This document discusses factors that drive economic growth according to various economists. It provides GDP data for various countries from 1990-2010 that shows high growth rates in China, India, and other developing economies. Theories discussed include how physical and human capital accumulation, technology improvements, and institutions like private property rights systems can influence economic growth. It also examines China's high growth despite a relatively weak legal system, noting the role of informal institutions like guanxi social networks in enabling business transactions.
Book talk at the World Bank, December 16, 2016
How China Escaped the Poverty Trap tackles a long-standing, chicken-and-egg problem in development: Is it strong institutions of governance that leads to economic growth or vice versa? Yuen Yuen Ang reveals that this debate is false. In fact, development unfolds in a three-step reciprocal sequence: harness weak institutions to build markets > emerging markets stimulate strong institutions > strong institutions preserve markets. Underlying this process is the creation of conditions that enable ground-level actors to adapt to ever-evolving problems. Ang demonstrates this novel argument through China’s reform experience and extends it to late medieval Europe, antebellum United States, and contemporary Nigeria.
Directed Improvisation: Creating the Conditions for Effective AdaptationYuen Yuen Ang
Book talk delivered at Harvard University, Department of Government & Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Comparative Politics Speaker Series, September 15, 2016. This talk presents Chapter 2 ("Directed Improvisation") of my book, How China Escaped the Poverty Trap, released by the political economy series of Cornell University Press. The uploaded slides is an abbreviated version of my talk.
Mgt 376 international business all images in this presentation/tutorialoutletLarter
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
All images in this presentation are used for educational purposes. Fair dealing. MGT376
International Business
Lecture 2:
Political Economy & Risk
Dr. Sergej Ljubownikow
e-mail: s.ljubownikow@sheffield.ac.uk
Scenarios, Black Swans, and AssumptionsRichard Lum
Presentation in April 2015 to the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies about applying a futures perspective to anticipating the futures of conflict in the Asia-Pacific region.
Book talk at the World Bank, December 16, 2016
How China Escaped the Poverty Trap tackles a long-standing, chicken-and-egg problem in development: Is it strong institutions of governance that leads to economic growth or vice versa? Yuen Yuen Ang reveals that this debate is false. In fact, development unfolds in a three-step reciprocal sequence: harness weak institutions to build markets > emerging markets stimulate strong institutions > strong institutions preserve markets. Underlying this process is the creation of conditions that enable ground-level actors to adapt to ever-evolving problems. Ang demonstrates this novel argument through China’s reform experience and extends it to late medieval Europe, antebellum United States, and contemporary Nigeria.
Directed Improvisation: Creating the Conditions for Effective AdaptationYuen Yuen Ang
Book talk delivered at Harvard University, Department of Government & Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Comparative Politics Speaker Series, September 15, 2016. This talk presents Chapter 2 ("Directed Improvisation") of my book, How China Escaped the Poverty Trap, released by the political economy series of Cornell University Press. The uploaded slides is an abbreviated version of my talk.
Mgt 376 international business all images in this presentation/tutorialoutletLarter
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
All images in this presentation are used for educational purposes. Fair dealing. MGT376
International Business
Lecture 2:
Political Economy & Risk
Dr. Sergej Ljubownikow
e-mail: s.ljubownikow@sheffield.ac.uk
Scenarios, Black Swans, and AssumptionsRichard Lum
Presentation in April 2015 to the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies about applying a futures perspective to anticipating the futures of conflict in the Asia-Pacific region.
Governance and Corruption in International BusinessIlan Alon
Reviews and presents an overview of corruption research in international business, highlighting particular moderators such as trust, regime type, and learning.
Executive Summary
The New York City tech ecosystem generates economic opportunities for all New Yorkers.
The New York City tech ecosystem includes 291,000 jobs
that are enabled by, produce, or facilitate technology. Tech
industries generate 58,000 tech jobs and 83,000 non-tech
jobs, while non-tech industries generate 150,000 tech jobs.
In total, New York City’s tech ecosystem employs 291,000
people or 7% of the 4.27 million people working in New
York City. To put this figure into context, the retail sector
employs 354,000 people or 8% of total workers, while
healthcare employs 665,000 people or 16% of total
workers.
From 2003 to 2013, the New York City tech ecosystem
added 45,000 jobs, growing faster than both total New
York City employment and total U.S. employment. The
New York City tech ecosystem grew from 246,000 jobs to
291,000 jobs, an increase of 18%. In comparison, over the
same period, employment increased by 12% in New York
City and 4% nationally.
The New York City tech ecosystem generates
approximately 541,000 jobs, $50.6 billion in annual
compensation, and $124.7 billion in annual output. Of the
541,000 total jobs, 291,000 are direct, and 250,000 jobs
are generated through multiplier effects. Together they
comprise 12.6% of New York City’s total workforce.
The New York City tech ecosystem includes more than just
highly-educated workers – up to 44% of jobs in the New
York City tech ecosystem do not require a Bachelor’s
degree. 128,000 jobs in the tech ecosystem do not require a
Bachelor’s degree, with 11,600 of those being tech jobs in
tech industries.
Workers in the New York City tech ecosystem earn 49%
more than the average City-wide hourly wage. The hourly
wage for the tech ecosystem is $39.50, while the average
City-wide wage is $26.50.
Jobs in the New York City tech ecosystem that do not
require Bachelor’s degrees pay 45% more in hourly
wages than jobs with the same educational requirements
in other industries. Tech ecosystem jobs that do not require
a Bachelor’s degree pay $27.75 per hour, while the
average City-wide hourly wage for a job with the same
educational attainment requirement is $19.00 per hour.
The New York City tech ecosystem generates over $5.6
billion in annual tax revenues to the City, representing
12.3% of the City’s 2013 tax revenue. $2.5 billion comes
from property taxes, $1.3 billion from personal income
taxes, $0.9 billion from sales and use taxes, and $0.9 billion
from corporation and business income taxes.
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
A test of the technology acceptance model for understanding theZeinab Zaremohzzabieh
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) open up new opportunities for rural young entrepreneurs to
enhance their businesses. However, the challenges of adopting and using ICTs obstruct these businesses from
growing into drivers for rural-economic development and job creation. The purpose of this paper is to seek to
validate the technology acceptance model (TAM), which measures the volitional aspect of the ICT adoption
behavior of young entrepreneurs in a rural community. In order to test the model, data are collected using
self-administered questionnaires from 400 rural youth entrepreneurs. The structural equation modeling technique
(SEM) was applied to assess the model. The results confirmed that TAM is robust enough to gauge the
dimensions of young entrepreneurs’ adoption of ICT by way of the model accounting for 55 percent of the
variance in intention to use ICT. They also indicated that attitude toward entrepreneurship partially mediated the
relationship between ICT’s usefulness and entrepreneurial intention. This paper will serve to illuminate this
model and reveal new knowledge perspectives. Policy makers could encourage rural youth entrepreneurs to use
ICT in their businesses, which will in turn inspire other entrepreneurs to look up to these adopters and follow
them, thus increasing the use of ICT in rural communities.
There is general agreement over the need to pay attention to the informal sector because of its importance to employment and poverty issues. There are also an increasing number of programmes aimed at supporting similar informal activities in highly diverse national contexts.
This consensus is backed through the adoption, at the highest level, of policy measures that are meeting with growing acceptance and, sometimes, the active support of social actors, in particular among entrepreneurial and trade union organizations. Such a stand is also based on evidence to the effect that policies to promote the informal sector are viable and profitable, even during economic downswings, and have international financial support. Nevertheless, to the extent that it fails to embrace a shared strategic vision, this is a limited consensus that hinders the eff ectiveness of policies implemented in this area.
While often adequate on an individual basis, they are insufficient and produce limited effects by failing to respond to a more comprehensive approach. The lack of a shared approach is related to the absence of a common definition of the informal sec-tor, which has grown increasingly complex since it was first described in a pioneering ILO report on Kenya in 1972.
Along with the heterogeneous nature of informal economic activities, different perceptions lead to different strategies. These are reviewed in the first section. Too great an emphasis on the regulatory perspective has identified informality with illegality and labour precariousness.
In spite of their ties to informality, however, the two categories are conceptually different. Th e second section is devoted to these subjects and, particularly, to the precariousness of the employment relationship. Lastly, the third section explores strategic options to regulate the informal sector, tracing the features of a different approach to formalizing informal activities, to facilitate their full integration in the modernization process.
For the purpose of this paper, the latter concept is defined as the most dynamic part of the economy operating under a common regulatory framework. Facts and concepts Interpretations and trends The notion of the informal sector was brought forward in a 1972 ILO report on Kenya (ILO, 1972), follow-ing a 1971 paper (Hart, 1973). They highlighted that the problem of employment in less-developed countries is not one of unemployment but rather of employed workers who do not earn enough money to make a living.
They are ‘working poor’. Th is conceptual interpretation was based on their opposition to formality and their lack of access to the market and productive resources. Th is was followed by several contributions (see Tokman, 1978).
Privatization is the Symptom, Not the CureTom Tresser
Tom Tresser is a Chicago-based educator and activist who is dedicated to championing creativity, fighting privatization and defending the commons. http://www.tresser.com. Hey, SlideShare users - over 2,00 views in one year?! Send me some love, a comment, some acknowledgement that you are using this material - tom@civiclab.us - thanks!
IGAD: Establishment And Functions of IGAD Based on one of regional integratio...fasil12
Conclusions
The Intergovernmental Authority on
Development (IGAD) in Eastern Africa was
created in 1996 to supersede the
Intergovernmental Authority on Drought
and Development (IGADD) which was
founded in 1986 to mitigate the effects of
the recurring severe droughts and other
natural disasters that resulted in widespread
famine, ecological degradation and
economic hardship in the region. Using the
theory the paper argues that since the
decisions and activities of IGAD are still
being controlled by member states liberal
inter-governmentalism remains the suitable
framework for analysis. The IGAD
community achieved success at a number of
specific sectors, but still the regional
integration efforts in the IGAD region have
been weak due to many challenges
confronting member countries.
Governance and Corruption in International BusinessIlan Alon
Reviews and presents an overview of corruption research in international business, highlighting particular moderators such as trust, regime type, and learning.
Executive Summary
The New York City tech ecosystem generates economic opportunities for all New Yorkers.
The New York City tech ecosystem includes 291,000 jobs
that are enabled by, produce, or facilitate technology. Tech
industries generate 58,000 tech jobs and 83,000 non-tech
jobs, while non-tech industries generate 150,000 tech jobs.
In total, New York City’s tech ecosystem employs 291,000
people or 7% of the 4.27 million people working in New
York City. To put this figure into context, the retail sector
employs 354,000 people or 8% of total workers, while
healthcare employs 665,000 people or 16% of total
workers.
From 2003 to 2013, the New York City tech ecosystem
added 45,000 jobs, growing faster than both total New
York City employment and total U.S. employment. The
New York City tech ecosystem grew from 246,000 jobs to
291,000 jobs, an increase of 18%. In comparison, over the
same period, employment increased by 12% in New York
City and 4% nationally.
The New York City tech ecosystem generates
approximately 541,000 jobs, $50.6 billion in annual
compensation, and $124.7 billion in annual output. Of the
541,000 total jobs, 291,000 are direct, and 250,000 jobs
are generated through multiplier effects. Together they
comprise 12.6% of New York City’s total workforce.
The New York City tech ecosystem includes more than just
highly-educated workers – up to 44% of jobs in the New
York City tech ecosystem do not require a Bachelor’s
degree. 128,000 jobs in the tech ecosystem do not require a
Bachelor’s degree, with 11,600 of those being tech jobs in
tech industries.
Workers in the New York City tech ecosystem earn 49%
more than the average City-wide hourly wage. The hourly
wage for the tech ecosystem is $39.50, while the average
City-wide wage is $26.50.
Jobs in the New York City tech ecosystem that do not
require Bachelor’s degrees pay 45% more in hourly
wages than jobs with the same educational requirements
in other industries. Tech ecosystem jobs that do not require
a Bachelor’s degree pay $27.75 per hour, while the
average City-wide hourly wage for a job with the same
educational attainment requirement is $19.00 per hour.
The New York City tech ecosystem generates over $5.6
billion in annual tax revenues to the City, representing
12.3% of the City’s 2013 tax revenue. $2.5 billion comes
from property taxes, $1.3 billion from personal income
taxes, $0.9 billion from sales and use taxes, and $0.9 billion
from corporation and business income taxes.
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
A test of the technology acceptance model for understanding theZeinab Zaremohzzabieh
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) open up new opportunities for rural young entrepreneurs to
enhance their businesses. However, the challenges of adopting and using ICTs obstruct these businesses from
growing into drivers for rural-economic development and job creation. The purpose of this paper is to seek to
validate the technology acceptance model (TAM), which measures the volitional aspect of the ICT adoption
behavior of young entrepreneurs in a rural community. In order to test the model, data are collected using
self-administered questionnaires from 400 rural youth entrepreneurs. The structural equation modeling technique
(SEM) was applied to assess the model. The results confirmed that TAM is robust enough to gauge the
dimensions of young entrepreneurs’ adoption of ICT by way of the model accounting for 55 percent of the
variance in intention to use ICT. They also indicated that attitude toward entrepreneurship partially mediated the
relationship between ICT’s usefulness and entrepreneurial intention. This paper will serve to illuminate this
model and reveal new knowledge perspectives. Policy makers could encourage rural youth entrepreneurs to use
ICT in their businesses, which will in turn inspire other entrepreneurs to look up to these adopters and follow
them, thus increasing the use of ICT in rural communities.
There is general agreement over the need to pay attention to the informal sector because of its importance to employment and poverty issues. There are also an increasing number of programmes aimed at supporting similar informal activities in highly diverse national contexts.
This consensus is backed through the adoption, at the highest level, of policy measures that are meeting with growing acceptance and, sometimes, the active support of social actors, in particular among entrepreneurial and trade union organizations. Such a stand is also based on evidence to the effect that policies to promote the informal sector are viable and profitable, even during economic downswings, and have international financial support. Nevertheless, to the extent that it fails to embrace a shared strategic vision, this is a limited consensus that hinders the eff ectiveness of policies implemented in this area.
While often adequate on an individual basis, they are insufficient and produce limited effects by failing to respond to a more comprehensive approach. The lack of a shared approach is related to the absence of a common definition of the informal sec-tor, which has grown increasingly complex since it was first described in a pioneering ILO report on Kenya in 1972.
Along with the heterogeneous nature of informal economic activities, different perceptions lead to different strategies. These are reviewed in the first section. Too great an emphasis on the regulatory perspective has identified informality with illegality and labour precariousness.
In spite of their ties to informality, however, the two categories are conceptually different. Th e second section is devoted to these subjects and, particularly, to the precariousness of the employment relationship. Lastly, the third section explores strategic options to regulate the informal sector, tracing the features of a different approach to formalizing informal activities, to facilitate their full integration in the modernization process.
For the purpose of this paper, the latter concept is defined as the most dynamic part of the economy operating under a common regulatory framework. Facts and concepts Interpretations and trends The notion of the informal sector was brought forward in a 1972 ILO report on Kenya (ILO, 1972), follow-ing a 1971 paper (Hart, 1973). They highlighted that the problem of employment in less-developed countries is not one of unemployment but rather of employed workers who do not earn enough money to make a living.
They are ‘working poor’. Th is conceptual interpretation was based on their opposition to formality and their lack of access to the market and productive resources. Th is was followed by several contributions (see Tokman, 1978).
Privatization is the Symptom, Not the CureTom Tresser
Tom Tresser is a Chicago-based educator and activist who is dedicated to championing creativity, fighting privatization and defending the commons. http://www.tresser.com. Hey, SlideShare users - over 2,00 views in one year?! Send me some love, a comment, some acknowledgement that you are using this material - tom@civiclab.us - thanks!
IGAD: Establishment And Functions of IGAD Based on one of regional integratio...fasil12
Conclusions
The Intergovernmental Authority on
Development (IGAD) in Eastern Africa was
created in 1996 to supersede the
Intergovernmental Authority on Drought
and Development (IGADD) which was
founded in 1986 to mitigate the effects of
the recurring severe droughts and other
natural disasters that resulted in widespread
famine, ecological degradation and
economic hardship in the region. Using the
theory the paper argues that since the
decisions and activities of IGAD are still
being controlled by member states liberal
inter-governmentalism remains the suitable
framework for analysis. The IGAD
community achieved success at a number of
specific sectors, but still the regional
integration efforts in the IGAD region have
been weak due to many challenges
confronting member countries.
Since decades, modern economics is considered to be a social science, and has become so deeply rooted in the thoughts of western individuals that it has gained a position as nothing more than common sense, even though its fundamental rules have proved to be illogical (Radice, 2008). These rules also act as the guiding principles for Neoliberalism, which is a theory that derives its roots from modern economics. The foundation of modern economics was laid by Adam Smith, who is also known as the father of modern economics, in his work ‘The Wealth of Nations’ (Liow, 2012).
Spain work tech 2050 scenarios and national workshopsJerome Glenn
Intro to The Millennium Project, inevitability of new economics, global study on future work/technology 2050, three global work/tech 2050 scenarios, and workshops to explore national long-range strategies to address issue raised in the scenarios.
Stefano Pagliano: "A Global Financial Governance?"Global Utmaning
A presentation held by PhD Stefano Pagliari, Departement of International Politics, City University London, at the high level seminar "Towards a sustainable financial system", hosted by the Stockholm based think tank Global Challenge in cooperation with London School of Economics and Swedish House of Finance on September 12th 2013.
Enabling a sustainable Fourth Industrial Revolution: How G20 countries can cr...eraser Juan José Calderón
Enabling a sustainable Fourth Industrial Revolution:
How G20 countries can create the conditions for emerging
technologies to benefit people and the planet
Based on Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (2007), London: Constable, Chapter 8: “Get the economic activities right”, or, the Lost Art of Creating Middle-Income Countries. Further discussion on how to make upper-middle income county out of middle-income trap. And how to synchronize different aspect on developmental policy in modern era.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
4. GDP in 1990 and 2010
GDP in 1990 Range in 1990 GDP in 2010 Range in 2010
USA 5.800.525 1 14.657.800 1
China 390.278 10 5.878.257 2
Japan 3.058.038 2 5.458.872 3
Germany 1.547.026 3 3.315.643 4
France 1.248.563 4 2.582.527 5
United Kingdom 1.017.792 6 2.247.455 6
Brazil 507.784 9 2.090.314 7
Italy 1.135.543 5 2.055.114 8
Canada 582.735 7 1.574.051 9
India 325.928 12 1.537.966 10
Russia SD - 1.465.079 11
Spain 520.709 8 1.409.946 12
Australia 327.526 11 1.235.539 13
Mexico 287.803 14 1.039.121 14
South Korea 270.405 15 1.007.084 15
The Netherlands 295.570 13 - -
Source: FMI. En: Bustelo, P. (29 de julio de 2011). La UE ante el auge económico de Asia-
Pacífico. DT 15/2011.
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/
5. GDP growth rate at a glance
1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2009
China 10,2 10,6 10,9
India 5,8 6,0 7,9
Brazil 2,8 2,9 3,6
Russia 2,8 -4,7 6,0
USA 2,9 3,5 2,0
Japan 4,0 1,3 1,1
Germany 2,1 1,5 1,0
Spain 3,2 2,6 2,8
Low and middle income
countries
3,0 3,9 6,4
East Asia and the Pacific 7,8 8,5 9,4
Latin America & the Caribbean 1,8 3,3 3,8
Southern Asia 5,7 5,6 7,3
High income countries 3,2 2,7 2,0
World 3,1 2,9 2,9
Source: World Bank, Reports on the world development. In: Bustelo, P. (29 de julio de 2011). La
UE ante el auge económico de Asia-Pacífico. DT 15/2011.
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/
elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/dt15-2011.
7. Robert Solow
• In the first stage, agriculture is the major
industry
• Exogenous shocks (e.g., climate change) play a
major role in economic growth.
• In the second stage, the efficiency of
agricultural production increases and trade
activities increase. Other business sectors
emerge. The growth rate of savings and
investment is also increasing (Li and Hung
2013).
8. Robert Solow
• In the third stage, the rapid growth of the
Gross National Income (GNI), provides the
opportunity for entrepreneurs to use higher
technology to strengthen the main sector of
the economy.
• In the fourth stage, new technology spreads to
other industrial sectors. The efficiency of
other industries also contributes to growth.
• In the final stage, the economy completes the
industrialization process (Li and Hung 2013).
9. John Mill
• Previous research suggests that
the key factors of economic
development are physical and
human capital accumulation and
improvements in technology.
• John Mill stated that “productions
will be limited by the amount of
their previous accumulation,
and … will be proportional to
their energy, their skill, the
perfection of their machinery, and
their judicious use of the
advantages of combined
labour”(Mill, 2001).
10. Neoclassical growth school
• Neoclassical growth school of thought stresses
on physical capital accumulation (Heitger,
2004).
• Academic researchers in economic
geographers and regional science have
emphasized the importance of technology in
structuring and restructuring regional,
national and international economy.
11. Joseph A. Schumpeter
• Joseph A. Schumpeter emphasizes the
role of innovations and inventions in
economic development as in 1930s.
• Endogenous growth theory has also
stressed the strategic role of
technological progress in economic
dynamics over time and international
space.
• In view of these, governments at various
levels across different parts of the world
spend large amount of resources in
inventions and innovations to speed up
regional economic growth and to
increase national and international
competitiveness (Sun, 2000).
12. Friedrich August Hayek
• As Hayek (1949)
comments “self
interests represented
the universal mover.
The worth of a state in
the long run is the
worth of the individuals
who help compose it
(Mill, 2001).
13. Institutions affect economic growth?
There are 2 types of institutions:
Formal: legal rules and regulations
Informal: culture, history etc outside the regime
of formal rules and regulations
14. The importance of private property
rights in economic growth
• Current researchers think that the major
ingredient in economic growth and innovation is
incentives, which strappingly depend on private
property rights system.
• Such rights can enable the sources of production
attain their utmost degree of fecundity.
• If the government itself or the sovereign power
“practices robbery,” property will become a pure
“mockery.”
15. The importance of private property
rights
• Nobody will have an incentive to invent
something if he does not have the right to
generate income from his innovation.
• It is undeniable that efficient use of resources
requires secure property rights.
• Traditional growth theory, however, never
mentions the importance of private property
rights which is quite obvious not true in reality
(Heitger, 2004).
16. Jean-Baptiste Say
• Without the protection of private
property rights, “it is impossible to
conceive any considerable
development of the productive
power of man, of land, and of
capital; or even to conceive the
existence of capital at all” (Say,
2001).
18. China as an exception ? The informal
rule’s supplementary to rule of law
leads to the dragon to the road of
revival
• In between 1995 and 2008, China’s average
annual growth rate of GDP was 9.64%, which
was more than twice the world’s average
(4.56%).
• China was also the ninth-fastest-growing
economy among the 183 economies in a study
conducted by Wu (2011).
19. Poor legal system but fast economic
growth?
• Nevertheless, a sharp contrast to the fast
growing economy is the underdeveloped legal
system vulnerable to political pressure, poor
enforcement of legal rules and weak and
poorly defined property rights (Wu 2011;
Landry et al. 2009; Braendle et al. 2005; Allen
et al. 2005; Lu and Yang 2009; Ji 2009; Yueh
2010; C Xu 2011).
20. Examples
• For example, corruption is one of the major
problems (China ranks 75 out of 182 countries in
2011) (Braendle et al. 2005; Transparency
International 2011) and violation of intellectual
property rights (Chow 1997) can be found easily
• Each year 15 million illegal mobile phones are
distributed Worldwide from Shenzhen and illegal
mobile phones occupy 1/3 of the market, Chinese
manufacturers change one or two letters of the
branded product and turn it become their own
product (Hu 2008).
21. Examples
• China has also been criticized as the World’s
major intellectual property infringement
culprit for it accounts for nearly 2/3 of the
counterfeit goods which include motorcycles,
movie music CDs, DVDs designer handbags
and so on with an estimated of 512 million
worldwide (Priest 2006 ).
22. Good legal system is not a
precondition
• Therefore, many scholars pointed out that
good legal system is not a precondition for
economic growth in China (Allen et al. 2005;
Lu and Yang 2009; Clarke et al. 2006) or law
will simply develop after economic growth
(Shen and Wang 2009; Chen 2003) in spite of
the many scholars agreed that well developed
legal system favours economic growth (Lam
and Chen 2004; Yu 2009; Potter 1999).
23. Informal institutions at work
• The high enforcement cost under the American
legal system suggests that informal alternatives to
legal regulation may be more efficient than
competitive markets based on law (Chow 1997;
Jones 1994)
• The solution to an ineffective legal system lies in
the traditional culture with regard to its possible
outcomes on the social network (Braendle et al.
2005).
• This is evidenced by the Chinese’s Guanxi
“informal legal enforcement method”.
24. Guanxi
• Guanxi could facilitate business if people honour their
promise. It could, however, ruin the trades when
someone fails to follow the rule of reciprocity and
equity as he will be labeled as untrustworthy and no
one will trade with him anymore (Luo and Chen 1996).
• Breach of faith against one person will be harmful to
his business with others as the victim will depict him as
an evil in front of his friends and family.
• The negative influence could be far-reaching if the
person who was betrayed has a broad guanxi network.
25. Informal network replace the role of
formal institutions
• Guanxi could be treated as an alternative
reward and punishment system, a kind of
“unwritten law” (Braendle et al. 2005) which
serves as a kind of a surrogate market system
due to ill-defined property rights, economic
roles, a restricted flow of information
(Braendle et al. 2005) and has become the
engine of the growth of SMEs (Ji 2009).
27. References / further reading
• Li, Rita Yi Man and Hung Ronald (2013) Rostow’s Stages of Growth Model,
“Urban Bias” and Sustainable Development in India, Journal of
Contemporary Issues in Business Research, 2(5), pp.170-178
• Li, Rita Yi Man and Li, Yi Lut (2013) The relationship between law and
economic growth: A paradox in China Cities, Asian Social Science, Vol.9,
No.9, pp.19-30
• Li, Rita Yi Man (2013) An Evolution Analysis on the Ingredients which Lead
to Economic Growth in China, 1979 through 2013, CESA-JNU Joint
International Conference on Industrial Upgrading and Sustainable
Economic Growth in China, Jinan University, Guangzhou
• Li, Rita Yi Man (2011) Internet Boost the Economic Growth of mainland
China? Discovering Knowledge from Our World Wide Web, Global Business
and Management Research: An International Journal, Vol. 3 No. 3/4,
p.345-355.
• Li, Rita Yi Man (2009) Private Property Rights, Legal Enforcement and
Economic Prosperity: the Fall of Early Civilized China and the Rise of
United Kingdom in 18th -19th Century, Asian Social Science, Vol.5, No.10,
pp.5-10