Basic information about economy of Pakistan. Quick Quiz

1. Basic Statistics
GDP growth rate 2018 = 5.28%
GDP growth rate 2019 expected = 3.4%
Unemployment rate 2017-18 = 5.79%
US/PKR exchange rate = 141.12 (SBP bid)
SBP interest rate: 10.75% (increased from 10.25% on April 01, 2019)
SBP Forex Reserves = $ 10.271 bn
Total Pakistani Forex Reserves = $ 17.228 bn
CPI inflation (YoY) Jan 2019 = 7.2%
CPI inflation (YoY) Feb 2019 = 8.2%
Budget deficit 2018-19 = 6%
Budget deficit 2017-18 = 6.6%
Current account deficit = 4.4%
CPEC Value = increased from $ 55 bn to $ 62 bn in 2017
KSE 100 index (as on April 12, 2019) = 37391 points
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy is the use of government's revenue and expenditure as instruments to influence
the economy. Examples of such tools are expenditure, taxes, debt.
Monetary policy
Monetary policy is how a central bank controls supply of money and interest rates in an
economy in order to influence output, employment, and prices. Monetary policy can be broadly
classified as either expansionary or contractionary.
Tools include discount rate, reserve requirements, open market operations, and interest on
reserves.
Current account deficit
The current account deficit is a measurement of a country's trade where the value of the goods
and services it imports exceeds the value of the products it exports.
Balance of payments
The difference in total value between payments into and out of a country over a period.
Balance of Trade
The difference in value between a country's imports and exports.

2. Budget deficit
A budget deficit occurs when expenses exceed revenue and indicate the financial health of a
country. Pakistan’s budget deficit is around 6%.
Interest rate/ Discount rate
The discount rate is the interest rate Central Banks charge commercial banks for short-term
loans. It is 10.75% in Pakistan as of April 01, 2019 (an increase of 50 Basic points).
Interest rate spread/ Bank spread
In banking, the net interest rate spread is the difference between interest earned on loans,
securities, and other interest-earning assets and the interest paid on deposits and other interest-
bearing liabilities.
Spread
Difference between bid (buying) and ask (selling) rates.
KIBOR
The Karachi Interbank Offered Rate is a daily reference rate at which banks offer to lend
unsecured funds to other banks in the Karachi wholesale (or "interbank") money market.
Economic growth
Last year GDP growth was 5.82%.
This year it is projected to be 3.4% according to world bank estimates as provided in report of
South Asia Economic Focus: Exports Wanted published in April 2019.
Money Market
The money market is where financial instruments with high liquidity and very short maturities
are traded. It is used by participants as a means for borrowing and lending in the short term,
with maturities that usually range from overnight to just under a year. Money market
instruments include treasury bills, commercial paper, bankers' acceptances, deposits,
certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, repurchase agreements, federal funds, and short-lived
mortgage- and asset-backed securities.
Capital Market
A capital market is a financial market in which long-term debt (over a year) or equity-backed
securities are bought and sold. Instruments include bonds, sukuk, stocks, preferred shares and
derivatives.

3. Primary market
The primary market is where securities are created. It's in this market that firms sell (float) new
stocks and bonds to the public for the first time.
IPO: Initial public offering is an act of offering the stock of a company on a public
stock exchange for the first time.
SEO: A seasoned equity offering or secondary equity offering (SEO) is a new equity
issue by an already publicly traded company.
Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which economic decisions and the pricing of
goods and services are guided solely by aggregate demand and supply. There is little
government intervention or central planning.
Capitalist economy
Capitalism is an economic system in which capital goods are owned by private individuals or
businesses. The production of goods and services is based on supply and demand in the general
market (market economy), rather than through central planning (planned economy or command
economy).
Socialist economy
A socialist economy is a system of production where goods and services are produced directly
for use, in contrast to a capitalist economic system, where goods and services are produced to
generate profit. A socialist economic system is characterised by social ownership and operation
of the means of production that may take the form of autonomous cooperatives or direct public
ownership wherein production is carried out directly for use.
Communist economy
Where all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives
according to their ability and needs.
Controlled economy
Economic system in which a government controls its country's industries and decides what
goods should be produced and in what amounts. Government intervenes to allocate resources
and decide prices.

4. Mixed economy
A mixed economy is variously defined as an economic system blending elements of market
economies with elements of planned economies, free markets with state interventionism, or
private enterprise with public enterprise.
Default Risk/ Credit Risk
Default risk is the chance that companies or individuals will be unable to make the required
payments on their debt obligations.
Derivatives
A derivative is an instrument whose value is derived from the value of one or more underlying,
which can be commodities, precious metals, currency, bonds, stocks, stocks indices, etc. Four
most common examples of derivative instruments are Forwards, Futures, Options and Swaps.
Forwards
A forward contract is a private agreement between two parties giving the buyer an obligation
to purchase an asset (and the seller an obligation to sell an asset) at a set price at a future point
in time.
Futures
A futures contract is a legal agreement to buy or sell a particular commodity or asset at a
predetermined price at a specified time in the future. Futures contracts are standardized for
quality and quantity to facilitate trading on a futures exchange.
Options
An options contract is an agreement between a buyer and seller that gives the purchaser of the
option the right to buy or sell a particular asset at a later date at an agreed upon price.
Swaps
A financial swap is a derivative contract where one party exchanges or "swaps" the cash flows
or value of one asset for another. For example, a company paying a variable rate of interest
may swap its interest payments with another company that will then pay the first company a
fixed rate. Swap is a series of forward contracts.
Mutual Funds
Mutual funds are often described as pooled investments. When an investor buys the units in a
mutual fund the money is pooled with that of other investors whose goals are similar. A
professional fund manager uses this money to buy stocks, bonds, or money market instruments
that make up the fund’s portfolio of investments.

5. Inflation
inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy
over a period of time. YoY (Year on year) inflation (CPI) in Pakistan was 7.2% in January
2019 and 8.2% in February 2019.
Deflation
Deflation is the general decline in prices for goods and services occurring when the inflation
rate falls below 0%.
Stagflation
Stagflation is a condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment, or
economic stagnation, accompanied by rising prices, or inflation. It can also be defined as
inflation and a decline in gross domestic product (GDP).
Tariff
A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
Quota
A limited quantity of a particular product which under official controls can be produced,
exported, or imported.
Excise
A tax levied on certain goods and commodities produced or sold within a country and on
licences granted for certain activities.
Bill of exchange
A written order to a bank requiring them to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a
named payee; a promissory note.
Banker’s Acceptance
A banker's acceptance is an instrument representing a promised future payment by a bank.
Negotiable instrument
A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of
money, either on demand, or at a set time, with the payer usually named on the document.
Banker’s Cheque
A banker's draft, also known as a banker's cheque, is like asking a bank to write a cheque for
you. It is an order to pay a specified amount to a specified person.

6. Pay order
The payment order is a financial instrument issued by the bank on behalf of customer stating
an order to pay a specified amount to a specified person within the same city.
Treasury Bill/ T Bill
A short-dated government security, yielding no interest but issued at a discount on its
redemption price.
Repo
A repurchase agreement (repo) is a form of short-term borrowing for dealers in government
securities. In the case of a repo, a dealer sells government securities to investors, usually on an
overnight basis, and buys them back the following day.
Income Tax
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities that varies with respective income or
profits. Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times taxable income.
Sales Tax
A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually
laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.
Crypto Currency
A cryptocurrency (or digital currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of
exchange. Famous crypto currencies include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin.
Block chain
The record-keeping technology behind bitcoin. Block chain is a distributed, decentralized,
public ledger.
Fin Tech
Financial technology, often shortened to FinTech or fintech, is the new technology and
innovation that aims to compete with traditional financial methods in the delivery of financial
services. It is an emerging industry that uses technology to improve activities in finance.
Examples include use of mobile phones and mobile banking and crypto currency.
Efficient Capital Markets
Any market where new information is incorporated into prices very quickly. Prices in an
efficient market are always at equilibrium or true representative of available information.

7. Behavioural Finance
Behavioral finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behavior of investors or
financial practitioners and ultimately, the subsequent effect on the markets.
Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis attempts to measure a security's intrinsic value by examining related
economic and financial factors, which can be both qualitative and quantitative in nature.
Fundamental analysts study anything that can affect the security's value, including
macroeconomic factors (e.g., economy and industry conditions) and microeconomic factors
(e.g., financial conditions and company management).
Technical Analysis
Technical analysis is a trading discipline employed to evaluate investments and identify trading
opportunities in price trends and patterns seen on charts. Technical analysts believe past trading
activity and price changes of a security can be valuable indicators of the security's future price
movements.
Support: A support level is a level where the price tends to find support as it falls. This
means that the price is more likely to "bounce" off this level rather than break through it.
However, once the price has breached this level, by an amount exceeding some noise, it is
likely to continue falling until meeting another support level.
Resistance: A resistance level is the opposite of a support level. It is where the price
tends to find resistance as it rises. Again, this means that the price is more likely to "bounce"
off this level rather than break through it. However, once the price has breached this level, by
an amount exceeding some noise, it is likely to continue rising until meeting another resistance
level.
Spot price
The spot price is the current market price at which an asset is bought or sold for immediate
payment and delivery.
Short Selling
Short selling is the sale of a security that the seller has borrowed. A short seller profits if a
security's price declines. Short selling is haram in Islam. According to Islam, one cannot sell
anything without having ownership possession.

8. Interest vs. usry
"Interest" is a general term that can refer to any percentage fee charged by a lender for his
services, regardless of whether it is usurious. Usury, on the other hand, is a specific type of
interest that isn't fair to the borrower.
Interest is on amount lent to businesses for investment purpose and usry is on amount lent to
people for consumption purposes.
Some argue that interest is not riba, but usry is.
Musharakah
Musharakah is a joint enterprise or partnership structure in Islamic finance in which partners
share in the profits and losses of an enterprise.
Modarbah
A form of financial contract in some Muslim countries in which the investor (rab-ul-mal)
entrusts money to a financial manager (mudarib) and any profits and losses are shared between
them in an agreed manner.
Istisna
Istisna is a contract of exchange, whereby the funding party agrees to deliver a commodity or
an asset at a pre-determined future time at an agreed price.
Salam
Salam in Islamic Banking is a sale whereby the seller undertakes to supply some specific goods
to the buyer at a future date in exchange of an advanced price fully paid at spot.
Ijarah
Islamic financial institutions use ijarah contracts either as a lessor or a lessee. Some jurists
define ijarah as ownership of the right to the benefit of using an asset for a period in return for
a consideration.
Marabaha
Murabaha, also referred to as cost-plus financing, is an Islamic financing structure in which the
seller provides the cost and profit margin of an asset.