The document provides definitions and concepts related to microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines key microeconomic terms like demand, supply, consumer, complementary good, and substitute good. It also explains concepts like equilibrium, elasticity, and factors that affect demand and supply. For macroeconomics, it outlines measures like GDP, GNP, CPI, WPI, and foreign trade concepts such as FDI, FII. It also summarizes fiscal policy, monetary policy, money supply, role of RBI, taxes, government budgets, and types of deficits.
The economic environment refers to all economic factors that influence business operations. It determines the inputs businesses need and the markets to sell finished goods. Key elements include gross national income, GDP, inflation, unemployment, poverty levels, and the type of economic system - whether it is a market, command, or mixed economy. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategic decisions that account for local conditions and predict future performance.
Econ315 Money and Banking: Learning Unit #01: Overview of Money & Bankingsakanor
This document provides an overview of money and banking. It discusses the objectives of the learning unit which are to understand the importance of the financial system, the three main financial markets (bond, stock, and foreign exchange), financial institutions, money in the economy, and macroeconomic data. It then defines key concepts like financial instruments, interest rates, how the three financial markets work, and the role of monetary and fiscal policy. It includes graphs to illustrate historical trends in interest rates, stock prices, exchange rates, money supply, inflation, and the government budget.
This document discusses factors to consider when assessing the market potential of a country, including the general economic environment, levels of imports and exports, market size as measured by GDP and GNI, currency values and purchasing power parity. Understanding a country's economy helps evaluate risks versus rewards of entering its market. Key metrics like trade balance, GDP, currency exchange rates and purchasing power parity using examples like the Big Mac Index provide insights into market conditions and competitiveness.
The document discusses the market for loanable funds, which matches savers and borrowers. Financial intermediaries like banks facilitate this process by taking deposits from savers and making loans to borrowers. The equilibrium interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for loanable funds in the market. Factors like government spending, inflation expectations, and private savings can cause shifts in supply and demand and changes to the equilibrium rate.
This document provides an overview of interest rates and their impact on the economy. It discusses how interest rates act as signals in the market, helping to allocate resources efficiently. The key models used to demonstrate how interest rates work include the money market model, loanable funds market, and aggregate demand/aggregate supply. Monetary and fiscal policy can influence interest rates. For example, deficit spending by the government increases demand for loanable funds, putting upward pressure on rates. Higher interest rates can then "crowd out" private investment. The document defines important terms and concepts related to nominal and real interest rates, money supply, demand for money, and how the Federal Reserve uses tools like the discount rate and required reserve ratio to implement monetary policy.
The document discusses monetary policy and how it affects the economy. It defines money and describes the different components that make up the money supply. Commercial banks engage in fractional reserve banking by keeping only a percentage of deposits on hand while lending out the rest. The Federal Reserve System acts as the central bank that implements monetary policy tools, such as open market operations and reserve requirements, to influence the money supply and control inflation. Expanding the money supply through more accommodative monetary policy can stimulate the economy by increasing aggregate demand, while contracting the money supply through restrictive policy reduces demand and prices.
The document discusses various aspects of monetary policy and international monetary systems. It provides details on tools of monetary policy like bank rate policy, open market operations, and changing cash reserve ratios. It also discusses different stages of the international monetary system, including the classical gold standard between 1816-1914 where currencies were pegged to the British pound and gold.
The economic environment refers to all economic factors that influence business operations. It determines the inputs businesses need and the markets to sell finished goods. Key elements include gross national income, GDP, inflation, unemployment, poverty levels, and the type of economic system - whether it is a market, command, or mixed economy. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategic decisions that account for local conditions and predict future performance.
Econ315 Money and Banking: Learning Unit #01: Overview of Money & Bankingsakanor
This document provides an overview of money and banking. It discusses the objectives of the learning unit which are to understand the importance of the financial system, the three main financial markets (bond, stock, and foreign exchange), financial institutions, money in the economy, and macroeconomic data. It then defines key concepts like financial instruments, interest rates, how the three financial markets work, and the role of monetary and fiscal policy. It includes graphs to illustrate historical trends in interest rates, stock prices, exchange rates, money supply, inflation, and the government budget.
This document discusses factors to consider when assessing the market potential of a country, including the general economic environment, levels of imports and exports, market size as measured by GDP and GNI, currency values and purchasing power parity. Understanding a country's economy helps evaluate risks versus rewards of entering its market. Key metrics like trade balance, GDP, currency exchange rates and purchasing power parity using examples like the Big Mac Index provide insights into market conditions and competitiveness.
The document discusses the market for loanable funds, which matches savers and borrowers. Financial intermediaries like banks facilitate this process by taking deposits from savers and making loans to borrowers. The equilibrium interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for loanable funds in the market. Factors like government spending, inflation expectations, and private savings can cause shifts in supply and demand and changes to the equilibrium rate.
This document provides an overview of interest rates and their impact on the economy. It discusses how interest rates act as signals in the market, helping to allocate resources efficiently. The key models used to demonstrate how interest rates work include the money market model, loanable funds market, and aggregate demand/aggregate supply. Monetary and fiscal policy can influence interest rates. For example, deficit spending by the government increases demand for loanable funds, putting upward pressure on rates. Higher interest rates can then "crowd out" private investment. The document defines important terms and concepts related to nominal and real interest rates, money supply, demand for money, and how the Federal Reserve uses tools like the discount rate and required reserve ratio to implement monetary policy.
The document discusses monetary policy and how it affects the economy. It defines money and describes the different components that make up the money supply. Commercial banks engage in fractional reserve banking by keeping only a percentage of deposits on hand while lending out the rest. The Federal Reserve System acts as the central bank that implements monetary policy tools, such as open market operations and reserve requirements, to influence the money supply and control inflation. Expanding the money supply through more accommodative monetary policy can stimulate the economy by increasing aggregate demand, while contracting the money supply through restrictive policy reduces demand and prices.
The document discusses various aspects of monetary policy and international monetary systems. It provides details on tools of monetary policy like bank rate policy, open market operations, and changing cash reserve ratios. It also discusses different stages of the international monetary system, including the classical gold standard between 1816-1914 where currencies were pegged to the British pound and gold.
The document discusses concepts related to national trade and the economy including money, functions of money, kinds of money, monetary standards, commodity standards, fiat standards, the quantity theory of money, monetary policy, fiscal policy, government debt, budget deficits, measuring national income using GDP, GNP, expenditure approach, income approach, and other related national accounts. It provides definitions and explanations of these key economic terms and concepts.
The document discusses key elements of a country's economic environment that impact business operations. It identifies factors such as gross national income, gross domestic product, per capita income, growth rates, purchasing power, human development index, inflation, employment, debt, income distribution, poverty, labor costs, and productivity. It also explains different economic systems including capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategy decisions.
This document provides an introduction to business economics, including key concepts and differences from general economics. It discusses how business economics deals with applying economic principles to problems faced by firms. It also outlines several important economic indicators and factors relevant for business, such as infrastructure, GDP, inflation, money supply, foreign trade, and exchange rates. The role of government in areas like economic development, price and exchange rate control is also highlighted.
Economic growth and development and IncomeAbinash Pandia
Economic growth measures the value of goods and services produced, while economic development measures human welfare. Economic growth is affected by factors like natural resources, capital formation, technology, education and political stability. Countries can be measured based on GDP, GNP, HDI and other indicators. GDP can be calculated using production, expenditure and income approaches by summing value added, expenditures and incomes. International comparisons use market exchange rates or purchasing power parity rates.
1. Economics is the study of how people try to satisfy their needs through the careful use of scarce resources.
2. Public goods are goods or services whose benefits are available to everyone and are paid for collectively, such as highways, national defense, police, fire services.
3. Real GDP is the gross domestic product after adjustments for inflation, which measures economic growth.
The balance of payments (BOP) records a country's transactions with other countries. It has two main categories: the current account which covers trade in goods, services, and income, and the capital and financial account which covers capital transfers and financial flows. The overall BOP position is the change in a country's net international reserves resulting from transactions. It is calculated as the current account balance plus the capital and financial account balance minus net unclassified items. The document provides the Philippines' BOP data for 2009 and 2010, showing growth rates for each component.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key macroeconomic concepts related to tracking the macroeconomy, unemployment and inflation, economic growth, and the financial system. It defines measures like GDP, inflation rates, productivity, interest rates, and discusses factors that influence economic growth and the role of the financial system in facilitating savings and investment. The chapter outlines how macroeconomists analyze and measure overall economic activity and performance.
The document discusses international capital markets and the gains from trade they provide. It describes the three types of international transactions - trade of goods for goods, goods for assets, and assets for assets. International capital markets allow participants like banks, firms, and governments to issue and trade different types of assets, including bonds, stocks, and currency. This increases gains from trade by improving specialization through comparative advantage and facilitating intertemporal trade of assets. It also allows risk to be reduced through international portfolio diversification.
This document discusses fundamental analysis for investment purposes. It defines fundamental analysis as evaluating a security's intrinsic value based on external factors that could influence future price. The document outlines factors to consider in fundamental analysis including quantitative company financials, qualitative company/industry attributes, and macroeconomic, industry, and company specifics. It also describes different types of fundamental analysis and tools used for economic analysis in fundamental evaluation.
Monetary and fiscal policies by Neeraj Bhandari ( Surkhet.Nepal )Neeraj Bhandari
The Reserve Bank of India uses monetary policy to regulate money supply and achieve objectives such as maintaining price stability and promoting economic growth. Monetary policy tools include open market operations, bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio. Fiscal policy involves government revenue collection through taxes and public expenditure on areas such as infrastructure and subsidies. The government also borrows internally and externally to fund large projects through public debt management.
Demand refers to effective demand backed by willingness and ability to purchase. The demand curve slopes downward to show an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. According to the law of demand, other things remaining constant, quantity demanded increases when price decreases as consumers will purchase more due to the income and substitution effects and the good attracting new consumers. Demand analysis is used for production planning, sales forecasting, inventory control, and economic policymaking.
Factors determining strength or weakness of currency - Rupee vs Dollar - Deva...Devanayagam N
This presentation is about explaining the critical factors which influences the valuation of a currency - determining strength or weakness. Rupee vs Dollar fluctuation and reasons for it. International Financial Management. Devanayagam
The document summarizes a presentation on the standard trade model. It discusses three main topics: the standard model of a trading economy, tariffs and export subsidies, and international borrowing and lending. The standard model examines production possibilities, supply and demand curves, and the effects of terms of trade. Tariffs and export subsidies are trade policies that countries use to restrict or promote international trade. International borrowing and lending relates the standard trade model to trade over time through foreign debt.
Demand and supply determine the market price of goods. According to the laws of demand and supply, buyers demand more of a product when prices fall and less when prices rise, while producers supply more when prices are higher and less when prices are lower. When supply exceeds demand, a surplus occurs, and when demand exceeds supply, a shortage results. Market structures include perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.
This document discusses several macroeconomic problems including inflation, balance of payments issues, and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. It defines inflation and discusses how it is measured using price indices. The main causes of inflation are identified as the quantity theory of money, cost-push inflation, and demand-pull inflation. The document also defines the balance of payments and its components, and discusses potential problems like disequilibrium. Fluctuations in foreign exchange rates are covered, including causes like changes in imports/exports and interest rates, and the effects of currency appreciation and depreciation.
seles promotion in fmcg sector Ppt finalmilan moliya
The document discusses sales promotion strategies for fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India, specifically those related to soap and detergent products. It provides an overview of the FMCG industry in India, including key product categories and major players. It then discusses various factors that influence demand for FMCG products like price, place of distribution, product characteristics, and promotion strategies. Specific promotion techniques used in the industry like coupons, discounts, and bundling offers are also outlined. PESTEL and SWOT analyses are provided to discuss macroenvironmental influences and strengths/weaknesses of FMCG companies.
Financial forces in international business2ajikesh
The document discusses several key concepts related to international finance and how they impact business:
1. Foreign exchange rates determine the value of currencies based on supply and demand. Fluctuations in exchange rates can significantly impact the profits of multinational businesses.
2. A country's balance of payments records transactions with other countries. A current account deficit occurs when payments to other countries exceed payments received, which can burden a country with high interest payments if financed through borrowing.
3. Inflation and deflation impact businesses through changing costs, asset values, and consumer demand. Moderate inflation allows businesses to raise prices but high inflation increases costs like wages and makes debt repayment more difficult.
This document provides an overview of finance, economics, and financial statements presented by Finatix, a finance club. It discusses key accounting concepts and principles, the four main financial statements including income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and financial ratios. It also covers microeconomic and macroeconomic topics like supply and demand curves, aggregate demand and supply, and fiscal and monetary policies. Finatix discusses various financial management concepts including sources of funds, types of capital, and repo and reverse repo rates.
This document discusses aggregate demand and aggregate supply. It defines aggregate demand as the total amount of output that buyers want to purchase at each price level. The aggregate demand curve slopes downward due to the real-balances, interest-rate, and foreign purchases effects. Determinants of aggregate demand include consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, and net exports. Aggregate supply is defined as the total output firms are willing to produce at each price level. The aggregate supply curve is upward-sloping in the short-run and vertical in the long-run. Determinants of aggregate supply include input prices, resource availability, productivity, and the legal environment.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
The document discusses concepts related to national trade and the economy including money, functions of money, kinds of money, monetary standards, commodity standards, fiat standards, the quantity theory of money, monetary policy, fiscal policy, government debt, budget deficits, measuring national income using GDP, GNP, expenditure approach, income approach, and other related national accounts. It provides definitions and explanations of these key economic terms and concepts.
The document discusses key elements of a country's economic environment that impact business operations. It identifies factors such as gross national income, gross domestic product, per capita income, growth rates, purchasing power, human development index, inflation, employment, debt, income distribution, poverty, labor costs, and productivity. It also explains different economic systems including capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategy decisions.
This document provides an introduction to business economics, including key concepts and differences from general economics. It discusses how business economics deals with applying economic principles to problems faced by firms. It also outlines several important economic indicators and factors relevant for business, such as infrastructure, GDP, inflation, money supply, foreign trade, and exchange rates. The role of government in areas like economic development, price and exchange rate control is also highlighted.
Economic growth and development and IncomeAbinash Pandia
Economic growth measures the value of goods and services produced, while economic development measures human welfare. Economic growth is affected by factors like natural resources, capital formation, technology, education and political stability. Countries can be measured based on GDP, GNP, HDI and other indicators. GDP can be calculated using production, expenditure and income approaches by summing value added, expenditures and incomes. International comparisons use market exchange rates or purchasing power parity rates.
1. Economics is the study of how people try to satisfy their needs through the careful use of scarce resources.
2. Public goods are goods or services whose benefits are available to everyone and are paid for collectively, such as highways, national defense, police, fire services.
3. Real GDP is the gross domestic product after adjustments for inflation, which measures economic growth.
The balance of payments (BOP) records a country's transactions with other countries. It has two main categories: the current account which covers trade in goods, services, and income, and the capital and financial account which covers capital transfers and financial flows. The overall BOP position is the change in a country's net international reserves resulting from transactions. It is calculated as the current account balance plus the capital and financial account balance minus net unclassified items. The document provides the Philippines' BOP data for 2009 and 2010, showing growth rates for each component.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key macroeconomic concepts related to tracking the macroeconomy, unemployment and inflation, economic growth, and the financial system. It defines measures like GDP, inflation rates, productivity, interest rates, and discusses factors that influence economic growth and the role of the financial system in facilitating savings and investment. The chapter outlines how macroeconomists analyze and measure overall economic activity and performance.
The document discusses international capital markets and the gains from trade they provide. It describes the three types of international transactions - trade of goods for goods, goods for assets, and assets for assets. International capital markets allow participants like banks, firms, and governments to issue and trade different types of assets, including bonds, stocks, and currency. This increases gains from trade by improving specialization through comparative advantage and facilitating intertemporal trade of assets. It also allows risk to be reduced through international portfolio diversification.
This document discusses fundamental analysis for investment purposes. It defines fundamental analysis as evaluating a security's intrinsic value based on external factors that could influence future price. The document outlines factors to consider in fundamental analysis including quantitative company financials, qualitative company/industry attributes, and macroeconomic, industry, and company specifics. It also describes different types of fundamental analysis and tools used for economic analysis in fundamental evaluation.
Monetary and fiscal policies by Neeraj Bhandari ( Surkhet.Nepal )Neeraj Bhandari
The Reserve Bank of India uses monetary policy to regulate money supply and achieve objectives such as maintaining price stability and promoting economic growth. Monetary policy tools include open market operations, bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio. Fiscal policy involves government revenue collection through taxes and public expenditure on areas such as infrastructure and subsidies. The government also borrows internally and externally to fund large projects through public debt management.
Demand refers to effective demand backed by willingness and ability to purchase. The demand curve slopes downward to show an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. According to the law of demand, other things remaining constant, quantity demanded increases when price decreases as consumers will purchase more due to the income and substitution effects and the good attracting new consumers. Demand analysis is used for production planning, sales forecasting, inventory control, and economic policymaking.
Factors determining strength or weakness of currency - Rupee vs Dollar - Deva...Devanayagam N
This presentation is about explaining the critical factors which influences the valuation of a currency - determining strength or weakness. Rupee vs Dollar fluctuation and reasons for it. International Financial Management. Devanayagam
The document summarizes a presentation on the standard trade model. It discusses three main topics: the standard model of a trading economy, tariffs and export subsidies, and international borrowing and lending. The standard model examines production possibilities, supply and demand curves, and the effects of terms of trade. Tariffs and export subsidies are trade policies that countries use to restrict or promote international trade. International borrowing and lending relates the standard trade model to trade over time through foreign debt.
Demand and supply determine the market price of goods. According to the laws of demand and supply, buyers demand more of a product when prices fall and less when prices rise, while producers supply more when prices are higher and less when prices are lower. When supply exceeds demand, a surplus occurs, and when demand exceeds supply, a shortage results. Market structures include perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.
This document discusses several macroeconomic problems including inflation, balance of payments issues, and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. It defines inflation and discusses how it is measured using price indices. The main causes of inflation are identified as the quantity theory of money, cost-push inflation, and demand-pull inflation. The document also defines the balance of payments and its components, and discusses potential problems like disequilibrium. Fluctuations in foreign exchange rates are covered, including causes like changes in imports/exports and interest rates, and the effects of currency appreciation and depreciation.
seles promotion in fmcg sector Ppt finalmilan moliya
The document discusses sales promotion strategies for fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India, specifically those related to soap and detergent products. It provides an overview of the FMCG industry in India, including key product categories and major players. It then discusses various factors that influence demand for FMCG products like price, place of distribution, product characteristics, and promotion strategies. Specific promotion techniques used in the industry like coupons, discounts, and bundling offers are also outlined. PESTEL and SWOT analyses are provided to discuss macroenvironmental influences and strengths/weaknesses of FMCG companies.
Financial forces in international business2ajikesh
The document discusses several key concepts related to international finance and how they impact business:
1. Foreign exchange rates determine the value of currencies based on supply and demand. Fluctuations in exchange rates can significantly impact the profits of multinational businesses.
2. A country's balance of payments records transactions with other countries. A current account deficit occurs when payments to other countries exceed payments received, which can burden a country with high interest payments if financed through borrowing.
3. Inflation and deflation impact businesses through changing costs, asset values, and consumer demand. Moderate inflation allows businesses to raise prices but high inflation increases costs like wages and makes debt repayment more difficult.
This document provides an overview of finance, economics, and financial statements presented by Finatix, a finance club. It discusses key accounting concepts and principles, the four main financial statements including income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and financial ratios. It also covers microeconomic and macroeconomic topics like supply and demand curves, aggregate demand and supply, and fiscal and monetary policies. Finatix discusses various financial management concepts including sources of funds, types of capital, and repo and reverse repo rates.
This document discusses aggregate demand and aggregate supply. It defines aggregate demand as the total amount of output that buyers want to purchase at each price level. The aggregate demand curve slopes downward due to the real-balances, interest-rate, and foreign purchases effects. Determinants of aggregate demand include consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, and net exports. Aggregate supply is defined as the total output firms are willing to produce at each price level. The aggregate supply curve is upward-sloping in the short-run and vertical in the long-run. Determinants of aggregate supply include input prices, resource availability, productivity, and the legal environment.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck mari...Donc Test
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
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STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
5. Some definitions
• Demand
Demand is the want or desire to possess an
economic good, backed by the necessary
financial capability to buy that good, at a given
price.
9. Some definitions
• Consumer
An individual who acquires an economic good
for direct use or ownership and not for resale or
use in production of some other economic good
11. Some definitions
Customer
An individual who purchases an economic good
for self or on behalf of the consumer.
A customer may be different from the consumer,
eg:
1. Government purchasing oil from the OPEC for
consumption by the population
2. Parents purchasing baby food for consumption
by the infant
13. Some definitions
• Complementary good
An economic good which is usually used along
with another good
Examples
1. Tea: milk, sugar
2. Pen: ink, paper
15. Some definitions
• Substitute good
An economic good which is usually used in place
of another good
Examples
1. Tea: coffee, cold drinks
2. Pen: pencil, crayon, brush
16. Marginal Utility
Marginal utility of water
The utility, and therefore demand, of every incremental
unit of water diminishes
Price equals marginal utility
If price reduces, demand increases
∆
17. Law of demand
The higher the price of an economic good, the lower is its quantity
demanded, ceterus paribus.
Demand Curve of a normal economic good is
downward sloping
18. Factors affecting demand
• Income
• Tastes and Preferences
• Price of complement goods
• Price of substitute goods
• Price expectations of the customer
• Number of customers (at a macro level)
19. Exceptions to law of demand
• Veblen Good
• demand increased with price
• Luxury products (snob value)
• Price is only indicator of quality
• Giffen Goods
• demand rises as price rises
• Inferior cereals, essentials
20. Price Elasticity of Demand
• Change in demand /unit change in price
• Price Elasticity = ∆D/∆P
• High elasticity
• Non essential goods
• Goods without close substitutes
• Low elasticity
• Essentials, without close substitutes
• Price is set largely by supply
21. Income elasticity of demand
• Unit change in demand per unit change in income of people
demanding the good.
• eI > 1 for luxury goods
• e.g. 10% Higher income --> 20% Higher Demand
• Higher disposable income
• eI < 1 for goods of necessity: Engel’s law
• Consumption of essentials does not rise
• eI < 0 for inferior goods
• As income rises consumption --> substitute goods
22. Law of supply
The higher the price of an economic good, the higher is its
quantity supplied,
ceterus paribus.
Supply Curve of a normal economic good is
upward sloping
23. Factors affecting supply
• Price and availability of resources
• Price of complement goods
• Price of substitute goods
• Technological changes
• Price expectations of the seller
• Taxes and subsidies
• Number of sellers (at a macro level)
25. Market : self balancing tool
• If Demand is high, price goes up
• Consumers curtail demand
• Higher profits invite fresh suppliers
• If Supply is high, price goes down
• some suppliers go out of business
• Low price increases demand
• Market promotes efficiency
• Inefficient suppliers are weeded out
• Allocation of resources based on demand
27. Gross Domestic Product, GDP
Total market value of all final goods and
services manufactured within the country in a
financial year
=
Household Consumption + Investment + Government Expenditure +
Net Exports
(Consumption approach)
=
Wages + Interest + Rent + Profit + Indirect Tax + Depreciation
28. Gross National Product, GNP
Total market value of all final goods and
services manufactured within the country in
a financial year plus net factor income
from abroad
=
GDP + Income earned by Indians from foreign investments – Income
earned by foreigners from domestic investments
29. Consumer Price Index, CPI
CPI is a measure of the level of inflation.
CPI measures how much the price of a basket of
consumer goods has changed over a given
time period.
In India CPI is computed weekly and is measured
YoY and WoW
30. Wholesale Price Index,
WPI
WPI is a measure of the level of inflation from an
industrial point of view.
WPI measures how much the price of a basket of
wholesale goods has changed over a given
time period.
Generally WPI leads the CPI by 60 – 90 days
31. Current Account Convertibility
Freedom to exchange the Rupee into other currencies
In connection with Foreign trade and other normal
business functions.
Payments due - as interest on loans and as net
income from other investments
Individual remittances for family living expenses
32. Capital Account Convertibility
Home currency can be freely converted into foreign currencies for
acquisition of capital assets abroad or for any purpose.
The rupee is currently not freely convertible on the capital account.
33. Purchasing Power Parity, PPP
• A method of measuring the relative purchasing power of different
countries’ currencies over the same types of goods and
services.
• Allows us to make more accurate comparisons of standards of
living across countries.
• Not all items can be matched exactly across countries and time,
the estimates are not always "robust”
• India is # 4 in GDP (PPP) terms and # 10 in GDP (nominal)
terms worldwide
34. Foreign Direct Investment, FDI
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is investment into physical assets of other countries,
• Through financial collaborations.
• Through joint ventures and technical collaborations.
• Through capital markets via Euro issues.
• Through private placements or preferential allotments.
Areas prohibited under FDI:
• Arms and ammunition.
• Atomic Energy.
• Railway Transport.
• Coal and lignite.
• Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc.
35. Foreign Institutional Investors, FII
FII means an entity established or incorporated outside India which proposes to
make investment in India. (Shares less than 10% of total voting shares)
In India, the Following entities / funds are eligible to get registered as FII:
• Pension Funds & Mutual Funds
• Insurance Companies
• Banks & Investment Trusts
• University Funds
• Endowments, Charitable Trusts / Charitable Societies, Foundations
36. Fiscal Policy
The government’s policy of achieving
economic objectives (employment, per
capita income…) through government
earning and spending.
37. Govt Sources and Uses of Funds
• Taxes and duties
• Dividends from PSU, Disinvestment
• Fines and other charges
• Public & private borrowing
• External borrowing
• Printing Money
• Employee salaries
• Consumables
• Infrastructure
38. Monetary Policy
The government’s policy of achieving
economic objectives (employment, per
capita income, balance of trade,
economic parity…)
through controlling money supply
Decrease in supply: Deflation or decrease in prices
Increase in supply: Inflation or increase in prices
39. MONEY SUPPLY
• M1 = currency in circulation - cash with banks
+ demand deposits with banks
( also called narrow money – most liquid )
• M2 = M1+ small saving deposits
• M3 = M1+ time deposits with banks
( also called broad money )
• M3 > GDP → Inflation.
40. MONETARY POLICY
Regulates the money supply in the economy
1. Bank Rate - official rate of interest charged
by RBI as the lender of last resort. Current
rate – 6%
2. Open market operations - RBI buying and
selling securities to regulate money supply.
Repo rate – 6% . Reverse Repo – 7.25%
41. MONETARY POLICY
3. A) CRR - every commercial bank to keep a certain
percent of it’s demand and time deposits with the
RBI ( 5.5% ).
B) SLR - commercial banks keep a fixed
percentage of their demand and time deposits in
liquid assets ( cash, securities, gold ) currently at
25%.
4. Priority sector lending
5. Differential Interest Rates ( PLRs )
42. Interest Rates
• Interest rates – Tool of monetary policy
• Low interest rates
• Incentive to borrow: Consume/Invest
• Used with Hi money supply
• High Interest rates
• Incentive to Save
• Used with Low Money supply
• Used to control Inflation
43. ROLE OF THE RBI
• Issue of bank notes of all denominations
• Regulates money supply
• Lender of last resort to banks
• Controls FOREX operations.
44. DEFICIT FINANCING AND
IMPACT
• Government borrows from RBI by transferring securities. RBI
prints new currency and lends to the govt.
• Increases money supply. Adds inflationary pressure in
economy.
• Reduces funds available for private borrowers.
• Government ends up paying more interest in
future.
45. TAXES
• DIRECT TAXES
Direct incidence of tax on the person who pays the
tax. liability to pay tax is NOT passed on to
someone else. e.g. INCOME TAX,
CORPORATION TAX, WEALTH TAX, LAND
REVENUE, GIFT TAX etc….
• INDIRECT TAXES
Levied on goods and services. traders / producers
pay it. Liability passed on to end customer. e.g.
VAT, EXCISE TAX, CUSTOMS DUTY, SERVICE
TAX…
46. Taxes as fiscal tool
• Government uses Taxes
• Revenues
• Price Control
• Stimulate investment
• Suppress sale of Negative goods
47. STRUCTURE OF UNION
BUDGET
REVENUE SIDE
1. Revenue receipts
A) tax revenue — central excise, customs duty, corporation
tax, income tax, service tax, FBT, CTT, STT.
B) non-tax revenue —interest receipts on loans , profits from
PSUs.
2. Capital receipts
Dividends from PSUs, principal repayment from debtors,
disinvestment proceeds , market borrowings.
48. Revenue and Capital Expenditure
• Revenue Expenditure: Expenditure which
is not directly linked to creation of asset.
e.g. Salary payment, Consumable
purchases etc
• Capital expenditure: Expenditure that leads
to the creation of assets. (Investment). e.g.
Purchase of machinery or durable.
49. EXPENDITURE SIDE
1. Plan expenditure
incurred in central development schemes. Costs around
25% of total expenditure.
- Revenue and Capital
2. Non-plan expenditure
Interest payments, defense, subsidies, salary of govt.
employees.
Accounts for approx. 75% of total expenditure.
50. DEFICITS
• Revenue deficit
Revenue expenditure ( interest + subsidy + defense
+ law and order) — revenue receipts
( tax + non tax)
• Budget deficit
Total expenditure - total receipts (incl borrowing)
• Fiscal deficit (Real Deficit)
Budget deficit + borrowings from banks and public
Editor's Notes
Tax revenue 70%
Non tax revenue- 18-20 %
Capital receipts 10%