Here are the answers: 1. f 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d

1. ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES

2. LET’S REVIEW!
Directions: Identify the following terms based on your
previouslesson.
A.style B.purpose C.cautionD.objectivity E.formal
___1. It is the language that should be used in writing
academictext.
___2. Itservesasthewriter’sgoalinwriting atext.
___3. It is a feature of language that requires you to be
carefulonyourwriting.
___4. It is a feature of language which prohibits you to
includepersonalemotionsinthetext.
___5. Itdealswiththewaythewriterorganizesatext.

3. Think about how things are placed
on your table while doing your
school activities or in your
bedroomcloset.

4. Text Structure
Patterns of Organization

5. Attheendofthislesson,studentsare
expectedto:
• identifythestructureofacademic
text;
• differentiatestructuresofacademic
text;and
• createanacademictextthatcanbe
appliedtoatextstructure.

6. What is Text Structure?
Text structures (WDPI, 2012) refer to the
way authors organize information in text.
Recognizing the underlying structure of
texts can help students focus attention on
key concepts and relationships, anticipate
what is to come, and monitor their
comprehensionastheyread.

7. What is Text Structure?
We will study six common patterns:
• Chronological
• Cause and Effect
• Compare and Contrast
• Problem and Solution
• Narrative
• Definition/ Descriptive

8. Chronological

9. Chrono = time Logic = order
• present ideas or events in the order in
which they happen
• this pattern is found in most narrative
texts, where the plot unfolds over
time; more complex texts use literary
devices, such as flashback and
foreshadowing to implicitly establish
time order

10. • Example: This morning was pretty crazy. I woke up really late
because of wrong setting of my alarm. It was set PM instead
of AM. I just wore any clothes and ran out the door. I rode my
bike as fast as I could with the thought that I was going to be
late for sure, but when I got there everyone was outside and
there were fire trucks all lined up in front of school. I guess
somebody pulled the fire alarm before class started. It worked
out though, because nobody really noticed or minded that I was
tardy.

11. Jack and Jill ran
up the hill to fetch
a pail of water.
Jack fell down
and broke his
crown.
Jill came
tumbling
after.
ALL stories are told chronologically.

12. Signal Words
• First, second, third…
• Later
• Next
• Before
• Then
• Finally
• After
• When
• Since
• Now/
• previously
• Actual use of dates

13. NARRATIVE

14. Narrates an event/story with
characters, setting, conflict,
pointofview,andplot

15. Definition/Description
Structure

16. Definition/ Description Structure
Typically this pattern includes a “definition”
and examples of class membership/type,
attributes, and functions; It may also include
the parts and the relationship between the
parts or structure and function; in some
instances, it will include ways something is
similar to or different from other things.

17. • Describes a topic by
listing characteristics,
features, attributes,
and examples

18. Example
Social engineering is defined as any method
which tricks people to share personal
information through the use of technology.
The “social” component in this scheme
means that there is reliance on various
psychological tricks and on the gullibility of
users rather than technical hacking. Social
engineering also refers to various malicious
acts online, such as phishing, spamming,
and retexting.

19. Signal Words
• for example
• characteristics
• for instance
• such as
• including
• to illustrate

20. Cause and Effect

21. Cause and Effect
• provide explanations or reasons for
phenomena
• Cause and effect is one way of organizing
information in a text. It explains reasons
why something happened. It can be ordered
as cause to effect or vice versa. It is
generally used in expository and persuasive
writingmodes.

22. Cause and Effect
An action and its results are explained.
Cause
Students did not learn
the material.
Effect
They performed
poorly on the test.

23. • Example: Many people think that they can acquire illness by
going into cold weather improperly dressed. However, illnesses
are not caused by temperature. They are caused by germs. So,
trembling outside in the cold probably won’t strengthen your
immune system, but you are more likely to acquire illness
outdoors because you will greatly be exposed to germs.

24. Signal Words
• as a result of
• because of,
• thus, for
• If/then
• reasons why
• as a result
• therefore
• because
• consequently
• since
• so that
• for
• due to

25. Compare and
Contrast

26. -this pattern shows similarities and
dissimilarities between objects, actions,
subheadings
ideas, or processes
generally

27. • Discuss two ideas, events, or
phenomena, showing how they
are different and how they are
similar

28. Tells how two things are similar and different.
Apples & Oranges
Alike
1. Both are fruits.
2. Both have skin.
Different
1. People don’t eat
orange skins.
2. Oranges have
more juice.

29. Signal Words
• However/yet
• Nevertheless - on
the other hand
• but/ whereas –
similarly - although
• also/likewise
• in contrast/
comparison
• different
• either/or - in the
same way/ just as

30. EXAMPLE:
Mangoes and durians are both fruits. They
both have seeds inside of them. Each has a
skin, but durian skins are thick and difficult to
peel. Mango skins are thinner and peel easily.
Durians have distinct stench while mangoes
have sweet smell, but both fruits are
delicious.

31. Problem and Solution

32. Problem and Solution
• mentions a problem or problems,
identifies some possible
solutions and discusses the
effect of the solution.

33. Problem and Solution
• This type of text is usually
interchanged with cause and effect
type of structure but the only thing
that they should remember is that
cause and effect text structure do
not offer a solution. This mentions a
problem and then offers a solution
plus the possible effect of a
solution.

34. Require a license
to buy spray paint.
Problem and Solution
A problem and answer are suggested.
Problem Solution
Property is being
spray painted.

35. Signal Words
• the problem is,
• thesolution is,
• the difficulty is,

36. EXAMPLE:
• Bullying has been prevalent these days. These
encounters make it hard for children to develop
confidence and high self-esteem. Fortunately,
bullying has been noticed and is being addressed by
many sectors of the community. However, these
efforts are not enough. The most effective way to
stop bullying is by nurturing and inculcating good
manners and right conduct within families.

37. Tips to Identify
1. Ask, “what is the author doing in this
paragraph?” Put it in your own words.
2. Have a hunch? Use the graphic
organizer to see if the info fits.
3. Look for signal words.

38. Practice
1. Read each passage.
2. Determine how the text is organized:
cause and effect, compare and contrast,
chronological order, narrative, problem
and solution, or definition/ descriptive.
3. Write your answer.

39. Let’s try this!
Football and baseball are two of the
most popular sports in the country. They
have many things in common. For one,
they are both team sports, and they both
require players to advance to an end or
“home” point on the playing field.
However, football requires players to carry
the ball to the end zone, whereas in
baseball, it is the defending team that
controls the ball while it is in play.

40. Answer
Compare and
contrast

41. a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast
• ______1. There are two popular sports played at Milton,
basketball, and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at
Milton. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In
basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and
in volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor, or it is out of play.
Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Milton. What
text structure is this?

42. a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast
• _____2. Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail
because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may
fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another
reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If
you’re not in class, you may miss a lot. Many students fail
classes every quarter. What text structure is this?

43. a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast
• _____3. Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back
and let the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is
responsible for restoring the toad species. Dr. Knapp
thinks we could help restore the toad population if we
stop mowing parts of our lawns and let the grass grow
wild to reserve space for the toad. He also believes we
need to stop using pesticides and fertilizers. The
chemicals kill the insects that toads eat. If we
preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using
fertilizers, Dr. Knapp believes we can save the toads.
What text structure is this?

44. a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast
• _____4. Devers experienced the highlight of any
sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in
the giant stadium and received an Olympic gold
medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking
about running. She was hoping that she would be able
to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the summer of
1988, as Devers was training for the Olympic Games,
to be held in Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel
very tired all the time and failed to make the Olympic
finals. What text structure is this?

45. a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast
•
• _____5 The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I. The
lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop,
and a restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists
of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The top section
of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular
view of Paris.

46. ANSWERS
1.F
2.C
3.E
4.B
5.D

47. Why is Text Structure Important?
• The readers can significantly improve their comprehension and
retention of information when they can identify and recognize
the text structure of a text. It can also help them:
• 1. Organize information and details they are learning in
their minds while reading.
• 2. Make connections between the details being presented
in a text
• 3. Summarize the important details shared in a text

48. ACTIVITY
•Direction: In ½ crosswise
of paper, write a
paragraph about your
favorite hobby using a
specific text structure of
your choice.

49. • Test 1: Identify the text structure based on the given
statement. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
• _________1. This text structure is “how are things in
the text similar or different.”
• _________2. The text structure that discusses what is
specifically being described.
• _________3. The text structure that is written in a
style that tells what happened ang why it
happens.
• _________4. This text structure tells what the conflict
is, or problem, and how it was solved.
• _________5. The text structure that shows events
taking place over time or gives steps is…

50. • _________6. “Similar, same, alike, both, on the other
hand, instead” are signal words for…
• _________7. Before putting the model car together,
we gathered our supplies. Then we were able to
read and follow the directions. Before long, our car
was done.
• _________8. Which type of text structure answers the
question of what happened and why?
• _________9. Which type of text structure shows how
two or more things are alike and different?
• _________10. The sentence structure that narrates a
story

51. • Test II. Identify what is being described in the following
statements. Write your answer on the space before each
item.
• _______________ 1. This type of text examines the
similarities and differences between two or more people,
concepts, ideas, etc.
• _______________ 2. This type of structure sets up a
problem or problems explains solutions and then discusses
the effects of the solution.
• _______________ 3. This type of text structure features a
detailed description of something to give a reader a mental
picture.
• _______________ 4. It is the basic pattern of a story.
• _______________ 5. Two words when combined means
order of time.

52. • _____________ 6. This word means order.
• _____________ 7. This word means time.
• ______________ 8. A text structure that explains reasons why
something happened.
• ______________ 9. It is organized by the time an event
occurred.
• ______________ 10. It refers how information was organized
in a passage