This document discusses economic censuses and provides details about a United Nations survey on economic censuses conducted in 2006. The survey found that most countries conduct economic censuses every five years and exclude agriculture and public administration. It also found that over half of countries cover all economic units without size thresholds, while others use sampling. The document concludes with information about Egypt's 2012/2013 economic census, which combined complete and sample censuses to collect data on current statistics and the unregulated private sector across 13 activities.
This document discusses census development in Oman. It begins with definitions of census and notes that census began during the Roman Republic. It then outlines the stages of census development in Oman, including the first census in 1970 and subsequent censuses in 1993 and 2003. The document also discusses census categories, challenges, features, importance and expectations for the 2020 census, including population growth projections.
The document summarizes the conclusions from a round table discussion on compiling regional GDP accounts. Key conclusions included:
1) It is recommended that regional GDPs be compiled by central national statistical offices to ensure consistency and that regional data adds up to national totals.
2) Regional GDP should be estimated using all three approaches - production, income, and expenditure - with production being the leading approach.
3) Activities considered "national industries" should be allocated to regions using appropriate indicators, such as number of employees or capital stock.
4) Mobile assets should be allocated to the regions where they operate through notional statistical units if needed.
The document summarizes Brazil's process for producing regional economic accounts. It discusses the institutional organization involved, including the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. It outlines the 3 main steps of implementing the regional accounts methodology from 1996-1999, 1999, and 2007. It also describes the data sources, methodology, dissemination process, and released data.
The document summarizes several key US economic reports and indicators that influence financial markets:
- It outlines major reports on durable goods orders, consumer confidence, industrial production, jobless claims, trade, and prices that provide insights into manufacturing, employment, trade, and inflation trends.
- Other reports covered include factory orders, business inventories, retail sales, consumer sentiment, current accounts, and international surveys that track business and economic conditions.
- Collectively, these reports provide timely data on consumption, production, trade and inflation that investors use to assess the direction of the US and global economies.
Productivity is a ratio that measures how efficiently production inputs like labor and capital are used to produce a given level of output. It is a key source of economic growth and competitiveness. There are different measures of productivity depending on the purpose and available data, with one widely used measure being GDP per hour worked. To account for capital inputs, productivity is also measured using the flow of productive services from past capital investments. After accounting for labor and capital contributions, multi-factor productivity can be derived to measure residual growth from factors like innovation. The document then provides an overview of international productivity comparisons.
The Cambodian government allocates its budget from taxes to various ministries and sectors of the economy. The three main sectors are agriculture, industry such as textiles, and tourism services. In 2001, the largest portions of the budget went to social administration (32%), defense and security (29%), and general administration (19%). While economic growth in Cambodia has increased and poverty reduced by 20% according to ADB, 50% still face poverty risks. The group discussion recommends the government allocate more funds to infrastructure, agriculture through dams and credits, electricity investment, and education and health to further support the key economic sectors and reduce poverty.
This document discusses economic censuses and provides details about a United Nations survey on economic censuses conducted in 2006. The survey found that most countries conduct economic censuses every five years and exclude agriculture and public administration. It also found that over half of countries cover all economic units without size thresholds, while others use sampling. The document concludes with information about Egypt's 2012/2013 economic census, which combined complete and sample censuses to collect data on current statistics and the unregulated private sector across 13 activities.
This document discusses census development in Oman. It begins with definitions of census and notes that census began during the Roman Republic. It then outlines the stages of census development in Oman, including the first census in 1970 and subsequent censuses in 1993 and 2003. The document also discusses census categories, challenges, features, importance and expectations for the 2020 census, including population growth projections.
The document summarizes the conclusions from a round table discussion on compiling regional GDP accounts. Key conclusions included:
1) It is recommended that regional GDPs be compiled by central national statistical offices to ensure consistency and that regional data adds up to national totals.
2) Regional GDP should be estimated using all three approaches - production, income, and expenditure - with production being the leading approach.
3) Activities considered "national industries" should be allocated to regions using appropriate indicators, such as number of employees or capital stock.
4) Mobile assets should be allocated to the regions where they operate through notional statistical units if needed.
The document summarizes Brazil's process for producing regional economic accounts. It discusses the institutional organization involved, including the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. It outlines the 3 main steps of implementing the regional accounts methodology from 1996-1999, 1999, and 2007. It also describes the data sources, methodology, dissemination process, and released data.
The document summarizes several key US economic reports and indicators that influence financial markets:
- It outlines major reports on durable goods orders, consumer confidence, industrial production, jobless claims, trade, and prices that provide insights into manufacturing, employment, trade, and inflation trends.
- Other reports covered include factory orders, business inventories, retail sales, consumer sentiment, current accounts, and international surveys that track business and economic conditions.
- Collectively, these reports provide timely data on consumption, production, trade and inflation that investors use to assess the direction of the US and global economies.
Productivity is a ratio that measures how efficiently production inputs like labor and capital are used to produce a given level of output. It is a key source of economic growth and competitiveness. There are different measures of productivity depending on the purpose and available data, with one widely used measure being GDP per hour worked. To account for capital inputs, productivity is also measured using the flow of productive services from past capital investments. After accounting for labor and capital contributions, multi-factor productivity can be derived to measure residual growth from factors like innovation. The document then provides an overview of international productivity comparisons.
The Cambodian government allocates its budget from taxes to various ministries and sectors of the economy. The three main sectors are agriculture, industry such as textiles, and tourism services. In 2001, the largest portions of the budget went to social administration (32%), defense and security (29%), and general administration (19%). While economic growth in Cambodia has increased and poverty reduced by 20% according to ADB, 50% still face poverty risks. The group discussion recommends the government allocate more funds to infrastructure, agriculture through dams and credits, electricity investment, and education and health to further support the key economic sectors and reduce poverty.
An Econometric Model for Inflation Rates in the Volta Region of Ghanaiosrjce
Ghana has been challenged by high inflation rates for a long period of time. The phenomenon in
many cases leaves in its trail adverse economic consequences. Therefore, forecasting inflation rates in Ghana
becomes very important for government and central bank to design fiscal measures or effective monetary
policies to combat any unexpected high inflation in this country. For firms and households, knowledge about the
rate of inflation in future enables them to factor it into their planning so as to guard against unpleasant
ramifications. This paper employs Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique to model
inflation rates in Volta region of Ghana. Using monthly inflation rates data from January 2009 to September
2015, we find that ARIMA (2,1,2) can be used to study the behavior of the data in the Volta region of Ghana
regarding inflation rates. Based on the selected model, we forecasted six (6) months inflation rates for the
region outside the sample period (i.e. from October 2015 to March 2016). From the out-sample forecast, we
surmise that Volta region is likely to experience continuous double digit inflation rates. Hence, policy makers
should re-evaluate their policies in order to determine other factors that contribute to the high inflation rates.
Introduction to Macroeconomics: National IncomeUpananda Witta
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics concepts across several chapters. It defines macroeconomics as dealing with aggregate economic metrics rather than individual parts. Key concepts discussed include the circular flow of income and goods between households, firms, and the government. The document also examines gross domestic product, national income, consumption, investment, fiscal and monetary policy, and how international trade impacts a country's national income. Multiple diagrams and equations are presented to illustrate macroeconomic relationships between sectors.
This document summarizes travel and tourism data from 1999-2010 and discusses the importance of the travel and tourism industry to the global economy. It notes that in 1999, travel and tourism accounted for 11% of global GDP and 9% of global employment. By 2010, the travel and tourism industry is projected to account for 11% of global GDP and employ 9% of the workforce. For the United States specifically, the document states that travel and tourism accounted for $1.067 trillion of GDP in 1999 and is projected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2010.
It discusses growth accounting and Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
This approach is very useful for LDC country in order to have sustained high rate of growth.
This presentation was made by Marjon Schols, Netherlands, at the 12th Annual Meeting on Performance and Results held at the OECD, Paris, on 24-25 November 2016
An introductory PowerPoint presentation from the Economy Module of the South West Observatory on the Regional Accounts, its data sources and the Economic Impact tool.
Economic Environment - Christian KASTROP, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Christian Kastrop, OECD, at the 38th Annual Meeting of OECD Senior Budget Officials held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 1-2 June 2017
This document provides an economic overview and indicators for Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany from October 2014. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts were lowered slightly for Europe and Japan, while the US forecast improved slightly. Industrial confidence and consumer confidence in Europe continued to decline in September. The German IFO Business Climate Index fell again, indicating the German economy is slowing. Charts show trends in GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other economic indicators for various regions.
Economic indicators and Monthly Overview January 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an economic outlook for January 2015. It summarizes forecasts for GDP growth in Europe, the US, and Japan in 2015 and 2016. GDP growth is expected to be 1.5% in Europe in 2015 and 1.8% in 2016. In the US, GDP growth is forecast to be 3.2% in 2015 and 2.8% in 2016. Japan's GDP growth is projected to be 1.2% in 2015 and 1.5% in 2016. The document also reviews recent economic indicator data for the EU, Germany, and other regions.
Firms must consider the macroeconomic environment when making production and pricing decisions. Key indicators of an economy's performance include aggregate output, price levels, investment, consumption, and balance of payments. The macro economy represents the aggregation of individual households and firms. Common measures used to evaluate price movements are the consumer price index, wholesale price index, and GDP deflator.
Recent budgeting developments - Nan Mo Kham, Khin Maung Lwin, MyanmarOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Nan Mo Kham and Khin Maung Lwin, Myanmar, at the 12th Annual Meeting of OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 15-16 December 2016
The 2011 round of the International Comparison Program collected prices across 199 economies to calculate purchasing power parities and compare GDP levels. Key findings included that India and Indonesia rose to become the third and tenth largest economies globally. World GDP based on PPPs was 129% of the exchange rate-based figure, and high-income countries declined as a percentage of total world GDP. Methodological improvements included a global core list of products to facilitate linking economies and new approaches for calculating PPPs for goods like dwellings, government services, and construction.
Fiscal decentralisation and economic growth: evidence from Vietnamanucrawfordphd
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Vietnam. The study uses panel data from 2004-2010 to empirically test the effect of different measures of fiscal decentralization on provincial GDP growth rates. The results from fixed effect models and generalized method of moments models consistently show that higher levels of fiscal decentralization, as measured by various indicators, have a significant and positive impact on economic growth across Vietnam's provinces. The findings provide empirical evidence that greater fiscal decentralization can contribute to better provincial economic performance in Vietnam.
National income can be measured using three methods - the product or output method, the income method, and the expenditure method. The product method adds up the total value of goods and services produced domestically. The income method sums the incomes received by the factors of production. The expenditure method equals total consumption + investment + government spending + net exports in an economy. National income data is useful for economic planning and policymaking but has some limitations like neglecting non-monetary activities.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts for Europe and Japan were lowered for 2014 but raised slightly for Japan in 2015. Industrial and consumer confidence in the EU improved slightly in October, breaking prior downward trends. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany continued to fall, indicating a deteriorating outlook for the German economy.
Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Key topics include national income concepts, determination of national income, international trade, money and prices, macroeconomic problems, and macroeconomic policies. National income accounting can be modeled using circular flow diagrams including two-sector, three-sector, and five-sector models. The two-sector model includes households and firms, while the three-sector model adds the government sector. The five-sector model further includes the financial sector and overseas sector.
Aligning the centre and line ministries - Roland Schneider, AustriaOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Roland Schneider, Austria,, at the 12th Annual Meeting on Performance and Results held at the OECD, Paris, on 24-25 November 2016
Key concepts
• Measuring economic activity – GDP and GNP/GNI
• Output, income and expenditure methods of GDP accounting
• From GDP to GNP
• Nominal and real GDP
• Nominal and real GNP/GNI
• Per capita income
• Use of national income figures
• Green GDP
This presentation was made by Ulf Rosner, Germany, at the 12th Annual Meeting on Performance and Results held at the OECD, Paris, on 24-25 November 2016
1) The document summarizes the results of a survey of 600 French, Belgian, and British women aged 55+ on their happiness levels.
2) It identifies three profiles of women - home-loving seniors, young and calm seniors, and active and connected seniors. Active and connected seniors reported the highest average happiness rating of 8.2/10.
3) British women reported the highest overall happiness rating of 8.1/10, followed by Belgian women at 7.7/10 and French women at 7.5/10.
An Econometric Model for Inflation Rates in the Volta Region of Ghanaiosrjce
Ghana has been challenged by high inflation rates for a long period of time. The phenomenon in
many cases leaves in its trail adverse economic consequences. Therefore, forecasting inflation rates in Ghana
becomes very important for government and central bank to design fiscal measures or effective monetary
policies to combat any unexpected high inflation in this country. For firms and households, knowledge about the
rate of inflation in future enables them to factor it into their planning so as to guard against unpleasant
ramifications. This paper employs Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique to model
inflation rates in Volta region of Ghana. Using monthly inflation rates data from January 2009 to September
2015, we find that ARIMA (2,1,2) can be used to study the behavior of the data in the Volta region of Ghana
regarding inflation rates. Based on the selected model, we forecasted six (6) months inflation rates for the
region outside the sample period (i.e. from October 2015 to March 2016). From the out-sample forecast, we
surmise that Volta region is likely to experience continuous double digit inflation rates. Hence, policy makers
should re-evaluate their policies in order to determine other factors that contribute to the high inflation rates.
Introduction to Macroeconomics: National IncomeUpananda Witta
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics concepts across several chapters. It defines macroeconomics as dealing with aggregate economic metrics rather than individual parts. Key concepts discussed include the circular flow of income and goods between households, firms, and the government. The document also examines gross domestic product, national income, consumption, investment, fiscal and monetary policy, and how international trade impacts a country's national income. Multiple diagrams and equations are presented to illustrate macroeconomic relationships between sectors.
This document summarizes travel and tourism data from 1999-2010 and discusses the importance of the travel and tourism industry to the global economy. It notes that in 1999, travel and tourism accounted for 11% of global GDP and 9% of global employment. By 2010, the travel and tourism industry is projected to account for 11% of global GDP and employ 9% of the workforce. For the United States specifically, the document states that travel and tourism accounted for $1.067 trillion of GDP in 1999 and is projected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2010.
It discusses growth accounting and Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
This approach is very useful for LDC country in order to have sustained high rate of growth.
This presentation was made by Marjon Schols, Netherlands, at the 12th Annual Meeting on Performance and Results held at the OECD, Paris, on 24-25 November 2016
An introductory PowerPoint presentation from the Economy Module of the South West Observatory on the Regional Accounts, its data sources and the Economic Impact tool.
Economic Environment - Christian KASTROP, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Christian Kastrop, OECD, at the 38th Annual Meeting of OECD Senior Budget Officials held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 1-2 June 2017
This document provides an economic overview and indicators for Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany from October 2014. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts were lowered slightly for Europe and Japan, while the US forecast improved slightly. Industrial confidence and consumer confidence in Europe continued to decline in September. The German IFO Business Climate Index fell again, indicating the German economy is slowing. Charts show trends in GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other economic indicators for various regions.
Economic indicators and Monthly Overview January 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an economic outlook for January 2015. It summarizes forecasts for GDP growth in Europe, the US, and Japan in 2015 and 2016. GDP growth is expected to be 1.5% in Europe in 2015 and 1.8% in 2016. In the US, GDP growth is forecast to be 3.2% in 2015 and 2.8% in 2016. Japan's GDP growth is projected to be 1.2% in 2015 and 1.5% in 2016. The document also reviews recent economic indicator data for the EU, Germany, and other regions.
Firms must consider the macroeconomic environment when making production and pricing decisions. Key indicators of an economy's performance include aggregate output, price levels, investment, consumption, and balance of payments. The macro economy represents the aggregation of individual households and firms. Common measures used to evaluate price movements are the consumer price index, wholesale price index, and GDP deflator.
Recent budgeting developments - Nan Mo Kham, Khin Maung Lwin, MyanmarOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Nan Mo Kham and Khin Maung Lwin, Myanmar, at the 12th Annual Meeting of OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 15-16 December 2016
The 2011 round of the International Comparison Program collected prices across 199 economies to calculate purchasing power parities and compare GDP levels. Key findings included that India and Indonesia rose to become the third and tenth largest economies globally. World GDP based on PPPs was 129% of the exchange rate-based figure, and high-income countries declined as a percentage of total world GDP. Methodological improvements included a global core list of products to facilitate linking economies and new approaches for calculating PPPs for goods like dwellings, government services, and construction.
Fiscal decentralisation and economic growth: evidence from Vietnamanucrawfordphd
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Vietnam. The study uses panel data from 2004-2010 to empirically test the effect of different measures of fiscal decentralization on provincial GDP growth rates. The results from fixed effect models and generalized method of moments models consistently show that higher levels of fiscal decentralization, as measured by various indicators, have a significant and positive impact on economic growth across Vietnam's provinces. The findings provide empirical evidence that greater fiscal decentralization can contribute to better provincial economic performance in Vietnam.
National income can be measured using three methods - the product or output method, the income method, and the expenditure method. The product method adds up the total value of goods and services produced domestically. The income method sums the incomes received by the factors of production. The expenditure method equals total consumption + investment + government spending + net exports in an economy. National income data is useful for economic planning and policymaking but has some limitations like neglecting non-monetary activities.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts for Europe and Japan were lowered for 2014 but raised slightly for Japan in 2015. Industrial and consumer confidence in the EU improved slightly in October, breaking prior downward trends. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany continued to fall, indicating a deteriorating outlook for the German economy.
Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Key topics include national income concepts, determination of national income, international trade, money and prices, macroeconomic problems, and macroeconomic policies. National income accounting can be modeled using circular flow diagrams including two-sector, three-sector, and five-sector models. The two-sector model includes households and firms, while the three-sector model adds the government sector. The five-sector model further includes the financial sector and overseas sector.
Aligning the centre and line ministries - Roland Schneider, AustriaOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Roland Schneider, Austria,, at the 12th Annual Meeting on Performance and Results held at the OECD, Paris, on 24-25 November 2016
Key concepts
• Measuring economic activity – GDP and GNP/GNI
• Output, income and expenditure methods of GDP accounting
• From GDP to GNP
• Nominal and real GDP
• Nominal and real GNP/GNI
• Per capita income
• Use of national income figures
• Green GDP
This presentation was made by Ulf Rosner, Germany, at the 12th Annual Meeting on Performance and Results held at the OECD, Paris, on 24-25 November 2016
1) The document summarizes the results of a survey of 600 French, Belgian, and British women aged 55+ on their happiness levels.
2) It identifies three profiles of women - home-loving seniors, young and calm seniors, and active and connected seniors. Active and connected seniors reported the highest average happiness rating of 8.2/10.
3) British women reported the highest overall happiness rating of 8.1/10, followed by Belgian women at 7.7/10 and French women at 7.5/10.
This document discusses key concepts and models of democracy. It defines democracy as coming from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratos" meaning power, referring to rule by the people. Robert Dahl's characteristics of democracy include effective participation, voting equality, enlightened understanding, and control of the agenda. Arend Lijphart's models are the majoritarian model, which consolidates power in the hands of a majority, and the consensus model, which shares power for broader participation and compromise. Conditions for democracy include control of the military by elected officials, democratic beliefs, no foreign control, limited cultural conflict, and a modern market economy. Measures of democracy include the democracy-dictatorship measure,
Butterfly explored weekly employee happiness and engagement trends across more than 5,000 employees in the U.S. and EMEA. The following report outlines key themes and best practices for managers and HR professionals based on the data.
The document summarizes key findings from Bhutan's 2010 Gross National Happiness Index. It finds that 41% of Bhutanese are classified as happy based on sufficiency thresholds across 9 domains. The domains that contribute most to happiness are health (14%), community (12%), ecology (12%), and psychological well-being (12%). Within health, the indicators that people enjoy most sufficiency in are disability (89% sufficient), mental health (86%), healthy days (76%), and self-reported health status (74%). However, only around 35-39% of people sufficient in health indicators are classified as happy.
The document discusses findings from Bhutan's 2010 Gross National Happiness Index regarding levels of happiness among Bhutanese citizens. Some key points:
- 59% of Bhutanese did not meet the threshold for being happy in 6 or more domains, and were considered "not yet happy". On average, these unhappy citizens lacked sufficiency in 43% of domains, around 4 domains.
- Unhappy citizens experienced higher insufficiency than happy citizens across many indicators like consumption, assets, housing, and health.
- The document examines differences in sufficiency and insufficiency across various demographic groups to help identify policy areas that could increase happiness.
GNH stands for Gross National Happiness, which seeks to promote inner happiness and well-being within the context of societal good. GNH uses a simple screening tool to assess how policies and projects impact key domains like health, education, culture and the environment. Bhutan formally adopted GNH as a measure of development success and has four pillars - equitable socio-economic development, environmental conservation, preservation of culture, and good governance. While GDP measures economic output, GNH takes a more holistic approach by valuing natural, human and social capital to better indicate national well-being.
The document discusses Bhutan's Gross National Happiness Index. It outlines the nine domains that are measured in the index, including living standards, health, education, time use, good governance, ecological diversity, psychological well-being, community vitality, and cultural diversity. It then describes how the GNH Index is constructed using 33 indicators across the nine domains, the national survey used to collect data on the indicators, and the methodology for weighting and combining the indicators into an overall GNH Index score. The goal of the GNH Index is to measure national well-being and progress in a holistic way that goes beyond traditional economic metrics like gross domestic product.
The document is a student assignment on briefly explaining economics in statistics. It includes definitions of economic statistics and statistics, outlines the tools and characteristics of statistics for economics, and discusses the limitations and applications. The key points are:
- Economic statistics concerns the collection, processing, and analysis of economic data to study economies.
- Statistics are numerical data that can be analyzed and interpreted, while the science of statistics studies principles and methods for collecting, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data.
- Statistical tools like census, surveys, tables and graphs are used at different stages of statistical study and are important for economics.
- Statistics has limitations as laws only hold on average and it only studies quantitative data.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Statistical thinking and analysis of data is important for organizations to make better decisions in today's competitive environment. Statistics can be defined and used in different ways depending on context. It generally refers to the collection, analysis, and presentation of numerical data to describe situations or populations and allow for inferences. There are two main types of statistics - descriptive statistics which summarize and characterize data, and inferential statistics which allow estimating characteristics of populations based on samples. Statistical methods have wide application across many domains like economics, science, business and government for purposes like planning, analysis and decision making.
Official statistics are statistics published by government agencies or international organizations. The main systems of official statistics in Pakistan are the social and economic statistical system and the general statistical system. The social and economic statistical system includes the Federal Bureau of Statistics, provincial bureaus of statistics, and the State Bank of Pakistan. The general statistical system includes federal and provincial offices under various ministries. Key organizations include the Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Organization, and Agricultural Census Organization. The Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics outline principles such as impartiality, scientific methods, confidentiality of individual data, and international coordination.
The document discusses the Index of Industrial Production (IIP), which measures the growth of industrial output in India. The IIP is a key short-term indicator that is used to identify turning points in economic development. It measures the volume of goods produced in the industrial sector over time, excluding price effects. The IIP provides insights into important sectors like manufacturing, mining, and electricity. It is a leading indicator for GDP and helps forecast economic trends. Seasonal adjustment of IIP data removes recurring influences to better analyze underlying cyclical and trend movements.
The document discusses the informal economy in West Africa and its importance for food security. It notes that the informal economy is difficult to define and measure due to its diversity and lack of standard definitions and accounting. However, it plays a major role in providing income, jobs, and services for many households. The document calls for revising concepts and definitions to better capture the full scope and importance of informal economic activities across different sectors. Improving measurements of the informal economy is essential for informing effective food security policies.
This document provides an overview and background of a project report analyzing the poolability of data from the 67th round of the National Sample Survey in Delhi, India. It conducted surveys of unincorporated non-agricultural enterprises excluding construction. The report analyzes whether central and state sample data can be pooled to provide more precise estimates. It describes the survey methodology, definitions, economic indicators analyzed for poolability, and tests used to assess poolability. The goal is to determine if pooling the two datasets can increase sample size and precision of estimates, especially at sub-state levels.
This document provides an overview of quantitative techniques used for business analysis, specifically covering topics in statistics. It includes a table of contents listing 8 chapters that cover topics such as data collection, presentation of data through tables and graphs, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability, and introduction to statistics. The introduction discusses how statistics can be used descriptively to summarize data or inferentially to draw conclusions about populations. It emphasizes the importance of statistics across many fields.
This document provides details about the National Survey on Household Income and Expenditure conducted in 2004-2005, including:
1. The background and motivation for the study, including gaps in previous household income data collection in India.
2. The methodology used, which was informed by international best practices and involved a multi-stage stratified sampling approach across rural and urban areas in 24 states.
3. Descriptions of the survey coverage, sample design, data collection process, and analysis that would be conducted.
The document analyzes the relationship between governance and economic growth in Africa. It finds that improving governance, as measured by a composite index constructed from World Bank indicators, has a significant positive impact on economic growth. Specifically, a 1% improvement in the governance index is estimated to increase real GDP by 1.7% based on data from 44 African countries from 2000 to 2015. Countries that improved their governance indicators the most, such as Rwanda, Angola, and Ethiopia, experienced stronger economic growth. Therefore, strengthening governance is presented as an effective way for African countries to boost economic growth with relatively low financial costs.
Fiscal policy and government budgets are important tools that governments use to influence economic activity and promote growth. A government's budget determines how much money it expects to receive in revenues and how much it will spend on goods and services. The Nigerian constitution and laws establish the legal framework for budgeting, giving the National Assembly authority over the budget process. This document proposes a Fiscal Responsibility Index to benchmark and assess the fiscal performance of government ministries, departments, and agencies in Nigeria based on their adherence to budget credibility, comprehensiveness, policy-based budgeting, implementation, accounting, and auditing practices. The goal is to support fiscal discipline and the efficient use of public funds.
Akinwunmi Ambode discusses the progress of Nigeria Finance Reforms.
Excerpt from the lecture delivered at the retreat of the Forum of Accountants-General in Nigeria, Victoria Island, Lagos.
overviews on the concept of statistical system, its definition, components, role and future developments, migrating from classical design to a modern one, integrated, and efficient, and highly responsive to new demands.
Etude PwC sur les pratiques comptables des Etats (2013)PwC France
http://pwc.to/13zcNvl
Face au contexte de crise économique dans les pays industrialisés et à la nécessité d’accompagner le développement économique des pays émergents, la maîtrise des dépenses et des recettes publiques devient un enjeu majeur pour les Etats partout dans le monde. L’accès au financement (et la compétition entre pays) est au cœur de l’actualité. Pour répondre à ces évolutions, les gouvernements prennent de plus en plus de mesures pour améliorer la comptabilité de l’Etat et renforcer son niveau de transparence.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) on financial reporting effectiveness of district local governments in Uganda. Some key findings of the study include:
1) IFMIS was found to positively affect and improve financial reporting effectiveness in Ugandan district governments by ensuring consistency, accuracy, timeliness, transparency and relevancy of reports.
2) IFMIS supports effective budget preparation, transaction processing and financial report preparation, thereby fulfilling the objective of improving financial accountability through prompt reporting.
3) The study found IFMIS improves financial reporting effectiveness through realistic budgeting based on available resources, integration of departmental budgets, ranking of financial priorities, and easy tracking of
Gender Budgeting in Austria - Friederike SCHWARZENDORFER (Austria)OECD Governance
Presentation given at the OECD Gender Budgeting Experts Meeting, Vienna, Austria. 18-19 June 2018
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/gender-budgeting-experts-meeting-2018.htm
Creative Accounting Dynamics and Financial Reporting Quality in Public Corpor...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the influence of creative accounting practices on the quality of financial reporting in public corporations in Nigeria. The study uses data from annual reports of 10 public corporations from 2014-2016, which used old accounting standards, and 2017-2019, which used IPSAS standards.
The results show that under the old standards, indicators of revenue/cost disclosure, auditor opinions, notes/schedules, and compliance to standards had moderate or low influence on financial reporting quality. But under IPSAS, all indicators had higher average scores and were found to have high or moderate influence on quality. Specifically, revenue/cost disclosure and auditor opinions saw increases of 1.5 and 1.49 respectively in their influence under
Aggestam a project management perspective on the adoption of accrual based ipsasicgfmconference
Moving from cash or modified accrual-based accounting to full accrual accounting under
International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) can be a challenging endeavor.
Ensuring proper convergence to accrual based IPSAS entails not only a vast amount of work
in the accounting arena of any given public sector entity or government but also often major
changes in business processes and practices. By using a project management approach in
adopting IPSAS an organization/government can make certain that, for example: the project
gets necessary support from top management; a sound governance structure is put in place;
communication and training plans are developed and managed; new accounting policies are
written; and necessary alignment of business processes will take place in a timely manner.
Sound project management may facilitate cost-effective adoption of IPSAS and a broader
strengthening of business practices across the implementing organization/government.
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Economic Census and the Economic Indicators - Sherine Al-Shawarby
1. ECONOMIC CENSUS AND THE
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Sherine Al-Shawarby
October 19, 2015
CAMPUS- Cairo- Egypt
2. IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC CENSUS
The economic census is an important activity
carried out by many statistical offices with the
aim of :
improving availability and quality of existing basic
economic statistics and
establishing or improving their survey frames or
statistical business registers for the organization of
economic survey programmes on a more integrated
basis at a later stage.
There is a growing interest in economic census.
Many countries would need help both in terms of
resources and guidance on how to carry out this
activity properly.
3. A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS
An economic census is a statistical survey conducted
on the full set of economic units belonging to a given
population or universe.
It is the complete enumeration of a population or
groups at a point in time with respect to well
defined characteristics.
The partial enumeration resulting from a failure to
cover the whole population, as distinct from a
designed sample enquiry, may be referred to as an
“incomplete census ”.
An economic census is the total process of collecting,
compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing or
otherwise disseminating economic data pertaining,
at a specified time, to all units in a country or in a
well delimited part of a country.
4. A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS
The term “census” implies that each unit is
enumerated separately and that the characteristics
thereof are separately recorded.
Only by this procedure can the data on the various
characteristics be cross-classified.
The requirement of individual enumeration can be
met by the collection of information in the field, by
the use of information contained in an appropriate
administrative register or set of registers, or by a
combination of these methods.
This does not preclude the use of sampling techniques
for obtaining data on specified characteristics,
provided that the sample design is consistent with the
size of the areas for which the data are to be
tabulated and the degree of detail in the cross-
tabulations to be made
5. A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS
In order to plan for, and implement, economic
and social development, administrative activity
or scientific research, it is necessary to have
reliable and detailed data on the number and
distribution of economic units by various
categories.
The economic census is a primary source of these
basic benchmark statistics, covering not only the
units in a formal sector but in informal as well.
Data from economic census should allow
presentation and analysis in terms of statistics
on economic units and for a wide variety of
geographical units, ranging from the country as a
whole to individual small localities
6. A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS
The method of choice will be conducting an
economic census through universal and
simultaneous individual enumeration of each
resident economic unit within the nation’s
boundaries.
Some countries adopt alternative approaches;
yet, all of these methods must result in identical
outputs.
7. A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS
The traditional economic census is among the
most complex and massive exercises a nation
undertakes.
It requires mapping the entire country,
mobilizing and training an army of enumerators,
conducting a considerable public campaign,
canvassing all economic units, even those owned
by the households, collecting information,
compiling vast amounts of completed
questionnaires, and analyzing and disseminating
the data.
In most cases, a traditional census is an
opportunity for mobilizing the country and
making statistical activity visible
8. A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS
Successfully conducting a census becomes a
matter of national pride for many countries.
Ensuring confidentiality is crucial for the census
to succeed. Thus, it has to be made clear that the
only reason for collecting data is for the
production of statistics and that there will be no
dissemination of confidential information or any
non-statistical linkage with existing records in
other government databases and data collections.
Indeed, principle 6 of the Fundamental Principles of Official
Statistics states that “individual data collected by statistical
agencies for statistical compilation, whether they refer to
natural or legal persons, are to be strictly confidential and
used exclusively for statistical purposes”.
9. A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS
The economic census represents one of the pillars for
data collection on the number and characteristics of
the economic units of a country.
It is part of an integrated approach to compilation of
economic statistics, which may include censuses for
specific activities/industries for example, agriculture
or manufacturing, surveys, registers and
administrative data sources.
It provides, at regular intervals, the benchmark for
economic indicators at national and local levels. For
small economic activities or sub-populations, such as
informal sector units, it may represent the only
source of information.
For many countries the census also provides a solid
framework to develop sampling frames
10. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Two principal methods are most
often used by countries:
(i) conduct of economic census as an
economy-wide census;
(ii) conduct of economic census for
individual economic sectors/activities
only (manufacturing, construction,
distributive trade etc.).
11. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
There are two definitions of economic
census in use:
A broad definition: implies a complete
enumeration of all economic units in a very
large part of the economy (traditional form of
the census),
A narrow definition: is referring to a complete
enumeration of only a “take all” strata in an
economy-wide surveys (such as the annual
structural business surveys).
There are some inconsistencies in use of terminology which
need to be clarified and harmonized in future.
12. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
The findings of this survey confirm that
there are two distinct groups of countries
with regard to the compilation of basic
economic statistics:
(i) countries still relying on an economic census
as a main tool for compiling the economic
statistics and
(ii) countries using combination of register
based information from annual and more
frequent surveys and administrative data
sources.
13. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Two third of countries use other
approaches for compilation of basic
economic statistics that differ from
traditional economic census.
In the case of developed countries 90 %
use register based survey information and
administrative data for compilation of
economic statistics. This is a firm
tendency for transition economies too,
where more than 80 % of countries follow
the same approach.
14. TYPES OF ECONOMIC CENSUS
Census of Retail Trade
Census of Wholesale Trade
Census of Service Industries
Census of Financial, Insurance and Real Estate
Industries
Census of Transportation, Communication and
Utilities
Census of Manufactures
Census of Mineral Industries
Census of Construction Industries
15. PURPOSES AND USES
To about business establishments and activities.
The economic census is:
the major source of facts about the structure and
functioning of Nation's economy and
provide periodic and comprehensive vital information
(statistics) for government, business, industry and for
general public.
The economic census provide a vital part of the
framework for such composite measures as:
the GDP,
input and output measures,
production and price indices,
and other statistical series that measure the short
term changes in economic conditions.
16. PURPOSES AND USES
Policy makers use EC data,
especially in:
monitoring economic activity and
providing assistance to business.
State and local governments use the
data to:
access business activities and tax bases
within their authorities and
develop programs to attract tourists.
17. PURPOSES AND USES
Trade associations:
study trends in their own and
competing industries
keep their members informed of market
changes.
Individual businesses use data to:
locate potential markets and
to study their own production and sales
performance related to industry or area.
18. PURPOSES AND USES: US- EXAMPLE
The Bureau of Economic Analysis uses
the data to benchmark GDP estimates
and prepare input-output tables.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses the
data to benchmark producer price
indexes and prepare productivity
statistics. The Federal Reserve Board
uses the data to prepare indexes of
industrial production.
19. PURPOSES AND USES- IMPORTANT
REMAKS
Economic census is a means of identification and
listing of collected basic economic statistics as
part of an integrated programme of data
collection and compilation aimed at providing a
comprehensive source of statistical information
for economic and social development planning,
for administrative purposes, for assessing
conditions in human settlements, for research
and for commercial and other uses.
20. PURPOSES AND USES- IMPORTANT
REMAKS
The value of the census is increased if the results
can be employed together with the results of
other economic surveys, as in the use of the
census data as a basis or benchmark for short-
term statistics.
It can, for example, provide a statistical frame
for other censuses or sample surveys. Of course,
census-type information can also be derived from
administrative registers and sample surveys
without undertaking a complete enumeration.
21. PURPOSES AND USES- IMPORTANT
REMAKS
The purposes of a continuing coordinated
programme of data collection and compilation can
best be served, if the relationship among the
economic census, the annual surveys and other
short-term (monthly, quarterly, etc.) statistical
surveys is considered when census planning is
under way and if provision is made for
facilitating the joint use of the census and its
results in connection with such surveys.
The use of consistent concepts and definitions
throughout an integrated programme of data
collection and compilation is essential if the
advantages of these relationships are to be fully
realized.
22. PURPOSES AND USES- IMPORTANT
REMAKS
An economic census also serves as the logical
starting place for work on the organization and
construction of a computerized statistical
database to serve continuing national and local
needs for data in the intercensal period.
23. COVERAGE
All domestic non-farm business
establishments, other than those
operated by governments.
Most reports are confined to
businesses with paid employees.
24. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
The scope in terms of units or activities enumerated is an
important characteristic of the economic census. On
average, two out of three countries conducting economic
census do not include units from agriculture and public
administration.
Although the figures vary by both the economic groupings
and geographical regions, it is understood that agricultural
units are observed through separate agricultural censuses.
As for public administration, the results differ markedly
across the regions – from 45.5 % of countries in Central,
Eastern, South-Eastern and Southern Asia at the lower
end to 100.0 % of countries in Oceania at the higher end.
The inclusion or exclusion of public administration from
economic censuses, however, depends to a higher extent on
the organizational structure of countries and scope of
activities included in their general government sectors.
25. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
In addition, countries in every region and grouping
indicated individual activities or type of units
excluded from the economic census. The most
commonly excluded are fishery, financial
intermediation and insurance, production activities of
households from activities and non-profit institutions,
extraterritorial organizations, self-employed persons
from units.
In about half of the countries, the economic census
covers all units irrespective of their size in terms of
number of persons employed or turnover. The
remaining half applies a threshold, as with a few
exceptions, this threshold is based on the
employment. By regions, countries in Africa tend to
apply more often a threshold. Their percentage is
twice higher as compared to countries in Oceania and
Central, Eastern, South-Eastern and Southern Asia.
26. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Again, the practice of countries regarding the
coverage of units below the threshold varies
substantially. The survey results show that the
use of sample surveys is the most commonly
applied approach. 44.4 % of countries indicated
that units below the threshold are predominantly
covered through sample surveys techniques.
Use of administrative data sources and ad hoc
surveys are also amongst the approaches
preferred by some countries. Although all
countries indicated that they aim at full coverage
of units, it seems that still much challenge poses
the coverage of small units and accuracy of data
about them.
27. CONTENT
Basic data obtained for all establishments
including:
kind of business,
geographic location,
type of ownership,
total revenue,
annual and first quarter payroll, and
employees in the pay period.
Additional inquiries vary from sector to sector and,
in some cases, industry to industry.
29. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Overall, a general tendency to a more frequent
conduct of economic census has been observed.
One of the disadvantages of economic censuses in
the past was that they were conducted at long,
some times irregular, intervals of time and the
census information was quickly becoming
outdated.
30. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
International statistical standards recommend
economic censuses to be conducted at regular
intervals of time (five years) in order to
establish sound benchmarks of basic economic
statistics.
More than half of the countries conducting
economic census carry them out every 5 years.
In Oceania all countries conduct economic
census at 5 years intervals and in Asia more
than 80 % of countries conduct economic
census at 5 years intervals.
31. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
In Northern American region the USA has a
longstanding tradition in carrying out economic
census every 5 years.
Latin America and the Caribbean region could be
noted as an exception to this general pattern.
More than half of the countries in that region
tend to conduct decennial censuses. Looking at
the longer run, this could lead to significant
limitations in the usefulness of census
information for basic economic statistics as well
as in its quality and comparability.
32. METHODS
A mail-out/mail-back data collection for
establishments of multi-unit companies, large
single-unit employers, and a sample of small
employers; and administrative records data for
non-selected small employers and all
nonemployers.
All establishments of multi-unit firms and single-
unit employers with annualized payroll above a
size cutoff (for most industries, equivalent to
about 3 employees) receive a census form.
33. METHODS
A sample of small employers also receives a
census form. This sample is selected using a
stratified sampling procedure with strata based
on industry and geography.
Basic data for non-selected small employers and
nonemployers are obtained from administrative
records.
Estimates for sales by product line and other
industry-specific data for non-manufacturing and
non-mining establishments are based partly on
small employer sample results.
34. PRODUCTS
Most data are available from the Internet and on CD-ROM. The
principal publications are:
Industry Series reports present preliminary statistics, packaged for
individual industries or groups of related industries.
Geographic Area Series reports supersede industry series data,
and are packaged by sector and by state within sector. Reports
provide industry statistics for each state and the District of Columbia,
and, in most sectors, metropolitan and micropolitan areas, counties
and places. Geographic detail available for each sector is summarized
in the Guide to the Economic Census.
Subject Series reports supplement other products and present
tabulations for the U.S. with some state detail. Reports for most
sectors include Establishment and Firm Size (Including Legal Form
of Organization); and Miscellaneous Subjects Reports for the
manufacturing sector include General Summary, Products Summary,
Materials Consumed Summary, and Concentration Ratios in
Manufacturing.