I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Monetary Policy Definition
Fiscal Policy Definition
Difference between them
Inflation
Bank reserve ratio
Open market operation
Repo & Reserve repo rates
Cash reserve ratio
Statutory liquid ratio
Factors affecting
Impact
Limitation
Current fiscal and monetary industrial policy in india revisedFBS Business School
Monetary and fiscal policies are two important instruments that can be put to use by government in order to achieve stability in the economy.While monetary policy is implemented by RBI, the fiscal policy is implemented by the government.
Monetary Policy Definition
Fiscal Policy Definition
Difference between them
Inflation
Bank reserve ratio
Open market operation
Repo & Reserve repo rates
Cash reserve ratio
Statutory liquid ratio
Factors affecting
Impact
Limitation
Current fiscal and monetary industrial policy in india revisedFBS Business School
Monetary and fiscal policies are two important instruments that can be put to use by government in order to achieve stability in the economy.While monetary policy is implemented by RBI, the fiscal policy is implemented by the government.
This presentation has been uploaded by Public Relations Cell, IIM Rohtak to help the B-school aspirants crack their interview by gaining basic knowledge on Economics.
References:
www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp
http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/economics/macroeconomics/section1.php
http://www.slideshare.net/RahulKaurav/xx-unit-iii
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/051904.asp
https://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population aging
Inflation and ways to contain it
1. What is Inflation?
Inflation is a process in which the price
level is rising and money is losing value.
Inflation is a rise in the price level, not in
the price of a particular commodity.
And inflation is an ongoing process, not a
one-time jump in the price level.
2. Inflation and the Price Level
distinction between inflation and
a one-time rise in the price
level.
3. Inflation and the Price Level
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the
price level.
That is, where P1 is the current price level and P0 is
last year’s price level, the inflation rate is
[(P1 – P0)/P0] × 100
Inflation can result from either an increase in
aggregate demand or a decrease in aggregate supply
and be
Demand-pull inflation
Cost-push inflation
4. Demand-Pull Inflation
Demand-pull inflation is an inflation that
results from an initial increase in aggregate
demand.
Demand-pull inflation may begin with any
factor that increases aggregate demand.
Two factors controlled by the government are
increases in the quantity of money and
increases in government purchases.
A third possibility is an increase in exports.
5. Demand-Pull Inflation
Initial Effect of an Increase in Aggregate Demand
Starting from full employment, an increase in aggregate
demand shifts the AD curve rightward.
6. Demand-Pull Inflation
Real GDP increases, the
price level rises, and an
inflationary gap arises.
The rising price level is the
first step in the demand-
pull inflation.
7. Demand-Pull Inflation
The money wage rises and the SAS curve shifts leftward.
Real GDP decreases back to potential GDP but the price level
rises further.
8. Cost-Push Inflation
Cost-push inflation is an inflation that results
from an initial increase in costs.
There are two main sources of increased costs:
An increase in the money wage rate
An increase in the money price of raw
materials, such as oil.
9. Cost-Push Inflation
Initial Effect of a Decrease in Aggregate Supply
A rise in the price of oil decreases short-run aggregate
supply and shifts the SAS curve leftward.
10. Cost-Push Inflation
Real GDP decreases and the price level rises—a
combination called stagflation.
The rising price level is the start of the cost-push
inflation.
11. Cost-Push Inflation
Aggregate Demand Response
The initial increase in costs creates a one-time
rise in the price level, not inflation.
To create inflation, aggregate demand must
increase.
12. Cost-Push Inflation
The increase in aggregate demand shifts the AD curve
rightward.
Real GDP increases and the price level rises again.
13. Cost-Push Inflation
If the oil producers raise the price
of oil to try to keep its relative
price higher, and the Fed responds
with an increase in aggregate
demand, a process of cost-push
inflation continues.
15. Fiscal Measures
Fiscal policy measures comprise the policy of the
government relating to taxation, expenditure and
borrowing. These three elements of fiscal policy
influence aggregate spending.
Contractionary fiscal policy is recommended during
inflation
Often, modern governments have the tendency to spend
more to please the voters without bothering about the
impact of inflation that may fall upon the society.
During inflation, government spending may be reduced.
16. Fiscal Measures
Decrease in public expenditure: One of the main reasons of
inflation in excess is public expenditure like building of roads
,bridges etc. Government should drastically scale down its non
essential expenditure.
Delay in payment of old debts: Payment of old debts that fall
due should be postponed for sometime so that people may not
acquire extra purchasing power.
Increase in taxes :Government should levy some new direct
taxes and raise rates of old taxes.
Over valuation of money: To control the over valuation of
money it is essential to encourage imports and
discourage exports
17. Limitations to Fiscal
Measures
The fiscal policy and politics go hand in hand in the
sense that fiscal policy is never taken in a political
vacuum. Political compulsions greatly reduce its
effectiveness.
Injudicious use of tax-expenditure program may not
yield desired results.
An increase in income tax reduces disposable income
and, hence, consumption spending. Increase in tax
rates causes rates of saving and capital formation to
decline.
What is required for the effectiveness of these policy
measures is
good timing.
18. Supply Management
Measures
Supply side policies are government policies which seek
to increase the productivity and efficiency of the
economy thereby ,controlling inflation.
They can involve interventionist supply side policies
(e.g. government spending on education) or free market
supply side policies (e.g. reduce government
legislation).
To correct excess demand relative to aggregate supply,
the latter can also be raised by importing goods in short
supply.
A reduction in company taxes to encourage greater
investment
19. Supply Management
Measures
To increase imports of goods in short supply ,the Govern
ment reduces customs duties on them so that their imports
become cheaper and help in containing inflation.
At times of inflationary expectations, there is a tendency
on the part of businessmen to hoard goods for speculative
purposes. The attempt by the Government to import goods
in short supply would compel the hoarders to release their
hoarded stocks.
A reduction in taxes which increases risk-taking and
incentives to work – a cut in income taxes can be
considered both a fiscal and a supply-side policy
Policies to open a market to more competition to increase
supply and lower prices.
20. Monetary Policy
Monetary policy refers to the adoption of suitable policy
regarding interest rate and the availability of credit.
It is a trade off between keeping the inflation low or
growing at faster rate.
As an instrument of demand management, monetary
policy can work in two ways.
Cost of Credit
Credit Availability
21. Cost of Credit
The higher the rate of interest, the greater the cost of
borrowing from the banks by the business firms.
Increase in rate of interest effects short term growth of
economy.
Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control
inflation.
It is the rate at which the central bank of a country
(Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to
commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds.
22.
23. Credit Availability
A recent monetary theory emphasizes that it is the
changes in the credit availability rather than cost of
credit that is a more effective instrument of regulating
demand.
By law banks have to keep a certain proportion of cash
money as reserves against their deposits. This is called
cash reserve ratio. It comes under open market
operations.
To contract credit availability Reserve Bank can raise
this ratio.
There are also other type of credit availability methods
like Statutory Liquid Ratio, Selective credit control.
24. Income Policy
Another anti-inflationary measure which has often been
suggested is the avoidance of wage increases which are
unrelated to improvements in productivity.
25. Reserve Bank of India
Reserve Bank of India or Banker’s Bank or Lender of Last Resort is the
central banking organization of India. RBI is the one who controls the
monetary policy and other financial sector of the nation. RBI was
established on 1 April 1935 by British council in according to the provisions
of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Initially the main branch of the
Reserve Bank of India established in Calcutta.
According to Preamble of Reserve Bank of India the goals of the RBI are
described as, "...to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves
with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate
the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage." India has
one of the biggest constitutions in world, and under so much law and
governance, to maintain and stabilize the financial sector with the social
equity is very difficult.
26. Function of RBI
The RBI as a Banker’s Banker and Lender of Last Resort works as an
umbrella to the financial sector of the nation.
For any developing country the role and functions of the central bank are
the most important for economic growth and stability. From regulating the
Banking System of the India to Debt Management of the Government, RBI
handles a vast array of responsibilities.
Price stability, credit control, issue of the currency, managing the Foreign
Reserve, managing money supply in the financial market, etc are some of
them.
The RBI supervises private and public banks and promotes banking in the
rural areas of the country. The Monetary Policy of RBI work to manage the
whole financial sectors in India work.
27. RBI’s role in controlling
Inflation
1. Interest rate
Repo rate: Repo rate (Repurchase or Repossession) is the rate at which RBI
buys government securities with an agreement of repossession, from the
commercial banks. It is a short term borrowing from the central bank,
against securities, to inject money to meet the gap between the demand
for money (loans) and deposits in the bank.
Reverse Repo rate- It is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from the
commercial banks. Banks deposit money in RBI when there is no other
profitable option to invest the short term excess liquidity or when there is
uncertainty in the market for a significant period of time
Bank Rate- Bank rate is the rate at which the RBI allows finance to the
domestic banks. It is generally for short period of time. Unlike, Repo rate,
there are no securities to be kept against the finance. But, in policies
designed to control inflation, Bank rates are seldom revised.
Increase in these interest rates means that the RBI is making it expensive
for the commercial banks to borrow money (in case of reverse repo rate,
lucrative to keep the deposits in RBI), thus limiting the injection of money
the market. RBI does this to decrease the liquidity in the market
28. 2. Reserve Ratio
Cash Reserve Ratio- Banks are required to keep a fraction of deposit
liabilities in the form of liquid cash, CRR, with the RBI to ensure
safety and liquidity of the deposits.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio:- Every bank in India has to maintain a
minimum proportion of their net demand and time deposits as liquid
assets in the form of cash, gold, precious and semiprecious stones.
SLR has nearly remained constant since last 14 years.
If there is increase in the reserve ratios, the total amount of deposits
left with commercial banks which it can give as commercial loans
decreases and hence there is reduction in the loan granting capacity
of the banks. RBI uses this instrument for credit control in the market.
29. 3. Open Market Operations
The RBI can purchase or sell Government securities from or to
the public. To control inflation, the RBI sells the securities in the
money market which sucks out excess liquidity from the market.
As the amount of liquid cash decreases, demand goes down. This
part of monetary policy is called the open market operation.
30. 4. Selective Credit Control
The Banking Regulation Act empowers the RBI to control the
level and pattern of advances given by banks, selectively. The
RBI has been operating selective credit control to contain
inflation of goods that are short in supply or sensitive goods like
food grains, vegetables, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugar, gur,
khansari, etc which are of mass consumption. The selective
credit control policy, therefore, is to discourage advances given
by banks against these essential commodities.
RBI uses monetary policy as a weapon to contain inflation, which
it has been religiously tightening throughout the last fiscal year
(one of its kind in the history of Indian Financial System). Surveys
(from RBI) show that the monetary tools have been successful to
combat inflation.