This document is a response from OASIS, a global standards consortium, to the European Commission's public consultation on cloud computing. OASIS provides details about its organization and work producing data standards. It discusses issues around clarity of rights and responsibilities for cloud users and providers. OASIS also comments on topics like jurisdiction, interoperability, public sector use of clouds, and future research needs like improved identity management and testing tools to foster cloud adoption.
This document provides an overview of online dispute resolution (ODR). It discusses how ODR emerged in the 1990s with early projects using online mechanisms to resolve disputes. ODR allows for ADR methods like negotiation, mediation, and arbitration to occur online. The document outlines how ODR has expanded and been explored by various organizations. It also notes that the EU has taken legislative measures supporting the use of ODR. While ODR aims to improve access to justice, more research is still needed on its effectiveness compared to traditional offline dispute resolution.
The document provides an agenda for a conference on cloud computing. It discusses:
1) Financial perspectives on cloud computing from Morgan Hill, focusing on understanding real IT costs.
2) Legal and security considerations for cloud computing from Taylor Wessing, including issues around data location, security, retention, and contractual terms.
3) The technology behind Amazon Web Services' cloud platform, including its scalable and reliable infrastructure services.
It emphasizes the importance of understanding an organization's real IT costs in order to evaluate potential cost savings from cloud computing solutions. Legal and practical security issues also need clear consideration to safely utilize cloud services.
Presentation about the SPOCS project on pan-European interoperability for the Services Directive, given at the EEMA eIdentity conference in London on 10 June 2010.
SPOCS Presentation EEMA Conference London June 2010Dinand Tinholt
Presentation given by Dinand Tinholt, SPOCS Programme Director, about European interoperability of cross-border business startup at the EEMA conference in London on 10 June 2010.
For the past few years British Columbia has been working on the Civil Resolution Tribunal, an online tribunal dedicated to help resolve small claims(<$5000) and condominium disputes. Now two people that have worked in depth on the project, Darin Thompson and james Anderson, share more information about their project.
This executive summary provides details on ResolvNow's financing history, projected revenues, customers, competitors, and management team. ResolvNow is seeking $3 million in funding to support launching its dispute resolution platform Settle-Now which allows users to resolve disputes online in a streamlined manner. The funding would support pilot projects, developing new features for the platform, marketing, and sales/lobbying efforts. The document outlines ResolvNow's strategy to become the leading provider of online dispute resolution services.
Brugu – Being a Leading DeFi Development Company in India, We offer end-to-end Decentralized Finance Development Services on DeFi Insurance, DeFi Lending and Borrowing, DeFi Yield Farming, DeFi Decentralized Exchange, DeFi Wallet, DeFi Smart Contract Development, DeFi Staking, DeFi DApp Development, DeFi Tokens Development, and many DeFi custom services.
This document provides an overview of online dispute resolution (ODR). It discusses how ODR emerged in the 1990s with early projects using online mechanisms to resolve disputes. ODR allows for ADR methods like negotiation, mediation, and arbitration to occur online. The document outlines how ODR has expanded and been explored by various organizations. It also notes that the EU has taken legislative measures supporting the use of ODR. While ODR aims to improve access to justice, more research is still needed on its effectiveness compared to traditional offline dispute resolution.
The document provides an agenda for a conference on cloud computing. It discusses:
1) Financial perspectives on cloud computing from Morgan Hill, focusing on understanding real IT costs.
2) Legal and security considerations for cloud computing from Taylor Wessing, including issues around data location, security, retention, and contractual terms.
3) The technology behind Amazon Web Services' cloud platform, including its scalable and reliable infrastructure services.
It emphasizes the importance of understanding an organization's real IT costs in order to evaluate potential cost savings from cloud computing solutions. Legal and practical security issues also need clear consideration to safely utilize cloud services.
Presentation about the SPOCS project on pan-European interoperability for the Services Directive, given at the EEMA eIdentity conference in London on 10 June 2010.
SPOCS Presentation EEMA Conference London June 2010Dinand Tinholt
Presentation given by Dinand Tinholt, SPOCS Programme Director, about European interoperability of cross-border business startup at the EEMA conference in London on 10 June 2010.
For the past few years British Columbia has been working on the Civil Resolution Tribunal, an online tribunal dedicated to help resolve small claims(<$5000) and condominium disputes. Now two people that have worked in depth on the project, Darin Thompson and james Anderson, share more information about their project.
This executive summary provides details on ResolvNow's financing history, projected revenues, customers, competitors, and management team. ResolvNow is seeking $3 million in funding to support launching its dispute resolution platform Settle-Now which allows users to resolve disputes online in a streamlined manner. The funding would support pilot projects, developing new features for the platform, marketing, and sales/lobbying efforts. The document outlines ResolvNow's strategy to become the leading provider of online dispute resolution services.
Brugu – Being a Leading DeFi Development Company in India, We offer end-to-end Decentralized Finance Development Services on DeFi Insurance, DeFi Lending and Borrowing, DeFi Yield Farming, DeFi Decentralized Exchange, DeFi Wallet, DeFi Smart Contract Development, DeFi Staking, DeFi DApp Development, DeFi Tokens Development, and many DeFi custom services.
The document discusses online dispute resolution (ODR) as an effective tool for resolving consumer grievances in India. It notes that ODR provides a quicker, less costly, and more flexible alternative to traditional consumer courts. ODR uses technology to facilitate arbitration, mediation, negotiation or a combination to resolve cross-border disputes online within 90 days. The document recommends promoting ODR awareness, establishing uniform ODR standards and rules, and providing government and institutional support to effectively address consumer protection challenges in e-commerce.
This presentation is about how Internet can serve as a medium of dispute Resolution for various commercial and contractual disputes. Delivered at a CIAC conference in India by Cyberlaw expert, Karnika Seth it describes various ODR models available on Internet in India and other countries and discusses steps required to be adopted for its implementation in India .
A group of law academics and technologists are exploring computational law, which uses automated legal reasoning to help resolve some types of legal cases. Computational law could help reduce backlogs in courts and administrative agencies by efficiently handling simple cases. MITRE is partnering with Stanford and Michigan State law schools to research applications of computational law, such as using it to more quickly resolve minor traffic violations or disputes that currently overwhelm the legal system. Computational law is an emerging field that may become more common as technologies like the Internet of Things continue connecting more devices.
Sookman Toronto Computer Lawyers' Group: The Year in Review 2015-2016bsookman
The document summarizes several recent court cases related to technology contracting and online agreements:
1) State of Indiana v IBM - An Indiana court held that IBM materially breached its $1.3 billion contract with the state after IBM failed to meet certain performance metrics in the contract.
2) Actuate Canada Corporation v Symcor Services Inc. - A Canadian court ruled that a software licensing agreement permitted enterprise-wide use of the software, not restrictions to individual servers as the licensor argued.
3) Starkey v G Adventures, Inc. - A US court enforced a forum selection clause that was included in terms and conditions and hyperlinked from an email, finding the consumer was adequately notified of the
Unbundled legal services, also called limited scope representation or discrete task representation, may be used by a variety of law practices from solos to large law firms to serve an large market of unmet legal needs. Technology exists to assist the attorney in streamlining the unbundling process by using document automation and assembly programs that make unbundling legal services a cost-effective form of delivering legal services to the public. However, attorneys providing limited scope representation should be aware of certain ethics risks and best practices. Whether unbundling is handled in a traditional firm setting or through the use of technology, attorneys should be aware of the benefits and risks of this complementary method of delivering legal services to their clients.
(1) There is conceptual confusion between different online dispute resolution mechanisms like ADR, ODR, e-mediation, and blind negotiation. Specifically, e-mediation and blind negotiation are distinct concepts but this is not always clear in common law or Spanish law.
(2) A recent Royal Decree in Spain implementing aspects of mediation law highlights this problem as it refers to a "simplified electronic mediation process" but this actually resembles online negotiation more than true mediation.
(3) While some experts have warned of these conceptual differences, the risks of confusion, and the need for regulation, the Spanish legislature does not seem to have addressed these issues adequately.
Virtual law practices allow attorneys to deliver legal services online through secure portals that clients and attorneys can access anywhere. They operate using cloud computing and software as a service (SaaS) models. While offering benefits like lower costs, flexibility, and expanded access to justice, virtual practices also raise ethical issues regarding confidentiality, unauthorized practice of law, and competency that attorneys must address through due diligence on technology providers and following best practices. As online legal services continue growing, regulators will need to provide guidance on topics like unbundling, security, and multi-jurisdictional practice.
Copyright and Technological Neutrality: CBC v Sodracbsookman
The document discusses the principle of technological neutrality in Canadian copyright law. It provides definitions and explanations of the principle. Technological neutrality means that the Copyright Act should not favor or discriminate against any technology. It is based on balancing the interests of users and rights holders. The principle applies both to determining whether an activity requires a copyright and to valuating copyright licenses. Valuations must consider the value provided to users by different technologies and compensate rights holders accordingly, while balancing user and holder interests. The document analyzes how the Federal Court of Appeal found the Copyright Board's valuation in the CBC vs. SODRAC case did not properly apply the principle of technological neutrality.
RegTech - regulators accelerating adoption of emerging technologiesLapman Lee ✔
Lapman Lee - managing director at Duff & Phelps provides his point of view how RegTech can help address (some of) the compliance challenges and how regulators are actually accelerating the adoption of emerging technologies benefiting the overall FinTech / InsurTech ecosystem.
This document provides an overview of how to operate a virtual law office and deliver legal services online. It defines key terminology like virtual law practice and eLawyering. It discusses the technology, ethics concerns, and various models for virtual law practices, including being completely web-based, integrating with a traditional law office, or using a virtual office for unbundled legal services. It also covers choosing technology providers, startup costs, marketing a virtual law practice, and future innovations.
The document discusses the e-CODEX project, which aims to improve cross-border access to legal means and interoperability between legal authorities in the EU. It provides an overview of several Large Scale Pilot Projects (LSP) including e-CODEX, SPOCS, epSOS, STORK, and PEPPOL. e-CODEX focuses on enabling access to justice systems across Europe through building blocks like e-signatures, e-delivery, e-documents, and semantics. It is piloting civil and criminal use cases between various European countries. The technical architecture involves national gateways, a central e-CODEX gateway, and an e-delivery platform to facilitate cross-border legal document exchange.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 9 (2018)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 9 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 7, 2018.
This lecture is about legal startups, containing an overview of the most central startup-related concepts in general, an up-to-date detailed presentation of all legal startups in Finland and a partially updated categorized listing of a representative selection of legal startups across the world.
This document discusses online dispute resolution (ODR). It defines ODR as using technology to facilitate the resolution of disputes between parties. It outlines several classical forms of ODR including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, expert determination, and credit card chargebacks. It describes the basic steps on an ODR portal and lists some major ODR service providers. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of ODR as well as the current state of ODR in India.
Safe Cloud Principles for the FSI Industry 2014, endorsed by the Asia Cloud C...accacloud
Cloud Computing is poised to transform how information technology is used by the Financial Services Industry (FSI). However, this transformation can only come about if the FSI has confidence that the use of Cloud Computing will not interfere with legal obligations and sound business practice.
This document has been created in partnership between Financial Institutions (FIs), Cloud Service Providers (CSP), Financial Regulators and industry bodies. It proposes Safe Cloud Principles in the form of a unified, condensed and clarified set of best practices to help FIs to focus on and navigate through the relevant regulatory issues when contemplating a move to the cloud. The Safe
Cloud Principles cover key requirements such as confidentiality, availability and integrity and are derived from the very laws, regulations and guidelines with which FIs must comply.
For more information, visit http://www.asiacloudcomputing.org
Defi insurance platform development company | defi development companyAmniAugustine
Brugu – Being a Leading DeFi Development Company in India, We offer end-to-end Decentralized Finance Development Services on DeFi Insurance, DeFi Lending and Borrowing, DeFi Yield Farming, DeFi Decentralized Exchange, DeFi Wallet, DeFi Smart Contract Development, DeFi Staking, DeFi DApp Development, DeFi Tokens Development, and many DeFi custom services.
Hoy traemos a este espacio esta infografía de Capgemini Consulting , titulada Smart Contracts in Financial Services: Getting from Hype to Reality , y que nos presentan así:
The potential of smart contracts – programmable contracts that automatically execute when pre-defined conditions are met – is the subject of much debate and discussion in the financial services industry. Smart contracts, enabled by blockchain or distributed ledgers, have been held up as a cure for many of the problems associated with traditional fi nancial contracts, which are simply not geared up for the digital age. Reliance on physical documents leads to delays, inefficiencies and increases exposure to errors and fraud. Financial intermediaries, while providing interoperability for the finance system and reducing risk, create overhead costs for and increase compliance requirements.
The E3 project aims to design cognitive radio systems and gradually evolve wireless networks for increased efficiency. The project involves network operators, equipment manufacturers, regulators and academia. It focuses on using cognitive radio concepts like dynamic spectrum allocation and selection to flexibly use spectrum between operators. This allows systems like LTE-Advanced to potentially use opportunistic spectrum access. The project also examines reconfigurable base stations and terminals, cognition enablers like a cognitive pilot channel, and self-optimization of radio networks.
Ehip4 caring through sharing privacy and-security-technical-aspects riccardo ...imec.archive
This document discusses security and privacy concerns for electronic health information platforms (E-HIP). It analyzes threats at the business and technical levels, and proposes using centralized access control rules and decentralized identity providers to enforce security. For privacy, it suggests pseudonymizing identifiers when data is communicated across contexts, with some applications requiring reversible pseudonymization. The implementation involves users authenticating and an anonymizer permitting access according to security service rules.
The document discusses online dispute resolution (ODR) as an effective tool for resolving consumer grievances in India. It notes that ODR provides a quicker, less costly, and more flexible alternative to traditional consumer courts. ODR uses technology to facilitate arbitration, mediation, negotiation or a combination to resolve cross-border disputes online within 90 days. The document recommends promoting ODR awareness, establishing uniform ODR standards and rules, and providing government and institutional support to effectively address consumer protection challenges in e-commerce.
This presentation is about how Internet can serve as a medium of dispute Resolution for various commercial and contractual disputes. Delivered at a CIAC conference in India by Cyberlaw expert, Karnika Seth it describes various ODR models available on Internet in India and other countries and discusses steps required to be adopted for its implementation in India .
A group of law academics and technologists are exploring computational law, which uses automated legal reasoning to help resolve some types of legal cases. Computational law could help reduce backlogs in courts and administrative agencies by efficiently handling simple cases. MITRE is partnering with Stanford and Michigan State law schools to research applications of computational law, such as using it to more quickly resolve minor traffic violations or disputes that currently overwhelm the legal system. Computational law is an emerging field that may become more common as technologies like the Internet of Things continue connecting more devices.
Sookman Toronto Computer Lawyers' Group: The Year in Review 2015-2016bsookman
The document summarizes several recent court cases related to technology contracting and online agreements:
1) State of Indiana v IBM - An Indiana court held that IBM materially breached its $1.3 billion contract with the state after IBM failed to meet certain performance metrics in the contract.
2) Actuate Canada Corporation v Symcor Services Inc. - A Canadian court ruled that a software licensing agreement permitted enterprise-wide use of the software, not restrictions to individual servers as the licensor argued.
3) Starkey v G Adventures, Inc. - A US court enforced a forum selection clause that was included in terms and conditions and hyperlinked from an email, finding the consumer was adequately notified of the
Unbundled legal services, also called limited scope representation or discrete task representation, may be used by a variety of law practices from solos to large law firms to serve an large market of unmet legal needs. Technology exists to assist the attorney in streamlining the unbundling process by using document automation and assembly programs that make unbundling legal services a cost-effective form of delivering legal services to the public. However, attorneys providing limited scope representation should be aware of certain ethics risks and best practices. Whether unbundling is handled in a traditional firm setting or through the use of technology, attorneys should be aware of the benefits and risks of this complementary method of delivering legal services to their clients.
(1) There is conceptual confusion between different online dispute resolution mechanisms like ADR, ODR, e-mediation, and blind negotiation. Specifically, e-mediation and blind negotiation are distinct concepts but this is not always clear in common law or Spanish law.
(2) A recent Royal Decree in Spain implementing aspects of mediation law highlights this problem as it refers to a "simplified electronic mediation process" but this actually resembles online negotiation more than true mediation.
(3) While some experts have warned of these conceptual differences, the risks of confusion, and the need for regulation, the Spanish legislature does not seem to have addressed these issues adequately.
Virtual law practices allow attorneys to deliver legal services online through secure portals that clients and attorneys can access anywhere. They operate using cloud computing and software as a service (SaaS) models. While offering benefits like lower costs, flexibility, and expanded access to justice, virtual practices also raise ethical issues regarding confidentiality, unauthorized practice of law, and competency that attorneys must address through due diligence on technology providers and following best practices. As online legal services continue growing, regulators will need to provide guidance on topics like unbundling, security, and multi-jurisdictional practice.
Copyright and Technological Neutrality: CBC v Sodracbsookman
The document discusses the principle of technological neutrality in Canadian copyright law. It provides definitions and explanations of the principle. Technological neutrality means that the Copyright Act should not favor or discriminate against any technology. It is based on balancing the interests of users and rights holders. The principle applies both to determining whether an activity requires a copyright and to valuating copyright licenses. Valuations must consider the value provided to users by different technologies and compensate rights holders accordingly, while balancing user and holder interests. The document analyzes how the Federal Court of Appeal found the Copyright Board's valuation in the CBC vs. SODRAC case did not properly apply the principle of technological neutrality.
RegTech - regulators accelerating adoption of emerging technologiesLapman Lee ✔
Lapman Lee - managing director at Duff & Phelps provides his point of view how RegTech can help address (some of) the compliance challenges and how regulators are actually accelerating the adoption of emerging technologies benefiting the overall FinTech / InsurTech ecosystem.
This document provides an overview of how to operate a virtual law office and deliver legal services online. It defines key terminology like virtual law practice and eLawyering. It discusses the technology, ethics concerns, and various models for virtual law practices, including being completely web-based, integrating with a traditional law office, or using a virtual office for unbundled legal services. It also covers choosing technology providers, startup costs, marketing a virtual law practice, and future innovations.
The document discusses the e-CODEX project, which aims to improve cross-border access to legal means and interoperability between legal authorities in the EU. It provides an overview of several Large Scale Pilot Projects (LSP) including e-CODEX, SPOCS, epSOS, STORK, and PEPPOL. e-CODEX focuses on enabling access to justice systems across Europe through building blocks like e-signatures, e-delivery, e-documents, and semantics. It is piloting civil and criminal use cases between various European countries. The technical architecture involves national gateways, a central e-CODEX gateway, and an e-delivery platform to facilitate cross-border legal document exchange.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 9 (2018)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 9 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 7, 2018.
This lecture is about legal startups, containing an overview of the most central startup-related concepts in general, an up-to-date detailed presentation of all legal startups in Finland and a partially updated categorized listing of a representative selection of legal startups across the world.
This document discusses online dispute resolution (ODR). It defines ODR as using technology to facilitate the resolution of disputes between parties. It outlines several classical forms of ODR including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, expert determination, and credit card chargebacks. It describes the basic steps on an ODR portal and lists some major ODR service providers. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of ODR as well as the current state of ODR in India.
Safe Cloud Principles for the FSI Industry 2014, endorsed by the Asia Cloud C...accacloud
Cloud Computing is poised to transform how information technology is used by the Financial Services Industry (FSI). However, this transformation can only come about if the FSI has confidence that the use of Cloud Computing will not interfere with legal obligations and sound business practice.
This document has been created in partnership between Financial Institutions (FIs), Cloud Service Providers (CSP), Financial Regulators and industry bodies. It proposes Safe Cloud Principles in the form of a unified, condensed and clarified set of best practices to help FIs to focus on and navigate through the relevant regulatory issues when contemplating a move to the cloud. The Safe
Cloud Principles cover key requirements such as confidentiality, availability and integrity and are derived from the very laws, regulations and guidelines with which FIs must comply.
For more information, visit http://www.asiacloudcomputing.org
Defi insurance platform development company | defi development companyAmniAugustine
Brugu – Being a Leading DeFi Development Company in India, We offer end-to-end Decentralized Finance Development Services on DeFi Insurance, DeFi Lending and Borrowing, DeFi Yield Farming, DeFi Decentralized Exchange, DeFi Wallet, DeFi Smart Contract Development, DeFi Staking, DeFi DApp Development, DeFi Tokens Development, and many DeFi custom services.
Hoy traemos a este espacio esta infografía de Capgemini Consulting , titulada Smart Contracts in Financial Services: Getting from Hype to Reality , y que nos presentan así:
The potential of smart contracts – programmable contracts that automatically execute when pre-defined conditions are met – is the subject of much debate and discussion in the financial services industry. Smart contracts, enabled by blockchain or distributed ledgers, have been held up as a cure for many of the problems associated with traditional fi nancial contracts, which are simply not geared up for the digital age. Reliance on physical documents leads to delays, inefficiencies and increases exposure to errors and fraud. Financial intermediaries, while providing interoperability for the finance system and reducing risk, create overhead costs for and increase compliance requirements.
The E3 project aims to design cognitive radio systems and gradually evolve wireless networks for increased efficiency. The project involves network operators, equipment manufacturers, regulators and academia. It focuses on using cognitive radio concepts like dynamic spectrum allocation and selection to flexibly use spectrum between operators. This allows systems like LTE-Advanced to potentially use opportunistic spectrum access. The project also examines reconfigurable base stations and terminals, cognition enablers like a cognitive pilot channel, and self-optimization of radio networks.
Ehip4 caring through sharing privacy and-security-technical-aspects riccardo ...imec.archive
This document discusses security and privacy concerns for electronic health information platforms (E-HIP). It analyzes threats at the business and technical levels, and proposes using centralized access control rules and decentralized identity providers to enforce security. For privacy, it suggests pseudonymizing identifiers when data is communicated across contexts, with some applications requiring reversible pseudonymization. The implementation involves users authenticating and an anonymizer permitting access according to security service rules.
Apollon - 22/5/12 - 16:00 - Smart Open Cities and the Future Internetimec.archive
The document describes an open data app challenge organized by Open Cities. It invites developers to create apps using European open data sources that solve citizen issues. The challenge runs from February to November 2012, with a submission period in August-September and finals at the Smart City Expo in November. Top prizes include €5,000 for first place. The goal is to promote open data apps and make city living easier through collaboration across Europe.
NSTIC draft bylaws August 2012 w commentsJamie Clark
This document contains draft bylaws for the Identity Ecosystem Steering Group. It defines key terms related to the steering group's structure and governance, including the Plenary, Management Council, membership classifications, and roles of chairs, delegates, and representatives. The bylaws are annotated with proposed changes and references to align with the steering group's charter.
This document provides information about employment in the ICT sector in Belgium from 1999-2007. It shows employment broken down by ICT sub-sector and trends over time. Additionally, it compares ICT R&D spending as a percentage of GDP across several countries. The rest of the document discusses the impact of ICT on other sectors, innovation policy with a focus on Europe, IBBT's strategic clusters and track record including facts, figures and revenues over time. It outlines IBBT's mission to create social and economic value through ICT research and developing human capital. The strategy section discusses goals of excellence in demand-driven research and a focus on entrepreneurship and innovation.
The document discusses mechanisms for controlling access to internet content related to space, time, speed, quality, and access. It focuses on how the audiovisual industry uses geo-IP filtering, digital rights management (DRM), content delivery networks (CDNs), and peering agreements to segment markets and protect existing business models of content versioning and repurposing. Regulation and self-regulation both play a role in controlling the distribution of content, with tools like DRM and geo-blocking supported by formal copyright laws as well as industry practices. Overall, the document examines how the industry aims to maintain national and regional control over content access online.
Symptoms of a Billings and Payment ProblemRutger Gassner
This document discusses the symptoms that indicate a company may have problems with its billing and payment processes. It identifies four main symptoms: 1) average interchange fees of 2.5% or higher, 2) inability to identify or quantify best customers, 3) lack of central management of most important accounts, and 4) little control over customers' sales experiences. Implementing a strategic billing and payments solution can help address these problems by decreasing fees, standardizing processes, personalizing customer experiences, and driving new revenue.
Cluttr developed software called PWRSuite to improve data center energy efficiency through dynamic power management. PWRSuite automatically reduces power waste by monitoring servers and adjusting power based on workload. On average, servers only use 15-20% of their capacity but still consume 60-80% of peak power when idle. PWRSuite has shown a reduction in power consumption of up to 60%, corresponding to cost savings of up to 300 euro per server per year.
- Distributed software systems are increasingly important as organizations collaborate over networks. This requires appropriate distributed software architectures, development methods, and management techniques.
- Key architectures discussed include service-oriented, peer-to-peer, sensor networks, and cloud/grid computing. Middleware is important for supporting distributed applications across different platforms.
- Managing the total cost of ownership of complex distributed software systems is a growing concern, requiring techniques for provisioning, policy definition, load balancing, and more. Autonomic and self-managing techniques aim to increase system autonomy.
- Several example distributed software platforms and applications are presented, including for telecom, healthcare, personal content sharing, and sensor networks. Security and policy-driven approaches
This document traces the origins and evolution of rock n' roll music from the early 1950s to present day. It discusses how rock n' roll began blending country and blues styles and the early influential artists like Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley who helped popularize the genre. It then outlines how rock evolved through new styles in the 1960s led by artists such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Jimi Hendrix. The document concludes by examining how rock n' roll grew to have a major global influence and impact through various decades and genres up to modern day artists.
Kristen Williams is an experienced integrated social studies teacher seeking a teaching position in grades 6-12. She has over 10 years of experience teaching social studies at the middle school level, developing lesson plans and curricula. She is interested in supervising extracurricular clubs or teams. Her resume details her education and work history as a social studies teacher, as well as leadership roles in college organizations.
This document appears to be lecture slides for a course on well logging in Farsi. It includes sections on topics that will be covered, references for further reading, and what appears to be notes on concepts like mud logging, sonic logs, resistivity logs, cross plots, and other well logging tools and techniques. The slides are attributed to Hossein AlamiNia from Islamic Azad University, Quchan Branch.
The document contains a list of names and codes for the International Committee of the Red Cross, including Bess with code 4981A044 and Joe with code 4981A040. It also lists the seven fundamental principles of the International Committee of the Red Cross: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality.
This document appears to be lecture notes for an engineering drilling course taught in Farsi. It includes topics like drilling bits, drilling equipment, references to textbooks on applied drilling engineering, and links to websites for drilling careers and software. The instructor is Hossein AlamiNia from the Islamic Azad University of Ghoochan.
This presentation discusses the history and current state of the video game industry. It outlines key developments in gaming from the 1960s to today, including the transition from mainframe to arcade to console games. The presentation also examines the major segments of the modern gaming industry, the actors and value chain involved, and methods of financing game development. It then focuses on the gaming industry in Flanders, including the challenges faced by local developers and possible initiatives to support growth of the sector through funding, education, research, and other means.
The document discusses trends in the IT service provider market in Europe. It notes that:
1) Service providers are under pressure to deliver new cloud and mobile services faster while not increasing capital investments.
2) Key trends enabling this include new financing models, evolving product portfolios to add value beyond basic services, meeting local data compliance needs, adopting new converged infrastructure models, and enhancing security frameworks.
3) Adopting proven and converged infrastructure allows service providers to reduce maintenance costs and accelerate service delivery.
First presented on April 4, 2018 at Deconomy event in Seoul, South Korea. Based on a previous presentation on the same topic at the Smart Cloud event held on September 21, 2016 also in Seoul.
Here is a draft essay on how to choose the best web hosting service:
Choosing the Right Web Hosting Service
As more people and businesses create websites, it has become increasingly important to choose a reliable and affordable web hosting service. With so many hosting options available, deciding on the best provider can feel overwhelming. This essay will discuss the key factors to consider when selecting a web hosting service and make recommendations for finding the right fit.
One of the primary considerations is the type of hosting needed. For basic personal websites, a shared hosting plan is typically sufficient and most cost effective. However, for sites with high traffic or specialized needs, a VPS (Virtual Private Server) or dedicated server may be preferable. It's
The document summarizes a presentation on cloud computing from the customer's perspective. It defines cloud computing, distinguishes it from outsourcing and ASP models, and outlines various cloud contracting models including terms of use, privacy policies, and standard contracts. It also discusses key considerations for customers such as data privacy and security, commercial viability of cloud providers, and strategies for negotiating cloud contracts.
The document discusses 12 predictions for the content technology industry in 2010 made by analysts at CMS Watch. The predictions include: 1) ECM and DM will become more separate, 2) Faceted search will be used more in enterprise apps, 3) DAM vendors will focus more on SharePoint integration, 4) Mobile apps will be important for DM and search, 5) WCM vendors will focus more on intranets, 6) Thick clients will see backlash, 7) Cloud services will become more common, 8) Document services will see renewed interest, 9) Gadgets/widgets will be used more in portals, 10) Records managers will face resistance to change, 11) Collaboration tech will diverge for
This document discusses how organizations can reduce IT costs by adopting a "retail approach" to cloud computing. It defines common cloud computing models like SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS. The key aspects of a retail approach are cost transparency, the ability to compare and change vendors based on pricing, and only paying for what you need. Adopting this approach requires making internal IT costs transparent and actionable. Case studies show how organizations have reduced costs up to 11% by moving infrastructure to the public cloud to save on data centers, servers, storage, networking and other areas.
10 characteristics of a flexible cloud contractPROACT IT
Cloud adoption isn't just about adopting a best-fit technical platform that can increase agility and efficiency while also reducing risk, but also involves careful consideration when it comes to contracts. Cloud has transformed the way we think about IT procurement and means that we need to think about new cost models that aren't as predictable on the balance sheet.
Leading cloud and data centre Proact has developed this checklist to help you develop a flexible cloud contract, zooming in on important factors such as:
- Cost
- Terms and conditions
- Cultural fit
- Cloud maturity
Stride forward to the cloud with the confidence that your platform will provide the flexibility your organisation needs.
Legal Framework for Cloud Computing Cebit May 31 2011 Sydneyanthonywong
The document discusses some of the key legal issues that organizations should consider when adopting cloud computing. These include legal compliance, service levels and performance, cross-border issues, data protection and privacy, and termination and transition. Specifically, organizations must ensure they understand applicable laws and compliance obligations. They should also carefully review service level agreements and consider issues around data location, jurisdiction, and how data will be managed and protected.
The Corda introduction white paper provides an overview of the Corda platform, focusing on its design principles, key features, and the problems it aims to solve. It discusses Corda's unique approach to blockchain, which is specifically tailored for financial institutions and other industries with complex transactional requirements. The white paper highlights Corda's emphasis on privacy, security, scalability, and interoperability. It also explains the platform's underlying architecture, consensus mechanism, smart contracts, and the Corda Network. The document serves as a comprehensive introduction to Corda's vision and how it differentiates itself from other blockchain platforms.
Corda is defined as a distributed ledger made up of mutually distrusting nodes would allow for a single global database that records the state of deals and obli- gations between institutions and people. This would eliminate much of the manual, time consuming effort currently required to keep disparate ledgers synchronised with each other. It would also allow for greater lev- els of code sharing than presently used in the financial industry, reducing the cost of financial services for everyone. We present Corda, a plat- form which is designed to achieve these goals. This paper provides a high level introduction intended for the general reader. A forthcoming techni- cal white paper elaborates on the design and fundamental architectural decisions.
Moving your data centre to the Cloud_Final_Onlinejonathanbradbury
The document discusses moving a company's data center to the cloud. It explores key questions around what is meant by "cloud services", whether cost savings and service improvements can both be achieved, which suppliers to consider, and challenges and risks. Public cloud is not seen as ready yet for large companies' mission-critical systems, while virtual private cloud may offer the best balance. Savings of 42% in costs and service level improvements were achieved in one case study. A range of supplier types should be considered, each with strengths and weaknesses, and contractual terms, service levels, and risks need careful attention.
1) Janine Bowen is an attorney who focuses on technology transactions including issues around cloud computing risks.
2) There are various cloud contracting models such as license agreements, services agreements, and click-wrap agreements that determine risk allocation. Privacy policies and terms of use specify privacy protections and service terms.
3) To minimize risks, consider data integrity, service level agreements, disaster recovery, and the viability of the cloud provider through bankruptcy, mergers and acquisitions, or escrow agreements. Industry standards also impact risk.
The document discusses security issues related to cloud computing. It identifies three main areas of concern: security and privacy of data, compliance with regulations, and legal/contractual issues. It provides checklists of specific security topics and concerns to evaluate for each area when considering adopting cloud services, such as data protection, identity management, business continuity, and liability. The goal is to help users properly assess cloud providers' security practices to protect their data and investments in the cloud.
Data Sovereignty, Security, and Performance Panacea: Why Mastercard Sets the ...Dana Gardner
Transcript of a discussion on how a major financial transactions provider is exploiting cloud models to extend a distributed real-time payment capability across the globe despite some of the strictest security and performance requirements.
This document discusses cloud computing and the challenges of managing applications and data in cloud environments. It covers a wide range of topics including the complexity of cloud platforms, regulatory and jurisdictional challenges of data sovereignty, and key questions around compliance, risk management, and interoperability that enterprises need to have answered before moving workloads to the cloud.
Cloud Computing a leading and getting widely adopted technology in industry, unveils some unprecedented challenges to security of company’s resources such as capital and knowledge based assets. Hither to no much attention has been paid by the governments and there is neither any universal standard adopted, nor any breakthrough to take up these challenges. Traditional contracts and licensing agreements may not provide adequate legal resources and remedies normally associated with the layers of protection for corporations. Intellectual Property, Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and corporate governance issues have to be fully explored and practiced in domestic and international markets. So this paper discusses the need of establishment of Law and judicial framework of policies to the services embedding cloud computing technology, besides this it also addresses legal issues and existing policies adopted by different countries.
Cloud computing - the impact on revenue recognitionPwC
By 2017 global cloud service providers are expected to generate approximately $235 billion of revenue from cloud computing services.
Telecom companies are searching for ways to save money, limit fixed costs and improve efficiencies. The use of cloud computing can help. However, challenges may arise specifically in revenue recognition patterns and costs associated when accounting for revenue generated for cloud services.
Poročilo o obisku kongresa 2010 luksemburg 22062010Zeleno d.o.o.
The document discusses the outcomes of a EuroCloud congress meeting. Key points discussed include:
1. Identifying the most important short-term actions for the cloud computing industry and key stakeholders to progress those actions.
2. Agreeing on up to 3 statements of actions to be taken and who will take them.
3. Partnerships and commercial opportunities between EuroCloud members were discussed.
The document outlines 12 steps to implementing a service-oriented architecture (SOA), including understanding business objectives, defining the problem domain, cataloging existing and required interfaces, defining new services and processes, selecting technologies, deploying the SOA technology, and testing the SOA solution. The steps guide understanding existing systems and defining new composite and built services to automate processes and integrate systems through an SOA approach.
To prosper in this new environment insurance companies can look to the cloud, in conjunction with other technologies, to help drive reinvention of their business model to offer new services and create direct, multi-channel relationships with customers
To Cloud or Not to Cloud - If you're in a transaction production environment, should you move to the Cloud? What does the Cloud mean for transaction document operations? For transaction archives? For customer support and end user access to transaction documents?
What do you need to know about The Cloud to make the decisions whether To Cloud or Not To Cloud?
OASIS at ITU/NGMN: Convergence, Collaboration and Smart Shopping in Open Stan...Jamie Clark
This document summarizes a presentation given by Jamie Clark from OASIS on open standards and open source. Some key points include:
- OASIS is a global consortium that develops open standards through technical committees with over 5,000 participants.
- 5G is a priority area for standardization to support the digital single market in Europe and elsewhere.
- OASIS has a long history of collaborating with open source communities and promoting open standards and open source partnerships. When projects share goals and move at a similar pace, they can work very well together.
Complementary trust: IDEF Registry and Kantara cross-attestationJamie Clark
Slides (with no audio) from presentation at Kantara's CISNOLA June 2016 workshop - IDESG introduces the new IDEF Registry, and its study of complementary requirements among Kantara and IDESG.
Briefing on OASIS XLIFF OMOS TC 20160121Jamie Clark
The briefing provided an overview of the XLIFF OMOS TC, which aims to develop an abstract object model and JSON serialization for the XLIFF 2.0 standard to improve interoperability. The TC is chaired by David Filip and has members from various organizations. It plans to deliver an object model for XLIFF 2.x, a JSON version called JLIFF 1.0, and work on a new version of TMX with an inline data model consistent with XLIFF 2.0. The TC uses a non-assertion IPR mode and invites participation from stakeholders in multilingual content and localization.
PM-ISE SCC statement to DHS on Cyber ISAO executive order 13691 (unofficial)Jamie Clark
Unofficial copy of the text drafted for PM-ISE's Standards Coordinating Council (standardscoordination.org), in response to the US DHS request for comment in March 2015 on implementation aspects of White House Executive Order 13691.
OASIS: open source and open standards: internet of thingsJamie Clark
How FOSS projects and open ICT standards often interact in a virtuous cycle. Recent examples, and a list of IoT-relevant open standards projects at OASIS. Feb 2014
NSTIC draft charter August 2012 w commentsJamie Clark
The document provides a draft charter for the Identity Ecosystem Steering Group. The charter establishes the mission, objectives, scope, and operating principles of the steering group. The steering group will govern and administer the Identity Ecosystem Framework in accordance with the guiding principles of the National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace. It will establish standards, policies, and processes to develop and sustain an identity ecosystem that is privacy enhancing, secure, interoperable, and cost effective. The steering group will include a Plenary and Management Council composed of public and private stakeholders.
This document contains draft bylaws for the Identity Ecosystem Steering Group. It defines key terms related to the governance structure and outlines membership classifications, participation levels, stakeholder groups, and rights and responsibilities of members. The steering group will be made up of a Plenary and Management Council and will work to adopt standards, develop policies and procedures, and accredit identity ecosystem entities in support of the National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace.
The document outlines a recommended charter for an Identity Ecosystem Steering Group to govern the implementation of the National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace. The charter establishes that the steering group will develop and administer standards, policies, and processes to build an identity ecosystem that conforms to four guiding principles: being privacy-enhancing, voluntary, secure and resilient, and interoperable. The steering group will bring together public and private stakeholders to establish baseline requirements for participating in the identity ecosystem framework.
Beijing MoST standards + IPR conference Clark-OASIS-2011Jamie Clark
(1) OASIS is the largest standards organization for electronic commerce, with over 5,000 participants from 600 organizations developing global standards through 70 technical committees.
(2) The document discusses problems with patents, including vague claims, competing policy goals, and uncertainty around validity. It notes standards aim to have fair, open processes to be safe from regulation.
(3) Standards organizations have rules for patents disclosed in standards, including preferring broad licenses, committing to license terms, sharing licenses, and resolving conflicts. However, the rules and their clarity vary between organizations.
Jamie Clark's preso on cloud computing and legal issues at the OASIS International Cloud Symposium (#intcloudsymp) at Ditton Manor, Windsor, UK, October 2011
The document discusses a proposed plan to gather at the Internet Identity Workshop 13 (IIW13) to collaboratively identify and map existing identity and authentication standards in order to help inform the development of the US National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC) project. The plan involves holding three sessions at IIW13 to brainstorm and begin compiling lists of known standards and gaps within different categories. Representatives from six standards organizations will help moderate the sessions, which aim to produce an initial draft of an "existing-standards map" to highlight gaps.
Ontolog Forum: Semantic Interop March 2008Jamie Clark
Clark comments on the practical challenges of semantic interoperability in e-commerce documents. At Ontolog Forum March 2008. Some parts come from presentation at W3C workshop on e-government in Washington, January 2007.
This document discusses international content standards developed by OASIS and LISA to remove communication barriers. OASIS is an international non-profit consortium with over 650 members and 70 technical committees producing open standards. Key OASIS standards discussed include DocBook for structured document authoring, DITA for modular topic-based information, CMIS for content management interoperability, and XLIFF for localization interchange. The document emphasizes that open standards must be publicly available, stable, published with open rules and processes, and have explicit intellectual property terms.
Potential OASIS Geothermal Energy standards projectJamie Clark
Early-stage open standards proposal for a new OASIS technical committee for locational, volumetric, condition and asset quality references to natural geothermal power sources. Provided to us for the purposes of gathering comment on feasibility and scope.
The document discusses tensions between intellectual property rights (IPR) and standardization in open source and freely available software. It notes that while stable open standards regimes can address patent claims, not all "open" licenses and standards are fully interoperable. The document examines issues regarding non-assertion clauses, differing approaches in countries like China, the relationship between standards and innovation, and whether patent and copyright laws still make sense for information technologies. It concludes that policymakers must balance the rights of public access and technological competition.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor Ivaniuk
EC cloudconsult OASIS 20110831
1. European Commission Public Consultation on Cloud Computing
Response of OASIS (www.oasis-open.org)
30 August 2011
1. Are you responding for a Company?
Yes.
2. Size in number of employees?
18. See question 6.
3. Sector?
Computing & Internet. See question 7.
4. Country where legally established?
United States.
5. Are you a Public Administration?
No.
6. Size in number of employees?
OASIS is a global standards consortium, with 18 employees and about 5000 participants
representing over 600 companies & individuals. We have advised our own members about
this inquiry, in case they wish to respond. Of course, their opinions are their own, and this
response does not represent the views of any of our member companies, governments or
individuals, but only the observations of OASIS professional staff.
7. Sector?
OASIS produces data standards for Computing & Internet activity in industry and
governments.
8. Country where legally established?
OASIS is a not-for-profit corporation established in the United States, with representatives
also in (among other places) China, France, Japan, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
2. 9. If you are not a company or a public administration, are you …
(Not applicable.)
10. If other, please explain.
(Not applicable.)
11. If you are a user of cloud services, please describe your current use of cloud computing.
What kind of problems do you encounter when using cloud computing solutions in the EU?
Elsewhere?
OASIS' operates as a global venue for collaborative voluntary standards development,
across many time zones, borders and languages, depend heavily on remote access and
participation capabilities. These include database-driven administration and archiving of our
technical committees' work, collaborative workspaces, and enterprise e-mail, the majority of
which are provided by third party services providers on a cloud or similar remote platform.
12. If you are a potential user but not active yet: What are the main reasons for not (or not
yet) using cloud computing?
In some cases, we have elected to purchase self-installed and self-hosted software for
mission-critical functions, and declined the alternative of purchasing cloud-based software-as-
a-service”. Sometimes this business decision was made in order to retain greater control
over the installation. In other cases, when we chose against a cloud service, our main reason
was greater certainty about the survivability of our access to our data if the software provider
failed.
13. If you are a provider of cloud services: Please describe your offer. What kind of barriers
do you face in providing your cloud computing services within the EU? Elsewhere?
We are not a traditional provider of computing services. However, as a widely-used open
standards consortium that hosts market-driven standards projects, our principal “products” are
forums and publications about data structure rules and consensus.
Many of our projects affect or provide guidance to cloud computing practices, generally
including our cybersecurity, electronic identity, SOA and web services, and content
management and semantic projects. (See the question below on “existing or emerging
standards” for a longer list.)
Among other things, OASIS also participates in and has provided experts to the
Standards and Interoperability for eInfrastructure implemeNtation InitiAtive (SIENA) project
(http://www.sienainitiative.eu/), and hosts the International Cloud Symposium (ICS) near
London in October, 2011 (http://events.oasis-open.org/home/cloud/2011), at which many of
these issues will be addressed.
3. Clouds for users
1. Do you feel that in the cloud services you are currently using or have been evaluating (or
are providing), the rights and responsibilities of both user and provider are clear?
Yes.
2. Please comment.
As a group of computing experts, OASIS may not be a typical corporate consumer of
cloud-based services: our degree of understanding of cloud-related contractual duties may
be unusual.
However, clarity is the not same thing as balance. Cloud service offerings often are mass
market offerings, made under terms wholly defined by the seller. While we may understand
the terms of cloud service contracts clearly, they may not always be attractive, marketable or
feasible.
3. Are you aware of the applicable jurisdiction in different types of disputes that could arise
during your provision or use (or potential future use) of specific cloud offerings?
Yes.
4. Is there an alternative approach to the determination of jurisdiction that may work better
for both users and providers?
Yes.
5. If yes, please comment.
As the differences among legal and regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions
become more clear, user preferences may respond to them, creating a “market” for the more
favorable legal frameworks. We already are aware of some instances where cloud services
users attempt to choose their governing law by preferring hosts venued in some locations
rather than others.
The demands of some states that a global Internet service establish local servers also
point to the significance, in some minds, of physical location and jurisdiction.
Governments may wish to consider how to better cooperate, in applying laws to multi-
national entities who serve global customer bases from a given set of locations. Is it possible
to work towards a multi-national reciprocity model, where the exact location of a service's
server becomes less significant?
6. Please comment.
[No answer.]
7. Do you feel that the question of liability in cross-border situations is clear for cloud users
and cloud providers?
No.
4. 8. Why?
There often is a definitive answer. In order to learn it, though, a buyer or user must
navigate and analyze long textual conditions which may not be clear to average readers: the
terms may not be obvious, conspicuous or easy to comprehend. It seems likely that many
consumers of many cloud computing services do not know anything about the legal
conditions under which they consume the service.
However, exclusive jurisdiction clauses are not a new development. Service contracts
where providers specify that they may only be sued in their home jurisdiction long predate
cloud computing. Many transactions in the commercial (“B2B”) sector address the application
of cross-border law to multi-party situations without difficulty.
The economics of cloud computing services may not always adapt well to traditional legal
resolution. In a tangible commercial shipping contract -- goods and services exchanged in
high-denomination transactions -- the amount at stake may support significant costs to
resolve disputes. In contrast, cloud computing services often are offered in small,
componentized units, and often on an inexpensive or even free basis. Traditional high-cost
litigation & contract enforcement methods may not be efficient for resolving disputes about a
large volume of small-value data transactions.
Legislative Framework
1. Do you think there are updates to the current EU Data Protection Directive that could
further facilitate Cloud Computing while preserving the level of protection?
[No answer.]
2. If yes, please explain.
[No answer]
3. Are you aware of specificities in Member State data protection rules, or other legislation,
that prevent you from using/providing cloud services within the EU?
Yes.
4. If yes, please detail.
In some cases, we are interested is in conducting message exchanges that produce
legally enforceable transactions or agreements. This sometimes will require that the entities
who exchange messages, or their representatives, are able to associate binding assurances
of identity and contractual assent – the electronic equivalent of signatures. But the technical
standards for acceptable and enforceable electronic signatures vary from state to state, and
the requirements of the laws may not apply well to existing technology alternatives. For
example, the European Directive on Electronic Signatures (1999/93/EC), and certain member
state enactments such as the German “SigG” Law Governing Framework Conditions for
Electronic Signatures (Bundesgesetzblatt – BGBl, Teil I S. 876, 21 May 2001), describe and
favor some specific anticipated “advanced” technologies that were anticipated as desirable, at
5. the time, but may or may not have developed into feasible, widely available options, in the
decade since then.
5. From your perspective, would it be useful if model Service Level Agreements or End User
Agreement existed for cloud services so that certain basic terms and conditions could easily
be incorporated into the contractual agreements.
Yes.
6. If no, why not?
[Note our caution about mandated solutions, below.]
7. If yes, further thoughts about how this might work.
Model forms, as such, probably would be very helpful in the still-early commercial and
legal development of the industry and its transaction forms.
However, a prescriptive set of forms that is imposed on transactions, rather than one that
evolves from market practices, might quell the natural market development of risk allocation
options and new service models, as clouds evolve. Government traditionally provides some
market stability though fair trade / anti-deceptive-practice laws, regulation of clarity and
personal privacy, and mechanisms for cross-border dispute resolution. Those functions,
properly carried out, ought to facilitate a robust cloud computing market of services, allowing
various economic models and technology offerings to circulate and compete.
Embracing interoperability
1. Please describe interoperability or (data) portability issues you have encountered when
using/providing cloud services or are otherwise aware of.
In the case of commercial databases, limited early data export capabilities eventually
gave way to widespread shared service interfaces and formats (like ODBC, JDBC and XML).
We expect that widespread adoption of cloud computing will be enabled in the same way by
open standards. Users will be able to confidently rely on cloud services, when there are
widely-known and freely-available methods for data exchange and for service discovery and
service invocation. These will reduce the risk of vendor lock-in, and reduce the costs of re-
tooling in order to add a new supplier. Realizing those benefits will require the use of stable
standards, created in an open process, with well-established licensing terms and disclosure,
and housed by reliable, vendor-neutral development environments.
2. Which existing or emerging standards support interoperability across clouds and portability
of data (from one cloud to another)? Please list and describe.
Quite a few may apply. Among others,
(a) Interoperable data content & semantic meaning is supported by OASIS'
OpenDocument, DITA, CMIS, QUOMOS, UnitsML, XRI/XRD & Search Web Services;
W3C's HTML, XML & RDF; and CLIF (ISO/IEC 24707);
6. (b) Reliable data exchanges, wide-area identity management & access control are
supported by OASIS' XACML, ID-Cloud, WS-Trust, XSPA, ebXML Messaging, WS-
ReliableMessaging, SOA-RM, S-RAMP and ebXML Registry (some of which have been
cloud-optimized); OpenID and the Kantara ID-FF; and
(c) Appropriate security & privacy are supported by OASIS' SAML, WS-Security &
PMRM, IETF's OAuth and W3C's P3P.
One caution: browser-session-centric models from the consumer (B2C) sphere may have
limited application to complex cloud (B2B and G2B) requirements.
3. What are the most important standards that are currently missing but which you feel are
necessary to insure interoperability and portability? Please describe in detail the aspects
they should cover.
Many of the needed functionalities for robust interoperable cloud services already exist, in
established SOA, virtualization, transaction management and other computing and business
process methods. It's important to acknowledge that implementation of capabilities in “the
cloud” often does not require a completely new set of technical or business systems.
In a highly-distributed, highly-heterogenous ecosystem of cloud computing services,
choosing stable open standards is a necessary part of the solution.
As an additional suitability filter, it may also prove important to employ only standards that
are relatively free of obstacles to adoption. Aggregated chains of networked data transactions
among strangers and newcomers, triggering the economic benefits of an open networked
market, are much more likely to occur if the base standards which participants must embrace
are:
(a) clear and easy to deploy;
(b) well documented;
(c) relatively free of licensing complexity or cost;
(d) capable of optionality to support multiple platforms and designs; and
(e) readily testable.
As noted above, the lack of existing widely-agreed federatable standards for identity
provisioning and management retards the spread of markets of high-value data transactions,
by impairing the ability of users to enter into reliable, repeated data exchanges with
identifiable counterparties.
Public sector clouds
1. What can the public sector do as a cloud user to support the emergence of best
practices?
(a) Publish and circulate its own RfPs and bid documents as models.
(b) Require the use of vendor-neutral, interoperable methods that support the open
standards ecology.
(c) Participate actively (as some government agencies already do) as instigators and
contributors to the development and maintenance of those shared resources (like
standards projects and common repositories).
(d) Deploy its own data architectures on a service-based, open-API model that
models and encourages virtuous re-use.
7. (e) Simplify its own copyright & similar licensure terms, where applicable, to remove
transactional-complexity barriers to reuse.
2. Please elaborate in particular on public procurement of cloud services.
Government use of cloud services for critical functions raises some additional possible
jurisdictional issues. Multiple nations have sought local server co-location from various global
data providers in the last few years -- often unsuccessfully, and presumably driven in part by a
desire for physical jurisdictional ability to enforce their rights against the services. A
preferable solution may be: (a) the development of service models and remediation methods
that give a purchasing government some reasonable remedies & assurance of reliability and
recovery, regardless of service provider location; and (b) significant demands for more
portable and replicable data & services, so that a purchasing government can readily maintain
multiply redundant backup capabilities, as protection against the risks of any one provider.
3. In particular, can the deployment of eGovernment and eScience infrastructures by the
public sector act as an example for other sectors?
E-government service offerings often serve as early lead instances of data transactions
that provide models for other sectors to follow. The strong roles of government agencies in
the initial development of the Internet itself, as well as automated supply chain and invoicing
transactions and e-health transactions, evidence this. If public administrations insist on, and
help measure and define, levels of predictability, reliability and interoperability, those
instances may serve as positive models that influence the commercial markets for cloud
services as well.
4. Please list Member State initiatives in the area of Cloud Computing that you are aware of.
Many of our standards and experts have been involved at the regional level on large-
scale, Commission-promoted projects like PEPPOL (http://www.peppol.eu/), eCODEX
(http://www.ecodex.eu/), SIENA (http://www.sienainitiative.eu/) and SPOCS (http://www.eu-
spocs.eu/). While these are not technology research projects, they are deployment plans,
each of which assume wide-spread data and transaction promulgation that necessarily relies
in large part on cloud methodologies and services.
5. Do you think they are [adequate / go too far / not enough]?
[No answer.]
6. Please elaborate.
[No answer.]
7. How can Member States best cooperate to create interoperability solutions and shared
best practices?
By participating in, and donating their relevant nonconfidential use cases to, open
standardization projects.
8. Future Research and Innovation programmes
1. Which are the most important technical aspects of cloud computing that researchers are
currently working on?
While the list of useful research fields in this general topic area is long, as a data
standards organization, we are particularly interested in:
(a) common models for data registries, directories and repositories, in support of
complex transaction models and data governance;
(b) federated identity provisioning and management, to enable reliable electronic
interchanges with reasonably known parties;
(c) data transformation, modeling, mapping and interface methods that may help
bring about greater interoperability and data portability across diverse systems (and better
service recovery); and
(d) tools and methods that make conformance and interoperability tests more widely
available and useable.
2. Beyond these, do you see technical problems/limitations of current cloud service offerings
that will require further research in the coming years?
Yes.
3. Please elaborate.
Interoperability and conformance testing is a sine qua non requirement of growing open
markets of transactional capabilities that rely on shared data structures (like open standards).
But the prevailing model is one of large, relatively expensive testing, episodically gated by
software release schedules. As the desire to participate in data exchanges spreads to a
much larger group of new and diverse entrants, we will experience a need for easier, simpler
and self-help-oriented testing and validation mechanisms. Research to design and facilitate
the evolution of services and tools for "DIY" or "nanotesting" would be helpful to widespread
adoption and market growth.
Also, current computing security models, to a large extent, were developed in the context
of centralized controls and select trusted systems. The different risks and needs of widely-
distributed and loosely-coupled data transactions, in a cloud environment, are still in early
stages of definition. So cloud-based services do not yet always have the benefit of widely-
known and widely-implemented security guidance.
4. Should public R&I funding be used to establish prototypes of new cloud infrastructures?
Yes.
5. If yes, please describe types of projects/prototypes you would see as useful, and explain
why.
Ideally, public authorities would develop cloud capabilities to fulfill their own business and
policy functions more effectively. These, if well documented and designed, could serve
"double duty" also as prototypes and models for further similar developments in other sectors.
9. Global solutions for global problems
1. What are the most important Cloud Computing solutions that have to be discussed at the
global level? Please list and explain.
(a) Identify pre-existing standards-based solutions already in use, likely in sets with
multiple possible combinations, in the areas of security, content representation, access
control (identity/privacy), and service deployment & access, to demonstrate the
immediate feasibility of reliable, interoperable cloud functions.
(b) Seek collaboration on vocabulary, identifier and data architecture resources for
use in wide-scale service discovery and service invocation.
(c) International cooperation (including reciprocity and comity) on practical
resolutions to cloud computing jurisdictional issues.
(d) Promote automatable representation of policy and rule constraints on cloud
transactions & exchanges.
2. What would be the right fora/approaches to tackle them? Please expand.
Carefully-scoped and government-encouraged cooperative work by established open
standards bodies with relevant expertise.
Respectfully submitted,
James Bryce Clark, General Counsel, for OASIS