International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research work for scenario of voccational training in india educompalpana96
The document discusses the status of education and vocational training in India. It notes that while India has many educational institutions, there are still large gaps and high dropout rates. There is also a mismatch between the skills taught and those needed by industry. It outlines several sectors that will require skilled workers but face shortages, as well as initiatives to upgrade vocational training to help address the gap of over 18 million youth lacking formal training opportunities.
The document summarizes higher education in the semi-autonomous state of Puntland, Somalia. It discusses the history and background of higher education in Somalia and Puntland. It notes that higher education opportunities were previously clustered around the capital of Mogadishu. It then provides details on the current state of higher education in Puntland, including the number of universities, students enrolled, and gender disparities. It analyzes weaknesses in the system and outlines the government's policy objectives, framework, and vision to improve access, quality, and relevance of higher education through strategies like increasing funding and establishing a regulatory body.
Article for Inclusive Growth for Sustainable Development - P. SivananthanSivananthan Pathmanathan
This document discusses inclusive growth and skills development in Sri Lanka. It notes that true growth involves improvements in socioeconomic development, culture, politics, and quality of life. Skills development is crucial for inclusive growth and sustainable development by empowering people and protecting natural resources. In Sri Lanka, the technical education sector faces challenges in meeting high demand for skilled workers due to lack of access, quality, and relevance in training programs. The government is taking initiatives to reform technical education, introduce new programs, and better align training with labor market needs to address skills shortages. These reforms aim to provide equal opportunities and support inclusive growth.
The document discusses the Indian education system. It notes that while enrollment rates have increased rapidly, education quality remains low. It outlines government initiatives to boost access such as the Right to Free Education Act. However, it states that improving performance requires not just resources but also reforms like better teacher incentives and quality assurance. Overall enrollment is up but learning outcomes and skills need significant improvement.
The document discusses issues with India's higher education system and the need for reforms. It notes that the system produces graduates lacking practical skills, leading to unemployment despite skilled labor shortages. Standards are low and declining at many institutions. Private institutions have grown chaotically with minimal oversight. The regulatory system fails to maintain quality. Reforms are needed to align the education system with the demands of the economy and produce a skilled workforce to help India's development.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
- The document discusses the education sector in India, noting that it provides great growth opportunities given India's large young population.
- Key facts highlighted include India having the largest higher education system in the world, with a target of reaching a 30% gross enrollment ratio for higher education by 2017.
- The education industry in India is estimated to reach $144 billion by 2020, up from $97.8 billion in 2016. The higher education sector is expected to increase to $35 billion by 2025 from $15 billion in 2016.
Research work for scenario of voccational training in india educompalpana96
The document discusses the status of education and vocational training in India. It notes that while India has many educational institutions, there are still large gaps and high dropout rates. There is also a mismatch between the skills taught and those needed by industry. It outlines several sectors that will require skilled workers but face shortages, as well as initiatives to upgrade vocational training to help address the gap of over 18 million youth lacking formal training opportunities.
The document summarizes higher education in the semi-autonomous state of Puntland, Somalia. It discusses the history and background of higher education in Somalia and Puntland. It notes that higher education opportunities were previously clustered around the capital of Mogadishu. It then provides details on the current state of higher education in Puntland, including the number of universities, students enrolled, and gender disparities. It analyzes weaknesses in the system and outlines the government's policy objectives, framework, and vision to improve access, quality, and relevance of higher education through strategies like increasing funding and establishing a regulatory body.
Article for Inclusive Growth for Sustainable Development - P. SivananthanSivananthan Pathmanathan
This document discusses inclusive growth and skills development in Sri Lanka. It notes that true growth involves improvements in socioeconomic development, culture, politics, and quality of life. Skills development is crucial for inclusive growth and sustainable development by empowering people and protecting natural resources. In Sri Lanka, the technical education sector faces challenges in meeting high demand for skilled workers due to lack of access, quality, and relevance in training programs. The government is taking initiatives to reform technical education, introduce new programs, and better align training with labor market needs to address skills shortages. These reforms aim to provide equal opportunities and support inclusive growth.
The document discusses the Indian education system. It notes that while enrollment rates have increased rapidly, education quality remains low. It outlines government initiatives to boost access such as the Right to Free Education Act. However, it states that improving performance requires not just resources but also reforms like better teacher incentives and quality assurance. Overall enrollment is up but learning outcomes and skills need significant improvement.
The document discusses issues with India's higher education system and the need for reforms. It notes that the system produces graduates lacking practical skills, leading to unemployment despite skilled labor shortages. Standards are low and declining at many institutions. Private institutions have grown chaotically with minimal oversight. The regulatory system fails to maintain quality. Reforms are needed to align the education system with the demands of the economy and produce a skilled workforce to help India's development.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
- The document discusses the education sector in India, noting that it provides great growth opportunities given India's large young population.
- Key facts highlighted include India having the largest higher education system in the world, with a target of reaching a 30% gross enrollment ratio for higher education by 2017.
- The education industry in India is estimated to reach $144 billion by 2020, up from $97.8 billion in 2016. The higher education sector is expected to increase to $35 billion by 2025 from $15 billion in 2016.
Development of Education Sector Who BenefitsSwati Singh
This document summarizes the key challenges in India's education sector across primary, secondary, and higher education levels. It notes that while India has made progress expanding access to education, significant inequities remain between rural and urban areas, social groups, and gender. Specifically in primary education, high dropout rates persist due to poverty, child labor, teacher absenteeism, and lack of resources. In secondary education, vocational training opportunities are limited despite calls for expansion. Higher education has grown rapidly but lacks focus on contributing solutions to India's problems. Overall, more effective implementation of policies and resources is needed to address disparities.
The document summarizes the structure of India's education system. It has a large network of approximately 1 million schools and 18,000 higher education institutes. The education sector is regulated at both central and state government levels, and only not-for-profit organizations can operate private schools currently. One example discussed is the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad, which has gained respect and value for its diploma despite not being affiliated with regulatory boards, due to its high-quality education and industry support.
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
The document provides an overview of the education and training sector in India. Some key points:
- India has over 1.5 million schools and 260 million students enrolled in the country's education system. Enrollment in higher education reached 34.2 million in 2015.
- The education sector in India is estimated to reach $144 billion by 2020, growing at a CAGR of 10.16% from $97.8 billion in 2016. Higher education is expected to reach $35.03 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 9.88% from $15 billion in 2016.
- There is a large demand-supply gap that provides opportunities for growth in the sector, with needs for
Evaluation of the secondary and pre university education in karnataka 0UllalNews
1) The document evaluates secondary and pre-university education in Karnataka. It finds that while expansion has occurred, quality remains uneven and challenges remain around affordability, infrastructure, teacher staffing and retention rates.
2) A large private sector dominates at the secondary level, comprising 65% of schools. Distribution of public institutions is also uneven across the state.
3) The state lacks a clear policy to address issues like unviable schools, declining enrollment in government schools, infrastructure deficits, and teacher vacancies. The large expenditure on private aid also risks limiting development funds.
The document discusses the present scenario and need for foreign direct investment in higher education in India. It notes that while India has a long history of higher education, modern universities were only established in 1857 and there were just 20 universities and 500 colleges at independence in 1947. Currently there are over 600 universities but the gross enrollment ratio remains low at 18.8%, below many other countries. The government aims to increase this to 30% by 2020 but lacks the resources, creating a need for private investment. Allowing foreign investment could help meet targets by improving infrastructure, technology, and quality of education, but it may also risk commercializing education and benefitting foreign countries more than India.
India has a large youth population entering the workforce but lacks employable skills due to shortcomings in the education system. While employers expect graduates to have skills like communication, teamwork and computer skills, these are often absent. There is a mismatch between the demand and supply of skilled labor at different levels. Barriers to improving this situation include inadequate industry linkages from colleges, a lack of aptitude testing, shortage of quality faculty, inflexible curricula, and unclear communication of industry skill requirements. However, initiatives like work-integrated learning programs, increasing industry involvement in curriculum, and training faculty can help bridge the gap between academia and industry.
The document discusses enhancing the quality of primary education in India. It outlines the current status of primary education, barriers like poor infrastructure, teacher quality issues, and social factors. It then provides solutions such as improving teacher training, increasing resources, community awareness programs, and ensuring access for all children. Effective implementation by government and non-government groups is needed to improve foundational learning and literacy, which are essential for individual and national development.
Restructuring Educational Goals for National and Economic Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Successful development strategy entails more than just formulating economic policies, investing in
physical capital, or closing the gap in capital, but also involves designing educational curriculum that has
economic relevance, having the ability to bridge the gap in economic need. This is where Nigeria and most
developing countries tend to be lacking in policy relevance. Educational policies do not seem to correlate with
economic needs, thus, with the much emphasis on compulsory education, increase in school enrolment at all
levels and the proliferation of universities in the country, national productivity and economic development
remain stiffened. Given this concern, there is need to develop knowledge- based educational curriculum in core
economic areas that requires building a strong link between universities and industry for research, development
and entrepreneurship. This will involve creating opportunities in collaboration at institutional level, capturing
the labour market and private sector needs, and capturing needs in capacity building in quality assurance,
research and leadership development in higher education. This is informed by a policy front in Education for
the attainment of Economic Objective, established by this paper.
Curbing Candidates Desperate Desires for University Education against Other T...inventionjournals
This paper discussed curbing candidate’s desperate desire for university education against other tertiary educational institutions. The paper began with a presentation of the general requirements for various types of tertiary education institution – Polytechnics, Colleges of education, Monotechnics and University. It delved into factors responsible for candidates desperate desire which include status disparity, high social rating of university degrees, excessive emphasis on university education, disparity in organizational ranking of graduates from universities and other tertiary institutions, poor funding of other tertiary institutions compared to universities and ineffective implementation of policies and programmes. In order to curb candidates desperate desire for university education, the paper recommended amongst others that: organizations (employers) should eliminate disparity in ranking and undue emphasis placed on university graduates against those from other tertiary educational institutions, other tertiary institutions should be adequately funded, government should provide and maintain equipment and facilities that encourage hands-on activities at college level in order to develop students interest in vocational and technical education offered in polytechnics, monotechnics and colleges of education (Technical), the government should institute a policy that will enable students in polytechnics and colleges of education get scholarship and also give automatic employment to graduates with technical background especially from polytechnics and monotechnics, priority should be given to vocational and technical subjects and be made compulsory at the secondary school level, campaign to sensitize and enlighten parents to desist from discouraging their children and wards from choosing higher education institutions other than universities should be on-going
An Analysis Of the Union Budget from 2010- 2015 Education SectorSneha J Chouhan
This presentation explains about the Highlights of the Indian Union Budget for 5 years in the education sector and its impact.
P.S: Refer for educational purposes only.
The 12th five-year plan in India (2012-2017) will focus on expanding access to higher education through increasing enrollment by 10 million students, with a focus on equity, quality, and excellence. Key strategies include expanding public and private institutions, developing skill-based and technology-driven programs, encouraging public-private partnerships, and reforming governance and financing of higher education. The plan aims to develop centers of innovation and research excellence while expanding opportunities across all states, regions, and subject areas.
The document discusses elementary education in India and issues around universalizing education. It summarizes the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program launched in 2001 to provide primary education to all children aged 6-14 by 2007 and useful education by 2010. Despite efforts, universal education remains a distant goal with literacy rates of 65% overall and 54% for females. The number of out of school children was 75 lakh in 2007. Challenges include connecting skills training to industry needs, outdated training methods, and low prestige of vocational education.
The document discusses financing education in three key areas:
1) Prioritizing education is important as it empowers individuals and contributes to a country's development. The Philippines government allocates the highest budget to education and guarantees the right to education in its constitution.
2) Sources of education financing include public funds (80% of funding), private sources (20% of funding), and international sources (2% of funding). Households provide the largest share of private financing.
3) The increasing cost of education is due to factors like expanding campuses to meet demand, budget cuts leading to tuition hikes, and universities competing to attract students and faculty through investments that drive costs up further.
Discussion on economic aspects of education has acquired great significance in education research during the new millennium earmarked as Knowledge Economy. Education for the Knowledge Economy (EKE) refers to efforts at production of the highly skilled and flexible human capital needed to compete effectively in today’s dynamic global markets. Experiences of last one decade in the IT enabled BPO sector has proved India’s ability to produce and use knowledge as a major factor in economic development and has proved to be critical to India’s comparative advantage. Economists have recognized importance of EKE to develop a workforce that is well-trained and capable of generating knowledge-driven economic growth.
Economics of Education analyzes both what determines or creates education and what impact education has on individuals and the societies and economies in which they live. Historically a great deal of emphasis has been placed on determining outcomes to educational investment and the creation of human capital. The primary mission of the economics of education group is to identify opportunities for improved efficiency, equity, and quality of education and promote effective education reform processes, to enhance knowledge of what drives education outcomes and results; to better understanding how to strengthen the links of education systems with the labour market; and to build and support a network of education economists for education policy planning and evolve structures and mechanisms for implementation.
Malaysia has made progress in increasing access to higher education since gaining independence in 1957, but still faces challenges in improving accessibility and ensuring equity. While the number of university students has grown significantly, enrollment remains below targets and certain groups remain underrepresented. Distance education has potential to further address issues of accessibility and equity by providing more flexible options. The government has taken steps to expand distance learning programs and increase cooperation between universities to help more Malaysians obtain higher education, especially those in rural areas or from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, balancing increased access with maintaining quality standards remains important.
The document discusses education expenses and spending as it relates to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It provides background on GDP, explaining that GDP is the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period. It also defines the key components that make up GDP. The document then discusses how public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP indicates how much a country prioritizes education relative to its overall resources. Specifically, it notes that this spending includes government funding to educational institutions and some family education expenses outside of institutions.
This study examined strategies for enhancing student’s enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo state. The study was a descriptive survey. A total of 21 lecturers participated in the study. No sampling technique was adopted as all the 21 lecturers in the 4 tertiary institutions who lectures Home Economics Education in Edo State were used for the study. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection while the weighted average mean was adopted for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that there has been dwindling enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo State. Some of the factors responsible for the state of enrolment are negative attitude of parents, poor institutional funding and low awareness of the relevance of Home Economics Education to the students. Strategies if adopted is capable of enhancing the enrolment were; increased funding of tertiary institutions by the government, provision of well equipped laboratories and libraries, creating awareness among parents and students, giving of loans to graduates of Home Economics to aid their business and students should spent longer period in industrial attachment. One of the recommendations proffered was that the existing tertiary institutions offering Home Economics Education should be properly funded by the government.
The document discusses laws, programs, and financing related to education in the Philippines. It provides details on the budgets for several DepEd programs that will benefit students, including programs for out-of-school youth, alternative education options, and vocational education. It also summarizes several laws governing education in the Philippines, including laws establishing the Department of Education, regulating private education, and promoting teacher and vocational training. Finally, it outlines the responsibilities of implementing units like schools and division offices in managing education funds.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Development of Education Sector Who BenefitsSwati Singh
This document summarizes the key challenges in India's education sector across primary, secondary, and higher education levels. It notes that while India has made progress expanding access to education, significant inequities remain between rural and urban areas, social groups, and gender. Specifically in primary education, high dropout rates persist due to poverty, child labor, teacher absenteeism, and lack of resources. In secondary education, vocational training opportunities are limited despite calls for expansion. Higher education has grown rapidly but lacks focus on contributing solutions to India's problems. Overall, more effective implementation of policies and resources is needed to address disparities.
The document summarizes the structure of India's education system. It has a large network of approximately 1 million schools and 18,000 higher education institutes. The education sector is regulated at both central and state government levels, and only not-for-profit organizations can operate private schools currently. One example discussed is the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad, which has gained respect and value for its diploma despite not being affiliated with regulatory boards, due to its high-quality education and industry support.
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
The document provides an overview of the education and training sector in India. Some key points:
- India has over 1.5 million schools and 260 million students enrolled in the country's education system. Enrollment in higher education reached 34.2 million in 2015.
- The education sector in India is estimated to reach $144 billion by 2020, growing at a CAGR of 10.16% from $97.8 billion in 2016. Higher education is expected to reach $35.03 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 9.88% from $15 billion in 2016.
- There is a large demand-supply gap that provides opportunities for growth in the sector, with needs for
Evaluation of the secondary and pre university education in karnataka 0UllalNews
1) The document evaluates secondary and pre-university education in Karnataka. It finds that while expansion has occurred, quality remains uneven and challenges remain around affordability, infrastructure, teacher staffing and retention rates.
2) A large private sector dominates at the secondary level, comprising 65% of schools. Distribution of public institutions is also uneven across the state.
3) The state lacks a clear policy to address issues like unviable schools, declining enrollment in government schools, infrastructure deficits, and teacher vacancies. The large expenditure on private aid also risks limiting development funds.
The document discusses the present scenario and need for foreign direct investment in higher education in India. It notes that while India has a long history of higher education, modern universities were only established in 1857 and there were just 20 universities and 500 colleges at independence in 1947. Currently there are over 600 universities but the gross enrollment ratio remains low at 18.8%, below many other countries. The government aims to increase this to 30% by 2020 but lacks the resources, creating a need for private investment. Allowing foreign investment could help meet targets by improving infrastructure, technology, and quality of education, but it may also risk commercializing education and benefitting foreign countries more than India.
India has a large youth population entering the workforce but lacks employable skills due to shortcomings in the education system. While employers expect graduates to have skills like communication, teamwork and computer skills, these are often absent. There is a mismatch between the demand and supply of skilled labor at different levels. Barriers to improving this situation include inadequate industry linkages from colleges, a lack of aptitude testing, shortage of quality faculty, inflexible curricula, and unclear communication of industry skill requirements. However, initiatives like work-integrated learning programs, increasing industry involvement in curriculum, and training faculty can help bridge the gap between academia and industry.
The document discusses enhancing the quality of primary education in India. It outlines the current status of primary education, barriers like poor infrastructure, teacher quality issues, and social factors. It then provides solutions such as improving teacher training, increasing resources, community awareness programs, and ensuring access for all children. Effective implementation by government and non-government groups is needed to improve foundational learning and literacy, which are essential for individual and national development.
Restructuring Educational Goals for National and Economic Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Successful development strategy entails more than just formulating economic policies, investing in
physical capital, or closing the gap in capital, but also involves designing educational curriculum that has
economic relevance, having the ability to bridge the gap in economic need. This is where Nigeria and most
developing countries tend to be lacking in policy relevance. Educational policies do not seem to correlate with
economic needs, thus, with the much emphasis on compulsory education, increase in school enrolment at all
levels and the proliferation of universities in the country, national productivity and economic development
remain stiffened. Given this concern, there is need to develop knowledge- based educational curriculum in core
economic areas that requires building a strong link between universities and industry for research, development
and entrepreneurship. This will involve creating opportunities in collaboration at institutional level, capturing
the labour market and private sector needs, and capturing needs in capacity building in quality assurance,
research and leadership development in higher education. This is informed by a policy front in Education for
the attainment of Economic Objective, established by this paper.
Curbing Candidates Desperate Desires for University Education against Other T...inventionjournals
This paper discussed curbing candidate’s desperate desire for university education against other tertiary educational institutions. The paper began with a presentation of the general requirements for various types of tertiary education institution – Polytechnics, Colleges of education, Monotechnics and University. It delved into factors responsible for candidates desperate desire which include status disparity, high social rating of university degrees, excessive emphasis on university education, disparity in organizational ranking of graduates from universities and other tertiary institutions, poor funding of other tertiary institutions compared to universities and ineffective implementation of policies and programmes. In order to curb candidates desperate desire for university education, the paper recommended amongst others that: organizations (employers) should eliminate disparity in ranking and undue emphasis placed on university graduates against those from other tertiary educational institutions, other tertiary institutions should be adequately funded, government should provide and maintain equipment and facilities that encourage hands-on activities at college level in order to develop students interest in vocational and technical education offered in polytechnics, monotechnics and colleges of education (Technical), the government should institute a policy that will enable students in polytechnics and colleges of education get scholarship and also give automatic employment to graduates with technical background especially from polytechnics and monotechnics, priority should be given to vocational and technical subjects and be made compulsory at the secondary school level, campaign to sensitize and enlighten parents to desist from discouraging their children and wards from choosing higher education institutions other than universities should be on-going
An Analysis Of the Union Budget from 2010- 2015 Education SectorSneha J Chouhan
This presentation explains about the Highlights of the Indian Union Budget for 5 years in the education sector and its impact.
P.S: Refer for educational purposes only.
The 12th five-year plan in India (2012-2017) will focus on expanding access to higher education through increasing enrollment by 10 million students, with a focus on equity, quality, and excellence. Key strategies include expanding public and private institutions, developing skill-based and technology-driven programs, encouraging public-private partnerships, and reforming governance and financing of higher education. The plan aims to develop centers of innovation and research excellence while expanding opportunities across all states, regions, and subject areas.
The document discusses elementary education in India and issues around universalizing education. It summarizes the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program launched in 2001 to provide primary education to all children aged 6-14 by 2007 and useful education by 2010. Despite efforts, universal education remains a distant goal with literacy rates of 65% overall and 54% for females. The number of out of school children was 75 lakh in 2007. Challenges include connecting skills training to industry needs, outdated training methods, and low prestige of vocational education.
The document discusses financing education in three key areas:
1) Prioritizing education is important as it empowers individuals and contributes to a country's development. The Philippines government allocates the highest budget to education and guarantees the right to education in its constitution.
2) Sources of education financing include public funds (80% of funding), private sources (20% of funding), and international sources (2% of funding). Households provide the largest share of private financing.
3) The increasing cost of education is due to factors like expanding campuses to meet demand, budget cuts leading to tuition hikes, and universities competing to attract students and faculty through investments that drive costs up further.
Discussion on economic aspects of education has acquired great significance in education research during the new millennium earmarked as Knowledge Economy. Education for the Knowledge Economy (EKE) refers to efforts at production of the highly skilled and flexible human capital needed to compete effectively in today’s dynamic global markets. Experiences of last one decade in the IT enabled BPO sector has proved India’s ability to produce and use knowledge as a major factor in economic development and has proved to be critical to India’s comparative advantage. Economists have recognized importance of EKE to develop a workforce that is well-trained and capable of generating knowledge-driven economic growth.
Economics of Education analyzes both what determines or creates education and what impact education has on individuals and the societies and economies in which they live. Historically a great deal of emphasis has been placed on determining outcomes to educational investment and the creation of human capital. The primary mission of the economics of education group is to identify opportunities for improved efficiency, equity, and quality of education and promote effective education reform processes, to enhance knowledge of what drives education outcomes and results; to better understanding how to strengthen the links of education systems with the labour market; and to build and support a network of education economists for education policy planning and evolve structures and mechanisms for implementation.
Malaysia has made progress in increasing access to higher education since gaining independence in 1957, but still faces challenges in improving accessibility and ensuring equity. While the number of university students has grown significantly, enrollment remains below targets and certain groups remain underrepresented. Distance education has potential to further address issues of accessibility and equity by providing more flexible options. The government has taken steps to expand distance learning programs and increase cooperation between universities to help more Malaysians obtain higher education, especially those in rural areas or from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, balancing increased access with maintaining quality standards remains important.
The document discusses education expenses and spending as it relates to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It provides background on GDP, explaining that GDP is the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period. It also defines the key components that make up GDP. The document then discusses how public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP indicates how much a country prioritizes education relative to its overall resources. Specifically, it notes that this spending includes government funding to educational institutions and some family education expenses outside of institutions.
This study examined strategies for enhancing student’s enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo state. The study was a descriptive survey. A total of 21 lecturers participated in the study. No sampling technique was adopted as all the 21 lecturers in the 4 tertiary institutions who lectures Home Economics Education in Edo State were used for the study. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection while the weighted average mean was adopted for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that there has been dwindling enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo State. Some of the factors responsible for the state of enrolment are negative attitude of parents, poor institutional funding and low awareness of the relevance of Home Economics Education to the students. Strategies if adopted is capable of enhancing the enrolment were; increased funding of tertiary institutions by the government, provision of well equipped laboratories and libraries, creating awareness among parents and students, giving of loans to graduates of Home Economics to aid their business and students should spent longer period in industrial attachment. One of the recommendations proffered was that the existing tertiary institutions offering Home Economics Education should be properly funded by the government.
The document discusses laws, programs, and financing related to education in the Philippines. It provides details on the budgets for several DepEd programs that will benefit students, including programs for out-of-school youth, alternative education options, and vocational education. It also summarizes several laws governing education in the Philippines, including laws establishing the Department of Education, regulating private education, and promoting teacher and vocational training. Finally, it outlines the responsibilities of implementing units like schools and division offices in managing education funds.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses an ultrasonic study of a mixture of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extraction and sugar solution. Ultrasonic velocity, viscosity, compressibility, and density of the mixture were measured using an ultrasonic interferometer at different time intervals after mixing. The results showed changes in these properties over time, indicating a transformation of chemical compounds as the plant extraction acted as a sugar-reducing agent in the solution. This demonstrates that ultrasonic interferometry can be used as a tool to analyze how plant extracts interact with other bio samples.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses metaphors and similes in literature. It defines metaphors as implied comparisons that identify one thing in terms of another, while defining similes as explicit comparisons using words like "like" or "as". The document examines different classifications of metaphors and similes proposed by various linguists. It explores how metaphors and similes can effectively convey meaning in a concise manner in literary texts. The conclusion is that figures of speech are imaginative tools that allow writers to implicitly or indirectly convey messages.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The public sector efficiency in the education departmentAlexander Decker
1. The document analyzes the efficiency of public sector educational expenditures in Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan using data envelopment analysis (DEA).
2. DEA was used to calculate efficiency scores and rankings for each district based on educational expenditures as inputs and total student enrollments as outputs.
3. Preliminary results found variation in efficiency scores across districts, with some districts performing better than others in converting educational funds into student enrollments.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
The document discusses several challenges facing higher education in India. It notes that while the government has introduced reforms, bills aimed at structural changes are facing issues being implemented. It highlights problems with accessibility, equity, and quality of higher education. Private institutions have grown to meet demand, but privatization also creates new issues. Overall, the challenges reflect needs for improved infrastructure, curriculum innovation, research, and addressing disparities across regions and socioeconomic groups. Government funding limitations mean greater private sector involvement is needed, but the non-profit structure creates financial constraints.
Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Educationijtsrd
Over the years, the quality of education offered in Nigeria has been affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. The morale of teachers has been low due to poor condition of service, low salaries and poor physical facilities such as libraries, laboratories, modern communication and Information technology equipments. The research work investigates the effect of government expenditure on the growth of the education sector in Nigeria. The research work employs both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis particularly the multiple regression estimating technique. Two models are formulated to examine this. The first model used average school enrollment as proxy for education growth while the share of the education sector in the GDP is used to proxy education sector growth in the second model. The independent variables are recurrent the total government recurrent expenditure, the total capital education and the GDP. The study made use of secondary data from 1987 2019. The result shows that recurrent expenditure does not have significant impact on the share of education sector in the GDP while it has significant and negative relationship with average school enrollment. On the other hand capital expenditure does not have significant impact on the average school enrolment but it does on share of education sector in the GDP. The implication of the result is that enrollment growth in the education sector in Nigeria does not correspond with the recurrent expenditure in Nigeria. Also the capital expenditure in terms of provision of educational and infrastructural facilities has not been having significant impact on the volume of school enrollment in Nigeria. This study has added to the literature calling for the increase in funding of the education sector in Nigeria. Oguntuase, Adeniyi "Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49484.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49484/effect-of-government-spending-on-the-nigerian-education/oguntuase-adeniyi
The education sector in India is poised to witness major growth in the years to come as India will have world’s largest tertiary-age population and second largest graduate talent pipeline globally by the end of 2020. Currently, higher education contributes 59.7 percent of the market size, school education 38.1 percent, pre-school segment 1.6 percent, and technology and multi-media the remaining 0.6 percent. India’s IT firms are working with academic institutions and setting up in-house institutes to groom the right talent as these companies move to Social Media, Mobility, Analytics and Cloud technologies.
The total amount of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) inflow into the education sector in India stood close to US$ 1,300 million from April 2000 to March 2016, according to data released by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).
The education sector has seen a host of reforms and improved financial outlays in recent years that could possibly transform the country into a knowledge haven. With human resource increasingly gaining significance in the overall development of the country, development of education infrastructure is expected to remain the key focus in the current decade. In this scenario, infrastructure investment in the education sector is likely to see a considerable increase in the current decade
The document discusses the education industry in India. It notes the huge demand for education due to India's large population and relatively low literacy rate, presenting opportunities for private players. The industry benefits from increasing foreign investment and government policies supporting 100% FDI. It highlights trends like rising enrollment in higher education and growing private sector participation at all levels of education. Overall, the education industry in India is poised for continued strong growth.
This paper was released by Devesh Kapur, University of Pennsylvania and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Centre for Policy Research.
This paper analyzes two interrelated facets of Higher Education policy in India: the key distortions in higher education policies and what explains them. It first sets the stage by laying out the principal conceptual issues that need to be considered when thinking about an appropriate policy framework for higher education in India. It then examines three key distortions in Indian higher education with regards to markets, the state and civil society (philanthropy). The next part of the paper examines the political economy of Indian higher (tertiary) education and seeks to explain the ideological and political underpinnings of these distortions and how they work in practice. We conclude with some indicative some policy directions for Indian higher education. The purpose of this exercise is not to make detailed policy recommendations, but rather to flag the kinds of issues that ought to be addressed.
The key argument of this section of the paper is twofold. The first is that higher education in India is being de facto privatized on a massive scale.2 But this privatization is not a result of changing preferences of the key actors—the state, the judiciary or India’s propertied classes. Rather, this privatization has resulted from a breakdown of the state system. As a result, it is a form of privatization in which ideological and institutional underpinnings remain very weak. Instead of being part of a comprehensive program of education reform, much of the private initiative remains hostage to the discretionary actions of the state. Consequently, the education system remains suspended between over-regulation by the state on the one hand, and a discretionary privatization that is unable to mobilize private capital in productive ways. Any policy intervention, if it is to succeed will have to change this political economy equilibrium. However, vicious circles of interest will impede reform, whether of public or private institutions. We focus on the political economy not just because it explains the current regulatory regime. This political economy also explains why even conceptualization of issues in Higher Education is likely to remain distorted for some time.
The document discusses the relationship between education and economics in Iran. It covers several topics:
- The structure of Iran's educational system, which is controlled by the Ministry of Education and consists of non-compulsory pre-elementary education through higher education.
- School enrollment rates in Iran, which have increased from 2004-2012 at all levels of education.
- Government spending on education, which was over 3% of GDP from 2004-2012 according to available data.
- Factors that influence the quality of education such as student-teacher ratios and the quality of the learning environment.
- Differing views on whether increased government spending on education positively impacts economic growth and development.
The document discusses India's investment in education and the quality of its population. It notes that literacy rates, health levels, and skill development determine a population's quality and impact a country's growth rate. Education is presented as an important asset that provides long-term benefits like jobs and income. The government has increased spending on education over time, though it remains around 3% of GDP. Literacy rates have risen nationally but still vary greatly between regions, genders, and rural/urban areas. The National Education Policy of 2019 aims to further improve access, learning outcomes, and educational infrastructure.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses primary education in India. It notes that while India has made progress towards universal primary education, many challenges remain. Approximately 20% of Indian children aged 6-14 are still not enrolled in school. For those who are enrolled, the quality of education is generally poor, with most students failing to attain basic literacy and numeracy levels. Factors like a lack of properly trained teachers, low standards, and an overemphasis on rote learning rather than conceptual understanding are cited as contributing to the low quality of primary education in India. Overall, the document suggests that improving the system and focus on developing children's skills and knowledge will be important to address this ongoing issue.
This document discusses challenges facing education policy implementation in Pakistan. It notes poor understanding of policies by district management due to weak communication, as well as lack of political commitment exemplified by discontinuation of programs between governments. Centralization of decision-making without local input and low education budget allocation relative to other countries are also cited as issues undermining effective implementation. The document advocates for reforming implementation through improved communication and consistent high-level political support.
An Investigation into Poverty and Educational Outcomes in GhanaRECOUP
This document analyzes patterns of educational attainment in Ghana and their relationship to employment outcomes and poverty levels. It finds that over 60% of adults have less than 9 years of schooling. Higher levels of education are associated with employment outside of agriculture and in finance/service sectors. While education reduces the likelihood of poverty, many educated Ghanaians still face unemployment, suggesting schools may not provide skills aligned with economic needs. Improving education quality, retention, and links between education and development strategy could help Ghana realize greater returns from its investment in education.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
❼❷⓿❺❻❷❽❷❼❽ Dpboss Matka ! Fix Satta Matka ! Matka Result ! Matka Guessing ! Final Matka ! Matka Result ! Dpboss Matka ! Matka Guessing ! Satta Matta Matka 143 ! Kalyan Matka ! Satta Matka Fast Result ! Kalyan Matka Guessing ! Dpboss Matka Guessing ! Satta 143 ! Kalyan Chart ! Kalyan final ! Satta guessing ! Matka tips ! Matka 143 ! India Matka ! Matka 420 ! matka Mumbai ! Satta chart ! Indian Satta ! Satta King ! Satta 143 ! Satta batta ! Satta मटका ! Satta chart ! Matka 143 ! Matka Satta ! India Matka ! Indian Satta Matka ! Final ank
The cherry: beauty, softness, its heart-shaped plastic has inspired artists since Antiquity. Cherries and strawberries were considered the fruits of paradise and thus represented the souls of men.
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
Heart Touching Romantic Love Shayari In English with ImagesShort Good Quotes
Explore our beautiful collection of Romantic Love Shayari in English to express your love. These heartfelt shayaris are perfect for sharing with your loved one. Get the best words to show your love and care.
Tanjore Painting: Rich Heritage and Intricate Craftsmanship | Cottage9Cottage9 Enterprises
Explore the exquisite art of Tanjore Painting, known for its vibrant colors, gold foil work, and traditional themes. Discover its cultural significance today!
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3Issue 9 ǁ September. 2014 ǁ PP.23-31
www.ijhssi.org 23 | P a g e
Inter-State Variations in Public Spending On Higher Education in India Smita Anand PhD Scholar Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics, Pune ABSTRACT : Income profile of a person varies with the level of education and acquired knowledge. Institutions imparting higher education therefore play a central role in producing quality and efficient workforce. The level of expenditure by government reveals the relative importance accorded to the sector. Education in India, as in most of the countries of the world, is mostly a state-sponsored activity. Over the last six decades, India has witnessed major changes in the level of financing of education and in priorities attached to different sub sectors of education. Total expenditure on higher and technical education has increased significantly after Independence. However, despite this expansion there exists mismatch between demand of higher educational services and its supply in the country. The present study aims to analyse the trends and pattern of public expenditure on higher and technical education amongst major states in India. The study reveals that the spending on tertiary level of education in general and technical education in particular is much below the desired level across major states. There exists wide inter-state disparity in terms of amount of spending on these two sub-sectors of education. Lower per capita expenditure in higher education has direct impact on the quality of higher education in most of the states. The country is still far away from the recommendation prescribed by Kothari Commission and New Education Policy. KEYWORDS : Higher education, public spending, inter-state variations, components of expenditure, per capita expenditure
I. INTRODUCTION
Economic studies of incomes and education shows that the income profile of a person varies with the level of education and acquired knowledge. People with higher level of education start out with higher incomes and enjoy more rapid growth in incomes than those with lower education level (Brian Keeley, 2010). Better and quality higher education leads to enhanced productivity and thus more economic prosperity for the nation. Investment in every level of education system is equally important in formation of human capital. But, county‟s economic and technological progress is largely determined by its higher and technical education system. Investment in specialised human capital through investment in higher and technical education therefore needs sustained funding from government. Many research studies also support the view that higher education should be treated as a public good because society reaps its benefits in various ways. Public sector spending on tertiary level of education is more growth-enhancing and reinforces the case for more spending on this sector. The resource-allocation policy of the government reflects the relative priorities accorded to different levels and types of education. The pattern and development of higher educational institutions in a country depends largely on the availability of the public resources. Rapid rate of Globalisation and increasing completion in the labour market has further strengthened the importance of investment in tertiary level of education.
Education in India, as in most of the countries of the world, is mostly a state-sponsored activity. Over the last six decades, India has witnessed major changes in the level of financing of education and in priorities attached to different sub sectors of education. Total expenditure on higher and technical education has increased significantly after Independence. However, with the advent of economic reforms during 1990s, budgetary allocations to higher education have been squeezed off and this sector has suffered badly. Moreover, whatever growth has been seen in the quantum of government spending on higher and technical education, it was offset by increase in prices, increase in population and increase in number of students in this sector. These trends taken together with the rising enrolment led to sharp decline in real per student expenditure. The adverse macro economic conditions and increased competition for scarce public funds have reduced many governments' capacity to support higher education which resulted into mismatch between demand of higher educational services in the country and its supply. Even after six decades of independence, higher education is still not accessible to all the sections of the people. Inter-state variations in terms of access, equity and quality have
2. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 24 | P a g e
further aggravated the problem. Unsatisfactory funding pattern is mainly responsible for this crisis of higher education across different state in the country. Tenth Five Year Plan Document has rightly mentioned this situation and asserted that „part of problem facing universities is the inadequate provision of budgetary resources from the government‟. It is therefore imperative to carry a exhaustive study of public expenditure pattern across major states of India.
II. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The present study aims to analyse the trend in growth of public spending on higher and technical education sector in India. State wise analysis on these inter related issues discussed in the paper helps to understand the trends and pattern of public expenditure on higher and technical education amongst major states in India. However, scope of the paper is limited to inter-state analysis and would not be able to capture the existing wide spread intra-state disparities in terms of availability of government spending in this sector.
III. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This section presents the public expenditure pattern on higher & technical education across states in India. The level of expenditure by government reveals the relative importance accorded to the sector. A time series analysis of major parameters across states has been done to understand the relative priorities given to higher and technical education across major states. Expenditure as per cent to GSDP : Though education comes under concurrent list, the primary responsibility of higher education expenditure lies with the state governments. The share of education in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is the most widely used indicator to measure the priority given to education across states in India. Analysis of expenditure on the higher and technical education as per cent to GSDP across major states reveals the importance being given to higher education in these states. A high percentage of GSDP devoted to these sub sectors of education denotes a higher level of attention on investment in this area. During 1980-81, the expenditure on education in India was 2.55 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product and the expenditure on higher and technical education was 0.36 and 0.10 per cent of GDP respectively. During 1990-91, the proportion of expenditure on total education and higher as well as technical education increased to 3.34 per cent, 0.45 per cent and 0.15 per cent of GDP respectively. Between 1990-91 and 2000-01, the proportion for total education came down to 3.25 per cent, which has reduced further to 3.20 per cent during 2009-10. Proportion of expenditure on higher education was 0.48 per cent during 2000-01, which has reduced to 0.41 per cent in 2009-10. Proportionate expenditure on technical education has increased from 0.13 per cent in 2000-01 to 0.16 per cent in 2009-10. Similar trend has been observed for most of the states. For all the time period under study, states like Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu were spending relatively higher proportion of their GSDP on higher, technical and total education amongst major states of the country. The data also shows that for most of the states as well as India, proportionate expenditure has shown a declining trend for all the sectors except technical education after 1990-91. The figures clearly indicate the negligible priorities accorded to these two sub sectors of education. Relative neglect of higher and technical education in the government budget over the years could be one of the reasons for poor condition of these two sectors (Table I).
Table I
Expenditure* on Higher, Technical and Total Education – As per cent to GSDP
States
Expenditure on Higher Education as % to GSDP
Expenditure on Technical Education as % to GSDP
Expenditure on Total Education as % to GSDP
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2009- 10**
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2009- 10**
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2009- 10**
Andhra Pradesh
0.54
0.61
0.59
0.29
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.05
2.76
2.85
2.41
1.78
Bihar
0.11
0.49
0.02
0.57
0.05
0.08
0.02
0.02
2.79
4.53
0.51
4.49
Gujarat
0.20
0.32
0.36
0.14
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.07
2.33
3.17
3.25
1.32
Haryana
0.30
0.34
0.37
0.29
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.13
2.11
2.32
2.25
2.37
Karnataka
0.48
0.48
0.51
0.21
0.09
0.10
0.06
0.05
2.73
3.35
3.02
2.46
Kerala
0.52
0.66
0.53
0.36
0.21
0.22
0.15
0.11
4.92
5.40
3.52
2.63
Madhya
0.23
0.32
0.42
0.21
0.07
0.11
0.13
0.07
2.11
2.87
3.36
2.64
3. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 25 | P a g e
Pradesh
Maharashtra
0.31
0.33
0.45
0.19
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.07
2.32
2.65
3.69
2.10
Odisha
0.40
0.59
0.48
0.58
0.05
0.16
0.05
0.04
2.86
4.08
3.88
3.31
Punjab
0.28
0.38
0.29
0.24
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.03
2.73
2.64
2.40
1.81
Rajasthan
0.34
0.35
0.27
0.15
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.02
3.09
3.85
3.81
3.35
Tamil Nadu
0.51
0.42
0.35
0.24
0.11
0.14
0.09
0.05
2.91
4.03
2.93
2.21
Uttar Pradesh
0.22
0.30
0.28
0.22
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.03
2.23
3.75
3.24
3.26
West Bengal
0.36
0.52
0.47
0.39
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.09
2.37
3.89
3.12
2.70
India
0.36
0.45
0.48
0.41
0.10
0.15
0.13
0.16
2.55
3.34
3.25
3.20 Note:- * = Only Revenue Expenditure; ** = Budget Estimate Source: Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure (Different Years), Ministry of Human Resources Development, Various Reports, RBI.
Expenditure as per cent to Total Budgeted Expenditure : To assess the Government‟s emphasis on education relative to other public expenditure, it is important to understand the trends of public expenditure on education as per cent of total government expenditure. It also reflects the commitment of the government to invest in human capital formation. A higher percentage of government expenditure on education shows a high government priority for education relative to the perceived value of other public investment like defence, health care and other social and economic sectors. To study the relative importance given to higher and technical education, proportionate expenditure on both these sectors to total budgeted expenditure for major states has been calculated. Table II portrays a picture of the relative priority given to education sector by major states of India. Relevant data for four time periods viz 1980-81, 1990-91, 2000-01 and 2009-10, has been analysed to understand the pattern across different states. In India, the share of education to total government budget was 12.9 per cent in 1980-81, which has increased marginally to 13.3 per cent in 1990-91. The share of educational expenditure for total education has started declining during late 1990s. In 2000-01, the share of educational expenditure was 12.2 per cent, which has reduced further to 11.9 per cent. The priority given to higher education in India‟s budget declined from 1.9 per cent in 1980-81 to 1.5 per cent in 2009-10. The share of technical education in the country‟s budget remained almost stagnant around (0.5-0.6 per cent) during periods under study except for 2000-01 when the share has increased surprisingly to 4.04 per cent of total budgeted expenditure. Most of the states follow similar pattern in case of total educational expenditure. The share of total expenditure for most of the states declined during the period 1980-81 to 2009-10. During 2009-10, percentage share of educational expenditure to total expenditure across most of the states ranges from 17 per cent to 22 per cent. As regards the share of higher education is concerned, during 1980-81, the percentage expenditure for most of the state was hovering around 2 to 3.5 of their budgets. For technical education, during 1980-81, the share in total expenditure ranges around 0.4 to 0.6 per cent of total state budgets. As compared to other states, Kerala has given relatively more importance to this sector as 1.3 per cent total expenditure was on technical education in the state. Percentage share of this sector remained stagnant throughout the country over the periods under study. It is painful to realize that in this era of globalization, government is still not recognizing the importance of technical education (Table II).
Table II
Expenditure on Higher, technical and Total Education – As per cent to Total Budgeted Expenditure* States
Expenditure on Higher Education as % to Total Budgeted Expenditure
Expenditure on Technical Education as % to Total Budgeted Expenditure
Expenditure on Total Education as % to Total Budgeted Expenditure 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2009- 10** 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2009- 10** 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2009- 10**
Andhra Pradesh 3.8 3.83 3.71 2.2 0.6 0.5 2.46 0.4 19.5 18.0 15.1 13.8
4. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 26 | P a g e
Bihar 0.8 2.64 0.07 3.1 0.4 0.4 3.28 0.1 22.1 24.5 2.0 24.4 Gujarat 1.7 2.17 1.80 1.3 0.6 0.6 3.00 0.6 19.1 21.8 16.4 11.6 Haryana 2.6 2.37 3.01 2.6 0.4 0.4 3.05 1.1 17.8 16.4 18.3 20.8 Karnataka 3.3 2.82 3.31 1.5 0.6 0.6 1.89 0.3 18.9 19.7 19.6 17.9 Kerala 3.4 3.30 3.24 2.7 1.3 1.1 4.24 0.8 31.6 27.0 21.5 19.7 Madhya Pradesh 1.7 2.09 2.24 1.3 0.6 0.7 3.73 0.4 16.2 18.4 17.8 16.7 Maharashtra 2.7 2.45 3.00 1.8 0.7 0.8 3.66 0.7 20.1 19.5 24.9 20.0 Odisha 2.7 2.92 2.38 3.7 0.4 0.8 1.23 0.2 19.6 20.3 19.0 21.5 Punjab 2.5 2.86 1.85 1.7 0.3 0.4 1.76 0.2 25.0 19.8 15.3 13.3 Rajasthan 2.3 2.10 1.50 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.02 0.1 20.9 22.9 20.9 22.0 Tamil Nadu 3.6 2.32 2.37 1.9 0.8 0.8 3.20 0.4 20.4 22.4 19.8 17.6 Uttar Pradesh 2.0 1.72 1.66 1.3 0.5 0.6 1.66 0.2 20.2 21.8 19.0 19.1 West Bengal 3.3 3.54 3.05 2.7 0.8 0.5 1.76 0.6 22.0 26.4 20.3 18.7 India 1.9 1.78 1.79 1.5 0.5 0.6 4.04 0.6 12.9 13.3 12.2 11.9 Note:- * = Only Revenue Expenditure; ** = Budget Estimate Source: Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure (Different Years), Ministry of Human Resources Development, Various Reports, RBI.
Relative Priority within Education Sector : Public expenditure on various level/ stages of education shows that how financial resource for education has been distributed across the different levels or stages of education. Relatively high percentage of expenditures devoted to specific level of education denotes the priority given to that level of education in government‟s education policy and resource allocation. State wise study of expenditure on different sub sectors of education shows that during both the periods under study, primary education remained the most preferred sector across all states and due attention and priority has been given to this sector in budget of the state governments. During 1980-81, out of the total expenditure on education sector, India was spending 45.56 per cent on primary education, 30.73 per cent on secondary education, 0.75 per cent on adult education, 14.33 per cent on higher education, 4.06 per cent on technical education and 4.57 per cent on Physical education, general and language development. During 2009-10, share of these sub sectors have changed to 49.97 per cent, 30.67 per cent, 0.38 per cent, 12.76 per cent, 4.86 per cent and 1.36 per cent respectively. Between time period 1980-81 and 2009-10, higher education has experienced a decline in its percentage share and a very marginal increase has been observed in the share of technical education. Expenditure on technical education in some of the states like Tamil Nadu (2.20 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (2.57 per cent), Kerala (4.12 per cent), Maharashtra (3.14 per cent) and West Bengal (3.21 per cent) are relatively high during 2009-10. But, for underdeveloped states like Bihar, the share of technical education is only 0.44 per cent and clearly showed the complete negligence of this sector in the state. The state‟s spending on this sector is one of the lowest in the country. Any country or state cannot imagine of developing itself without increasing the technical capacity of its work force. It is therefore important that targets should be fixed and priority should be accorded before disbursement of the funds (Table III).
Table III
Percent Expenditure on each Subsector of Education to Total Expenditure on Education* States 1980-81 2009-10*** Elementary Education Secondary Education Adult Education Higher Education Technical Education Others** Elementary Education Secondary Education Adult Education Higher Education Technical Education Others** Andhra Pradesh 44.77 29.49 0.44 19.59 3.08 2.62 44.75 35.47 0.18 16.11 2.57 0.92
5. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 27 | P a g e
Bihar 73.53 16.77 0.31 3.79 1.63 3.96 66.92 18.12 0.22 12.62 0.44 1.69 Gujarat 52.91 30.26 0.82 8.77 3.22 4.01 54.09 27.82 0.40 10.83 4.99 1.87 Haryana 37.79 40.33 0.91 14.33 2.40 4.23 47.06 34.07 0.03 12.42 5.47 0.95 Karnataka 55.22 21.01 0.80 17.43 3.16 2.38 53.69 33.37 0.18 8.58 1.85 2.33 Kerala 54.48 28.37 0.04 10.63 4.22 2.28 37.96 43.21 0.09 13.84 4.12 0.77 Madhya Pradesh 47.82 34.79 0.97 10.81 3.41 2.19 63.50 25.23 0.01 8.08 2.69 0.49 Maharashtra 46.36 33.01 0.40 13.34 3.39 3.51 44.99 41.96 0.08 8.98 3.41 0.58 Odisha 42.10 37.21 0.46 14.00 1.85 4.39 54.17 26.47 0.07 17.45 1.11 0.74 Punjab 37.21 48.34 0.76 10.14 1.08 2.48 23.05 61.76 0.05 12.99 1.38 0.77 Rajasthan 54.06 31.01 0.29 10.93 0.97 2.74 59.43 34.16 0.14 4.41 0.60 1.26 Tamil Nadu 49.93 26.11 0.70 17.43 3.81 2.02 42.96 40.54 0.01 11.03 2.20 3.24 Uttar Pradesh 49.42 31.63 0.53 9.90 2.53 5.99 63.76 27.59 0.00 6.68 0.89 1.09 West Bengal 38.08 38.28 0.47 15.24 3.43 4.50 34.76 45.82 0.17 14.45 3.21 1.59 India 45.56 30.73 0.75 14.33 4.06 4.57 49.97 30.67 0.38 12.76 4.86 1.36 Note:- * = Only Revenue Expenditure; ** = includes exp on Physical edu, general and language development;***=Budget Estimate Source: Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure, Ministry of Human Resources Development (Various Years).
Components of Expenditure: Trends : After analyzing the trends of relative priorities accorded to higher and technical education across major states of the country, it is imperative to study the fine points of the various components of expenditure across different states in India. Revenue and Capital Account Expenditure : Table IV gives the state wise breakdown of revenue and capital expenditure by higher and technical education sector for two time periods, i.e. 2000-01 and 2009-10. It shows that during this period government spending was mainly from Revenue Account rather than from Capital Account across all states. During 2000-01, out of total expenditure on higher education in India, 99.55 per cent was from revenue account and 0.45 was from capital account. Percentage expenditure from capital account has increased to 2.66 per cent during 2009-10. In case of technical education, during 2000-01, India was spending 1.97 per cent of total expenditure on technical education from capital account and 98.03 per cent from revenue account. Share of capital account expenditure has increased to 9.65 per cent during 2009-10. Percentage share of capital account expenditure in higher and technical education for most of the states has increased substantially during 2009-10. Significant increase in capital expenditure has been observed in case of technical education across most of the states like Bihar (59.11 per cent), Gujarat (36.79 per cent), Karnataka (31.56 per cent), Punjab (53.68 per cent), and Uttar Pradesh (61.85 per cent). Expenditure on Revenue accounts constitutes the bulk of the budget expenditure on education in India and very little is spent on the Capital account. But this does not imply that there is little or no asset creation in education. One of the main reasons for low expenditure on Capital accounts is that the entire grants-in-aid, including grants for capital works is booked under revenue account and not under capital account. Secondly expenditure on construction activity is often shown under the budget heads of other departments (Anuradha De and Tanuka Endow, 2008). Both Central and State governments efforts to establish new universities and large number of general and professional institutions during the Eleventh Five Year Plan could be the reason for increase in capital account expenditure across most of the states. The recent progress in the capital expenditure on technical education shows that new avenues are coming up in this sector.
6. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 28 | P a g e
Table IV Revenue and Capital Expenditure on Higher & Technical Education - As % to their total Expenditure States Higher Education Technical Education 2000-01 2009-10 2000-01 2009-10 Revenue Account Capital Account Revenue Account Capital Account Revenue Account Capital Account Revenue Account Capital Account Andhra Pradesh 100.00 0.00 99.99 0.01 100.00 0.00 95.73 4.27 Bihar 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 40.89 59.11 Gujarat 100.00 0.00 94.78 5.22 98.21 1.79 63.21 36.79 Haryana 96.71 3.29 92.24 7.76 95.03 4.97 91.13 8.87 Karnataka 99.67 0.33 87.01 12.99 99.35 0.65 68.44 31.56 Kerala 99.59 0.41 99.44 0.56 92.05 7.95 88.27 11.73 Madhya Pradesh 99.79 0.21 95.01 4.21 99.29 0.71 89.00 11.00 Maharashtra 99.99 0.01 99.63 0.28 97.78 2.22 97.18 2.82 Odisha 98.51 1.37 99.40 0.60 99.98 0.02 100.00 0.00 Punjab 100.00 0.00 95.97 4.03 100.00 0.00 46.32 53.68 Rajasthan 99.81 0.15 99.33 0.67 100.00 0.00 84.66 15.34 Tamil Nadu 99.39 0.61 97.18 2.82 97.81 2.19 98.62 1.38 Uttar Pradesh 98.73 1.27 94.07 5.93 94.77 5.23 38.15 61.85 West Bengal 100.00 0.00 99.44 0.55 100.00 0.00 84.60 15.40 India 99.55 0.45 97.22 2.66 98.03 1.97 90.35 9.65 Note:- * = Only Revenue Expenditure; ** = Budget Estimate Source: Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure (Different Years), Ministry of Human Resources Development.
Plan and Non-Plan Expenditure : Plan expenditure is the expenditure which is incurred out of the funds provided under different Five Year Plans/ Annual Plans of the country. Non-plan expenditure is committed expenditure for the maintenance of the existing infrastructure. Non-plan expenditure is expected to increase steadily over the years. The scope for decreasing this expenditure is very limited, as it involves maintaining the stock of education infrastructure which has been determined by the policies in the previous years. During 2000- 01, the non-plan expenditure in higher education was 90.80 per cent and plan expenditure was 9.20 per cent in India. Significant expansion has been observed in the planned expenditure (29.10 per cent) of the government due to initiation of large number of new schemes and projects in the higher education sector in the country. Similar trend has been observed in the technical education sector of the country in which, planned expenditure has increased from 29.08 per cent in 2000-01 to 54.24 per cent in 2009-10. Unlike other states of the country, in higher education sector Bihar is mainly spending from its non-plan component. During 2000-01, planned expenditure in case of higher education was zero which has increased to 7.41 per cent during 2009-10. During 2000-01, plan expenditure was 10.83 per cent of total expenditure on technical education. The figure has increased to 12.38 per cent during 2009-10. Share of planned expenditure in both these sub sectors of education is much below share of other major states of the country (Table V). Table V Plan and Non-Plan Expenditure on Higher & Technical Education - as % to their total Expenditure States Higher Education Technical Education 2000-01 2009-10 2000-01 2009-10 Plan Non- Plan Plan Non- Plan Plan Non- Plan Plan Non- Plan Andhra Pradesh 0.75 99.25 30.96 69.04 8.29 91.71 48.70 51.30 Bihar 0.00 100.00 7.41 92.59 10.83 89.17 12.38 87.62 Gujarat 1.31 98.69 16.62 83.38 20.21 79.79 57.97 42.03 Haryana 4.07 95.93 26.21 73.79 48.13 51.87 45.16 54.84 Karnataka 3.34 96.66 18.23 81.77 14.97 85.03 39.47 60.53
7. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 29 | P a g e
Kerala 5.40 94.60 6.94 93.06 26.44 73.56 17.57 82.43 Madhya Pradesh 2.62 97.38 7.02 92.98 19.52 80.48 46.93 53.07 Maharashtra 0.80 99.20 0.65 99.35 3.06 96.94 3.43 96.57 Odisha 25.87 74.13 88.10 11.90 39.68 60.32 19.46 80.54 Punjab 0.60 99.40 0.31 99.69 46.17 53.83 3.98 96.02 Rajasthan 8.59 91.41 2.69 97.31 36.51 63.49 16.93 83.07 Tamil Nadu 1.67 98.33 0.58 99.42 2.12 97.88 18.94 81.06 Uttar Pradesh 2.84 97.16 4.06 95.94 2.17 97.83 30.32 69.68 West Bengal 1.96 98.04 6.93 93.07 14.71 85.29 55.52 44.48 India 9.20 90.80 29.10 70.90 29.08 70.92 54.24 45.76 Note:- * = Only Revenue Expenditure; ** = Budget Estimate Source: Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure (Different Years), Ministry of Human Resources Development.
Public Expenditure on Scholarships : Higher education holds an essential place in a student‟s life as it helps in building one‟s future. But, due to their weaker socio-economic status and poor financial conditions, some of the deserving candidates are unable to complete their higher studies. Scholarships‟ are meant for helping these needy students to build a better career in life. Scholarships have great potential for promoting equity in higher education, as large proportion of scholarships are meant especially for weaker sections of the society (CABE, 2005). Unfortunately, scholarships constitute a very small proportion of total expenditure in higher and technical education in India. During 2000-01, government was spending only 0.22 per cent of total higher education expenditure and 0.93 per cent of total technical education expenditure on scholarships. During 2009-10, percentage share of scholarships in higher and technical education has increased to 0.93 and 1.81 per cent respectively. The share of scholarships in both these sub sectors is almost negligible in most of the states. States like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra are spending relatively better amount on providing scholarships to students. At this juncture, when cost of living is so high due to high inflation, lesser availability of scholarships for students will seriously affect their effort to acquire higher level of education (Table VI).
Table VI
Public Expenditure* on Scholarships in Higher & Technical Education: As % to their Total Expenditure
States
Higher Education
Technical Education
2000-01
2009-10**
2000-01
2009-10** Andhra Pradesh 0.64 2.19 1.91 1.98 Bihar ... ... ... ... Gujarat ... ... ... ... Haryana 0.15 6.37 0.03 0.38 Karnataka 0.02 0.53 0.98 5.54 Kerala 0.08 1.63 0.00 4.22 Madhya Pradesh 0.05 0.39 0.15 0.04 Maharashtra 0.03 0.11 0.00 5.23 Odisha 0.34 0.43 0.00 ... Punjab 0.18 0.08 0.01 0.02 Rajasthan 0.12 0.21 ... ... Tamil Nadu 0.42 0.37 0.00 1.96 Uttar Pradesh 0.12 1.17 ... ... West Bengal 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.06 India 0.22 0.93 0.25 1.81 Note:- * = Only Revenue Expenditure; ** = Budget Estimate Source: Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure (Different Years), Ministry of Human Resources Development.
8. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 30 | P a g e
IV. CONCLUSION
It is evident from the above analysis that expenditure on total education and higher as well as technical education has increased substantially during the past few decades. However, the proportionate spending on overall education sector and higher education sector in particular is relatively very low as compared to developed countries in the world. The spending on technical education across major states is much below the desired level. The country is still far away from the limits prescribed by Kothari Commission and New Education Policy. Lower per capita expenditure in higher education has directly impacted the quality of higher education in the state. Less government spending has resulted into lesser availability of quality choices and poor academic infrastructure in states. Inadequate funding certainly would seriously affect the quality and quantum of our higher education, which will have further implications for growth and equity (CABE, 2005). Mismanagement of public expenditure and its weak linkages with outcomes could also be one of the reasons for poor delivery of services. Moreover, the study reveals that there exists wide inter-state disparity in terms of public expenditure on higher and technical education. Most of the states, which are spending very less on higher education, are witnessing lower college population index and lower gross enrollment ratio in higher education. Lower per capita spending and huge disparity in terms of spending across different states in the sector has further aggravated the problem. It is quite unfortunate to note that the amount of money spent by state governments on higher and technical education is not efficiently utilized. It clearly indicates that the action of the government has not been translated into the desired outcomes in case of higher and technical education across states. The vast differences in literacy, negligible growth of institutions, inadequate number of technical institutes across states in India poses question on the pattern of spending by the government. Though finances do not solve all problems, they are absolutely necessary for any improvement, even for maintenance of the system. Finances are not a sufficient condition for development, but they surely form a crucial necessary condition for development of higher education. REFERENCES
[1] Agarwal, P (2006). Higher Education in India: Need for Change, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) Working Paper No. 180.
[2] Altbach, Philip G. (2009). The Giants Awake: Higher Education Systems in China and India, Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. xliv no 23, pp 39-51.
[3] Barro, Robert J. (2001). Human capital and growth.American Economic Review, 91(2), pp 12- 17.
[4] Basu, M., & Gupta, A., (2010).Higher Education.Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLV No 37.
[5] Central Advisory Board of Education (2005). Report of the CABE Committee on Financing of Higher and Technical Education, New Delhi: NUEPA.
[6] Das Gupta. A.K. (1988).Employment and Manpower Planning in India, Manpower. Vol. XXIV No: 3, Oct-Dec.
[7] De, A. and Endow, T. (2008). Public Expenditure on Education in India: Recent Trends and Outcomes, Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty, Working Paper No. 18.
[8] Department of Finance (2012), Economic Survey 2011-12, Government of Bihar, Patna.
[9] Department of Higher Education (2011). Report of The Working Group on Higher Education for the XII Five Year Plan, New Delhi: Government of India.
[10] Gounden, A. M. Nalla (1967). Investment in Education in India. The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 347-358.
[11] Government of India (2009), National Knowledge Commission Report to the Nation 2006-09, accessed from www.knowledgecommission.gov.in.
[12] Hatekar, N. (2009). Changing Higher Education Scenario in India, Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. XLIV, No. 38, pp. 22-24.
[13] Keeley B. (2010). Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life (Indian Edition). New Delhi: Academic Foundation, OECD (2007).
[14] Kothari V. N. (2002). Should Higher Education in India be Self Financing, in K. SeetaPrabhu& R. Sudarshan (Ed.), “Reforming India's Social Sector: Poverty, Nutrition, Health and Education”, New Delhi: Social Science Press.
[15] Ministry of Education (1959). Education in the States 1956-57: A Statistical Survey, Government of India, New Delhi: Government of India Press.
[16] Ministry of Education (1965). Education in the States 1961-62: A Statistical Survey, Government of India, New Delhi: Government of India Press.
[17] Ministry of Finance (2009).Expenditure Budget Vol.12009-10, Government of India, New Delhi.
[18] Ministry of Human Resources Development, (1986). National Policy on Education 1986, New Delhi: Government of India.
[19] Ministry of Human Resource Development (1983).A Handbook of Educational and Allied Statistics. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
[20] Ministry of Human Resource Development (2008-09). Statistics of Higher and Technical Education. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development.
[21] Ministry of Human Resource Development (2009-10). Statistics of Higher and Technical Education. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development.
[22] Ministry of Human Resources Development (2011). Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education 2007-08 to 2009-10. Government of India, New Delhi.
[23] Mukherjee, Anit N. (2007). Public Expenditure on Education: A Review of Selected Issues and Evidence, Working paper No. 1, 2007 in Financing Human Development.
[24] OECD (2011). Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
[25] Planning Commission (2008). Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12). Government of India, New Delhi.
[26] Planning Commission (2003). Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07). Government of India, New Delhi.
9. Inter-State Variations in Public Spending…
www.ijhssi.org 31 | P a g e
[27] Rawat, D.and Chauhan, S. S. (2007). The relationship between public expenditure and status of education in India: An Input Output Approach, Paper to be Presented At Special Session on “Modelling Micro-Macro Interdependencies In Input Output Framework”, Sixteenth International Input Output Conference at Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul (Turkey), 2-7 July, 2007.
[28] Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. American Economic Review 5(1), pp.1-17
[29] Shankar, D. (2007). Education System Performance among Indian States: A Public Expenditure Efficiency Analysis using Linear Programming Methods, World Bank Working Paper No. 42117.
[30] University Grant Commission (2008). Report of Higher Education In India: Issues related to Expansion, Inclusiveness, Quality and Finance. New Delhi: University Grant Commission.
[31] University Grants Commission (2011). Higher Education in India, New Delhi: University Grants Commission.
[32] Yogish, S. N. (2006). Education and Economic Development. Indian Journal of Social Development, 6 (2), pp 255-270.