2. WEATHERING OF ROCKS
• Weathering describes the breaking down or
dissolving of rocks and minerals on the
surface of the Earth.
• Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, and
changes in temperature are all agents of
weathering.
• Plants and animals can be agents
of mechanical weathering.
• The seed of a tree may sprout in soil that has
collected in a cracked rock.
• As the roots grow, they widen the cracks,
eventually breaking the rock into pieces.
Over time, trees can break apart even large
rocks.
3. FOREST ECOSYSYTEM
• Forest ecosystems are areas of the
landscape that are dominated by trees
and consist of biologically integrated
communities of plants, animals and
microbes, together with the local soils
(substrates) and atmospheres
(climates) with which they interact.
• The forest maintains climate and
rainfall.
• The forest supports many wild animals
and protects biodiversity
4. MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEM
• Mountain ecosystems are found on the
slopes of mountains
• Mountain lands provide a scattered but
diverse array of habitats in which a large
range of plants and animals can be
found.
• At higher altitudes harsh environmental
conditions generally prevail, and a
treeless alpine vegetation, upon which
the present account is focused, is
supported.
5. BIOTIC INTERACTION-NEGATIVE
• Biotic interactions occur when organisms
living in the same community directly or
indirectly influence one another.
• Negative biotic interaction-Parasitism
• Cuscuta is a parasitic plant. It has no
chlorophyll and cannot make its own
food by photosynthesis.
• The parasite winds around plants and
penetrates the host stems via haustoria,
forming direct connections to the
vascular bundles of their hosts to
withdraw water, carbohydrates, and
other solutes.
6. BIOTIC INTERACTION-POSITIVE
• Positive type of biotic interaction-
Mutualism.
• Mutualism is defined as an interaction
between individuals of different species
that results in positive (beneficial) effects
on per capita reproduction and/or survival
of the interacting populations.
• Bees and flowers have a mutualistic
relationship as well.
• Bees get the nectar they need to make
honey by traveling between flowers.
• Flowers need bees to help in pollination.
7. HYDROPHYTES (MYRIO)
• Hydrophytes are aquatic plants that are
especially suited for living in aquatic
environments.
• In order to survive, a hydrophyte, also known
as an aquatic macrophyte, must either be
completely submerged in water, or in some
cases be allowed to float on the surface of the
water.
• Myriophyllum pinnatum is also known as
Cutleaf Watermilfoil or Green Foxtail or Myrio
and grows naturally in the lakes and streams.
• Myrio is hardy , fast growing ,aquatic plant.
• These plants are amphibious, meaning they
can grow partially above the water.
8. XEROPHYTE (CACTUS)
• A xerophyte is a species of plant that has
adaptations to survive in an environment
with little liquid water, such as a desert
or an ice- or snow-covered region.
• Also, their adaptations go beyond the
water storage features to having deep
spreading roots, which help reach water
and take up water from rare random
rains.
• Cacti are one type of succulent —
xerophytic plants that survive in arid
environments by storing water in their
stems, roots or leaves.
9. LOAM SOIL
• Loam is soil composed mostly of sand,
silt, and a smaller amount of clay.
• Loam is considered ideal for gardening
and agricultural uses because it retains
nutrients well and retains water while
still allowing excess water to drain away.
• Loam may be used for the construction
of houses, for example in loam post and
beam construction.
• Loamy soil is ideal for growing several
crops that are wheat, sugarcane, cotton,
pulses, and oilseeds.
10. SANDY SOIL
• Sandy Soil is light, warm, dry and tends to
be acidic and low in nutrients.
• Sandy soils are often known as light soils
due to their high proportion of sand and
little clay (clay weighs more than sand).
• These soils have quick water drainage
and are easy to work with.
• Vegetable plants that thrive in sandy soil
are Carrots, Radishes, Potatoes, Lettuce,
Tomatoes, Corn, Asparagus, Watermelon,
Beans, and Cucumber.
11. RAIN –LIQUID PRECIPITATION
• Precipitation- It is a process of falling
atmospheric moisture on the surface in
any form due to gravity.
• Precipitation occurs when a portion of
the atmosphere becomes saturated with
water vapor so that the water condenses
and precipitates.
• Rain is a type of liquid precipitation.
• The size of water droplets vary from
5nm to 6nm.
