used to collect
or process or interpret
quantitative data.
統計とは数量的なデータを集計し、手順
を整理する及び判断する手法。
Inferential Statistics
推計統計量
Using those observations as a basis for making
estimates or predictions, i.e. inferences about a
situation that has not been observed.
45
74

46.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
46
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Population
母集団
!
Refers to ALL the finite or infinite collection of items under consideration.
母集団とは、調査対象のとなる数値，属性等の源となる集合全体を意味する。
Sample
標本
!
A portion from a population
標本とは、母集団の部分集合のこと
Sampling
標本調査
Representatively generalise from a
Sample to the population
標本は母集団を代表する

47.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
n =
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
((k2)×N×p×q)
((e2×(N-1))+((k2)×p×q))
Sampling
標本調査
n =
(N×σ2×k2)
((N-1)e2+σ2×k2)
47
74

48.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
母集団
n:Sample size"
n =
((e2×(N-1))+((k2)×p×q))
標本サイズ
k:confidence value
[constant不変量]!
信憑性
1.15
1.28
1.44
1.65
1.96
2
2.58
75%
k
80%
85%
90%
95%
95.5%
99%
e:error margin
信憑性
[constant不変量](difference between the results that might be obtained applying the survey or
experiment to the total population and the sample)!
誤差
0.01
e
p:
q:
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
subjects proportion which posses the studied characteristic.!
!
subjects proportion which DOES NOT posses the studied characteristic, that is to say, 1-p.
p = q = 0.5
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
((k2)×N×p×q)
N:Total Population"
48
誤差

49.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
n =
N:Total Population"
母集団
n:Sample size"
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
(N×σ2×k2)
((N-1)e2+σ2×k2)
標本サイズ
k:confidence value
[constant不変量]!
信憑性
1.15
1.44
1.65
1.96
2
2.58
75%
k
1.28
80%
85%
90%
95%
95.5%
99%
e:error margin
信憑性
[constant不変量](difference between the results that might be obtained applying the survey or
experiment to the total population and the sample)!
誤差
0.01
e
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
σ:standard deviation = 0.5!
標準偏差
誤差
49
74

50.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Total Population"
母集団
N
!
STRATUM(h)
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Sample"
標本
n
Total Population STRATUM!
Sub-sample!
母集団の層化"
標本の層化"
(Nh)
(nh)
1st year"
students
Nh1
nh1
2nd year"
students
Nh2
nh2
3rd year"
students
Nh3
nh3
4th year"
students
Nh4
nh3
層化
50
Sampling
標本調査
Stratified Sampling
層化抽出法

51.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Sampling
標本調査
Total Population
STRATUM!
母集団の層化"
(Nh)
fh
Calculation"
計算
Sub-sample!
標本の層化"
(nh)
1st year!
students
Nh1
fh
Nh1 x fh
nh1
2nd year!
students
Nh2
fh
Nh2 x fh
nh2
3rd year!
students
Nh3
fh
Nh3 x fh
nh3
4th year!
students
Nh4
fh
Nh4 x fh
nh4
Total!
students
N
fh = n/N
n
[constant 不変量]
51
74

52.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Sampling
標本調査
Every item has the same chance of being selected
各アイテムが選ばれる可能性は同じ
Random
Systematic
ランダム
体制的
I = N/n
I:Approximate integer!
近似整数!
N:Total Population!
母集団!
n:Sample size"
標本サイズ
52
74

53.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
?
Sampling
標本調査
Representatively generalise from a
Sample to the population
標本は母集団を代表する
Every important characteristic of the
population is likely to have one or more
representative in the sample
The probability that a one-time-in-twenty phenomenon will not appear
at all in a simple random sample of size 60 is 0.46
53
74

54.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Ayanami Rei
Eva Units combat tactics
汎用人型決戦兵器の技術
80 points
点
Arithmetic mean = 60
相加平均
Standard Deviation(SD) = 5
標準偏差
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Asuka Langley
History of the Second Impact
セカンドインパクトの歴史
90 points
点
Arithmetic mean = 65
相加平均
Standard Deviation(SD) = 15
標準偏差
54
74

55.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
5 mts
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Helvetica Regular 20 pts
A
X
50%
○
50%
5 mts
Helvetica regular 20 pts
55
74

56.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Helvetica Regular 20 pts
5 mts
A
Normal Curve of Distribution
正規分布曲線
99.7%
95%
68%
0.15%
2.35%
-3SD
13.5%
-2SD
34%
-1SD
34%
M
+1SD
13.5%
2.35%
+2SD
0.15%
+3SD
56
74

57.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Normal Curve of Distribution
正規分布曲線
Whatever the height or width of the normal curve, the distribution of the area under it, is always the same.
正規分布曲線の高さまたは巾がいろいろあっても、曲線の下にある分布の面積はいつも同じです。
57
74

58.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Cross-Breaks | Cross-Tabulations
クロス集計
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students
５０人学生の心拍数
89
68
92
74
76
65
77
83
75
87
85
64
79
77
96
80
70
85
80
80
82
81
86
71
90
87
71
72
62
78
77
90
83
81
73
80
78
81
81
75
82
88
79
79
94
82
66
78
74
72
Look for patterns!
パターンを探そう！
58
74

59.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students
５０人学生の心拍数
62
64
65
66
68
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
77
78
78
78
79
79
79
80
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
83
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
90
90
92
94
96
Frequency Distribution
度数分布
59
74

60.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students
５０人学生の心拍数
62
64
65
66
68
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
77
78
78
78
79
79
79
80
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
83
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
90
90
92
94
96
Frequency Distribution
度数分布
Frequency is the count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval
度数とは各階級に属する資料の個数のこと
90 BPM：2
69 BPM：0
60
74

61.
61
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
74
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students
５０人学生の心拍数
62
64
65
66
68
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
77
78
78
78
79
79
79
80
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
83
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
90
90
92
94
96
Range = 34
Median = 79.5
Arithmetic mean = 79.1
Mode = 80-81
レンジ
中央値
相加平均
最頻値
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Pulse-rate
Nº students
心拍数
学生人数
60-64
2
65-69
3
70-74
8
75-79
12
80-84
13
85-89
7
90-94
4
95-99
1
50
Modal Class = 80-84
最頻値的なクラス
Grouped Frequency distribution 度数（各グループの人数）
グループ化された度数分布
14
13
12
Central Tendency
中心傾向
11
Statistical Dispersion
8
統計的ばらつき
7
7
4
4
3
2
1
0
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85-89
90-94
95-99
0
62
67
72
77
82
87
92
97
102
Pulse-rate 心拍数（BPM）

62.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Standard Deviation(SD)
標準偏差
In statistics and probability theory, standard deviation (represented
by the symbol sigma, σ) shows how much variation or "dispersion"
exists from the average (mean, or expected value).
標準偏差とは、統計値や確率変数の散らばり具合（ばらつき）を表す数値のひと
つで σ で表す。
σ =
√
∑(X-X)
Arithmetic mean = 80
相加平均
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students
５０人学生の心拍数
Arithmetic mean = 79.1
相加平均
2
N
62
74

63.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 75 students [75人学生の心拍数]
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students [ 50人学生の心拍数 ]
15
15
12
12
9
9
6
6
3
3
0
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 100 students [100人学生の心拍数]
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 150 students [150人学生の心拍数]
15
15
12
12
9
9
6
6
3
3
0
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
63
74

64.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 200 students [200人学生の心拍数]
15
12
9
6
3
0
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
64
74

65.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 1000 students
[1000人学生の心拍数]
Normal Curve of Distribution
正規分布曲線
Median
中央値
Arithmetic mean
相加平均
Mode
最頻値
65
74

66.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students [ 50人学生の心拍数 ]
14
11
8
1
(
⨍(x) =
e
σ√2π
)
1" x-u!
2
σ
6
3
0
62
67
72
77
82
87
92
97
The Shape of the normal distribution is such that we can state the PROPORTION of the population that will lie between any two values of the variable.
正規分布の形は、変数の任意の2つの値の間にある口数の比率が計算できる。
Standard Deviation(SD)
標準偏差
!
Arithmetic mean
相加平均
66
74

67.
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Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
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Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students
５０人学生の心拍数
62
64
65
66
68
70
71
71
72
72
Arithmetic mean = 79.1
73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
77
78
相加平均
78
78
79
79
79
80
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
83
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
90
90
92
94
96
Arithmetic mean = 80
相加平均
Standard Deviation(SD) = 6
標準偏差
-1/2 SD
-2 SD
-1 SD
+1 SD
Z-Values
偏差値
Arithmetic mean = 80
相加平均
+1 1/2 SD
+3 SD
67
74

68.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
M ± 1SD
Point of Inflection
Point of Inflection
編曲点
編曲点
68% of all
observations
(34%)
-1SD
(34%)
M
+1SD
68
74

69.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
99.7%
95%
68%
2.35%
0.15%
-3SD
-2SD
(1.96)
13.5%
34%
-1SD
34%
M
13.5%
+1SD
2.35%
+2SD
(1.96)
0.15%
+3SD
69
74

70.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
1000 cars
Arithmetic mean = 55
相加平均
Standard Deviation(SD) = 5
標準偏差
50
Km/H
-1SD
50
M
55
+1SD
60
Km/H
70
74

71.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
1000 cars
Arithmetic mean = 55
相加平均
34%
Standard Deviation(SD) = 5
50%
標準偏差
50
84%
Km/H
-1SD
50
M
55
+1SD
60
Km/H
71
74

72.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Ayanami Rei
Eva Units combat tactics
汎用人型決戦兵器の技術
80 points
点
Arithmetic mean = 60
相加平均
Standard Deviation(SD) = 5
標準偏差
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
Asuka Langley
History of the Second Impact
セカンドインパクトの歴史
90 points
点
Arithmetic mean = 65
相加平均
Standard Deviation(SD) = 15
標準偏差
72
74

73.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Analysis of data データーを分析
Research
PROCESS
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
99.7%
95%
68%
2.35%
0.15%
-3SD
-2SD
(1.96)
Eva Units combat tactics
汎用人型決戦兵器の技術
50
History of the Second Impact
セカンドインパクトの歴史
15
13.5%
34%
34%
13.5%
2.35%
+2SD
(1.96)
0.15%
-1SD
M
+1SD
+3SD
55
60
65
70
75
80
30
45
60
75
90
105
73
74

74.
“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
RE
SEARCH
74
74