This document provides an introduction to earthquakes and the different types of faults and waves associated with them. It discusses the three main types of faults - strike slip, normal, and reverse - and defines hanging wall and foot wall. It also outlines the two categories of earthquake waves: body waves (P-waves and S-waves) and surface waves (Rayleigh and Love waves). P-waves are compressional waves that shake the ground back and forth in the direction of travel, while S-waves are slower shear waves that shake the ground perpendicular to the direction of travel.

1. EARTHQUAKES
Earth Science
Ms. Kreuziger

2. INTRODUCTION
Today we will be talking about earthquakes, the types of faults and their
wave types.
The standards:
HS-ESS1-5. Evaluate evidence of the past and current movements of
continental and oceanic crust and the theory of plate tectonics to explain
the ages of crustal rocks
HS-ESS2-1. Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface
processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form
continental and ocean-floor features

3. JUST CURIOUS
Describe a time when you felt an
earthquake? If you haven't what do you
imagine it to be like?

4. FAULTS
A fault is a fracture along which the blocks
of crust on either side have moved relative to one
another parallel to the fracture.
There are three types we will focus on in this
class…
1. Strike slip
2. Normal
3. Reverse

5. STRIKE-SLIP
Strike-slip faults are vertical (or nearly
vertical) fractures where the blocks have
mostly moved horizontally.
There are right lateral and left lateral strike-
slip faults. If you are standing on one block
looking across the fault and the block moves
to the right it is right-lateral, and to the left,
left-lateral.

6. HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL

7. NORMAL
If the rock mass above a fault moves down,
the fault is normal.
Hanging wall moves down relative to foot
wall
Fault motion is caused by tensional forces
that result in extension

8. REVERSE
If the rock mass above a fault moves up, the
fault is reverse.
Hanging wall moves up relative to foot
wall
Fault motion is caused by compressional
forces that result in shortening

9. CHECK IN
Identify which of these is the hanging wall and which is the foot wall.
A B

10. TYPES OF WAVES
There are two types of earthquake waves
1. Body waves
a) P-waves
b) S-waves
1. Surface waves

11. BODY WAVES
These travel through the
interior or body of the
Earth
There are 2 types we will
learn about…
1. P-wave
2. S-wave

12. P-WAVE
P-waves are a compressional wave, it
is a seismic body wave that shakes the
ground back and forth in the same
direction and the opposite direction as
the direction the wave is moving.
This wave arrives first, it is the primary
wave.
Can travel through liquids

13. S-WAVE
The S-wave or shear wave, is a seismic
body wave that shakes the ground back
and forth perpendicular to the direction
the wave is moving.
This wave is slower and therefore arrives
second, it is the secondary wave.
Can not travel through liquids

14. CHECK IN
The S-wave Shadow Zone
Knowing what you do about P-waves,
S-waves and the interior of the Earth,
why do you think there are no direct
S-wave arrivals recorded on the
opposite side of the Earth when an
earthquake strikes?

15. SURFACE WAVES
A surface wave is a seismic wave that is
trapped near the surface of the earth.
There are two kinds you should know the
names of…
Rayleigh and Love waves

16. LET’S PRACTICE!
We are going to have a few volunteers stand up and participate in this
interactive lesson which can help you understand the difference in the
motion of a p-wave and an s-wave.
Don’t worry, we
won’t be as intense
and aggressive as
this professor was! 
And we are going to
do the shear wave
motion differently!