International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
this ppt has about chapter novel society and history .
it has info from novels in hindi, bengali, assami ,oriya..
this has been made by students of class 10
hope it helps you :)
China has the largest population of any country and a long history of literature dating back over 3,000 years. Chinese literature exists in various genres and was influenced by other Asian cultures while also developing unique forms like classical poetry and plays. The Tang Dynasty in particular saw many renowned poets and works produced. Arthur Waley helped introduce Chinese and Japanese literature to Western audiences through his translations in the early 20th century.
This document provides an overview of 21st century Asian literature. It defines various modern literary genres such as spoken word poetry, chick lit, and graphic novels. It then summarizes 10 award-winning works of 21st century Asian literature, including novels from the Philippines, India, China, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. These novels address issues such as political corruption, social discrimination, and life after major historical events like China's Cultural Revolution. Brief descriptions of the novels' plots and accolades are given.
Early Japanese literature was heavily influenced by Chinese and Indian literature due to cultural connections. Japanese folklore is influenced by Shintoism and Buddhism, and features supernatural tales. As Japan developed, its literature diverged from Chinese influences but classical Chinese remained influential until the late Edo period. Major periods of Japanese literature include the Nara, Heian, Kamakura-Muromachi, Edo, and postwar eras. Poetry forms such as waka, haiku, and tanka emerged and prominent poets included Matsuo Basho.
Vietnamese literature developed early and includes both folk literature and written literature. Folk literature, including legends, folk songs, and epics, had a profound influence on Vietnamese culture and praised beauty, humanity, and goodness. Written literature first emerged in the 10th century using Chinese characters and the Vietnamese chữ Nôm script, with well-known works including The Tale of Kieu by Nguyễn Du. In the 20th century, Vietnamese literature transitioned to using the Vietnamese quốc ngữ romanized alphabet. Vietnamese literature has traditionally featured patriotism and humanism.
Sri Aurobindo viewed India's culture as having a long and rich history defined by its spiritual aims and creative expression. He saw India's downfall in recent centuries as necessary discipline to prepare it for a new renaissance by reviving the national spirit through education reform and political change. Aurobindo advocated accepting useful aspects of modernity while uniquely fusing them with India's ancient spirituality to create a new era of prosperity, power, and national character.
Rabindranath Tagore was a famous Indian writer born in 1861 in Calcutta. He wrote novels, short stories, poems, and plays in both Bengali and English. Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his collection Gitanjali. Some of his most famous works include Gora, Gitanjali, and he composed India and Bangladesh's national anthems. Tagore founded an ashram and school in Shantiniketan that emphasized the arts and connecting with nature. He was a highly influential writer who helped spread Indian and Bengali culture through his creative works.
Indian English literature (IEL) refers to works written in English by Indian authors. It began in the 1930s with writers like R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao contributing to Indian fiction. IEL is also associated with works by members of the Indian diaspora. While initially influenced by Western novels, IEL developed styles using English blended with Indian terms to represent Indian experiences. Notable later IEL writers include Salman Rushdie, whose novel Midnight's Children blended languages, and Arundhati Roy.
this ppt has about chapter novel society and history .
it has info from novels in hindi, bengali, assami ,oriya..
this has been made by students of class 10
hope it helps you :)
China has the largest population of any country and a long history of literature dating back over 3,000 years. Chinese literature exists in various genres and was influenced by other Asian cultures while also developing unique forms like classical poetry and plays. The Tang Dynasty in particular saw many renowned poets and works produced. Arthur Waley helped introduce Chinese and Japanese literature to Western audiences through his translations in the early 20th century.
This document provides an overview of 21st century Asian literature. It defines various modern literary genres such as spoken word poetry, chick lit, and graphic novels. It then summarizes 10 award-winning works of 21st century Asian literature, including novels from the Philippines, India, China, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. These novels address issues such as political corruption, social discrimination, and life after major historical events like China's Cultural Revolution. Brief descriptions of the novels' plots and accolades are given.
Early Japanese literature was heavily influenced by Chinese and Indian literature due to cultural connections. Japanese folklore is influenced by Shintoism and Buddhism, and features supernatural tales. As Japan developed, its literature diverged from Chinese influences but classical Chinese remained influential until the late Edo period. Major periods of Japanese literature include the Nara, Heian, Kamakura-Muromachi, Edo, and postwar eras. Poetry forms such as waka, haiku, and tanka emerged and prominent poets included Matsuo Basho.
Vietnamese literature developed early and includes both folk literature and written literature. Folk literature, including legends, folk songs, and epics, had a profound influence on Vietnamese culture and praised beauty, humanity, and goodness. Written literature first emerged in the 10th century using Chinese characters and the Vietnamese chữ Nôm script, with well-known works including The Tale of Kieu by Nguyễn Du. In the 20th century, Vietnamese literature transitioned to using the Vietnamese quốc ngữ romanized alphabet. Vietnamese literature has traditionally featured patriotism and humanism.
Sri Aurobindo viewed India's culture as having a long and rich history defined by its spiritual aims and creative expression. He saw India's downfall in recent centuries as necessary discipline to prepare it for a new renaissance by reviving the national spirit through education reform and political change. Aurobindo advocated accepting useful aspects of modernity while uniquely fusing them with India's ancient spirituality to create a new era of prosperity, power, and national character.
Rabindranath Tagore was a famous Indian writer born in 1861 in Calcutta. He wrote novels, short stories, poems, and plays in both Bengali and English. Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his collection Gitanjali. Some of his most famous works include Gora, Gitanjali, and he composed India and Bangladesh's national anthems. Tagore founded an ashram and school in Shantiniketan that emphasized the arts and connecting with nature. He was a highly influential writer who helped spread Indian and Bengali culture through his creative works.
Indian English literature (IEL) refers to works written in English by Indian authors. It began in the 1930s with writers like R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao contributing to Indian fiction. IEL is also associated with works by members of the Indian diaspora. While initially influenced by Western novels, IEL developed styles using English blended with Indian terms to represent Indian experiences. Notable later IEL writers include Salman Rushdie, whose novel Midnight's Children blended languages, and Arundhati Roy.
Nissim Ezekiel was an influential Indian Jewish poet who helped establish English poetry in post-independence India. He incorporated both romantic and modern elements into his poetry, addressing themes of urban life, Indian identity, skepticism, and social commentary. Ezekiel received numerous honors, including the Sahitya Akademi award in 1983 and Padma Shri in 1988, for his contributions to Indian English literature and establishing it as a medium beyond purely spiritual themes.
This document provides biographical information about several Indian writers:
1. R.K. Narayan was a leading figure of Indian literature in English. Some of his notable works include Swami and Friends and The Guide. He received several honors including the Padma Bhushan and Sahitya Akademi Award.
2. Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music. He was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Some of his notable works include Gitanjali and Gora.
3. Vikram Seth is an Indian novelist and poet. His notable works include A Suitable Boy and The Golden
Japanese literature has a long history dating back to the Yamato/Kofun period in the 3rd-8th centuries CE. Major developments include the introduction of Chinese writing, Buddhism, and Confucianism during this time. The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century, is considered the world's first novel and provides insights into aristocratic Heian period culture and society. Traditional Japanese genres that developed include haiku poetry, Noh drama, and Kabuki theater. Modern Japanese media like anime and films continue to be influenced by traditional literary and artistic forms.
Vietnamese literature has its origins in oral traditions but emerged in written form in the 10th century. It was written primarily in Classical Chinese, Chữ Nôm script, and since the early 20th century, Quốc Ngữ. Folk literature including myths, legends, and Cadao poems helped preserve Vietnamese language and culture over centuries of Chinese domination. In the early 20th century, a literary revolution occurred as poets adopted Western styles and broke from classical traditions, sparking debates between modernists and traditionalists.
Japanese literature spans almost two millennia and evolved significantly over time. It was initially influenced by Chinese literature but developed a distinct style. The earliest works were the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles in the 8th century, while the 11th century Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is considered a masterpiece. Medieval literature reflected Zen Buddhism and the rise of warriors. Popular genres like kabuki drama flourished in the Edo period alongside haiku and novels. The Meiji period saw Western influences and debate over the modernization of language in literature.
1. The modern Japanese writing system uses three scripts: kanji (Chinese characters), hiragana (for native words), and katakana (for foreign words).
2. Classical Japanese literature is traditionally divided into four periods: Jōdai (Antiquity), Chūko (Middle Antiquity), Chūsei (Middle Ages), and Kinsei (Recent Past).
3. The oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry is the Man'yōshū compiled in the 8th century, which contains poems reflecting both Confucian/Taoist and Buddhist themes and helped develop the kana writing system.
This document summarizes biographies of several Indian English poets, including Rabindranath Tagore, Arundhati Roy, Dilip Chitre, Salman Rushdie, Arun Kolatkar, Sarojini Naidu, Nissim Ezekiel, and Keki Daruwalla. The objectives of the study are to enhance students' ability to understand hidden meanings, learn poetic devices, and understand the lives of English poets from India. Brief biographies are provided for each poet mentioned, covering details like their place of birth, important works, and background.
Indian literature can be primarily classified by era into ancient, medieval, and contemporary periods. The ancient period includes Vedic literature from 1500 BC as well as epic Sanskrit literature. Classical Sanskrit literature from around the time of Kalidasa is also considered ancient. Kalidasa is often seen as the greatest Sanskrit playwright and poet, known for works like Abhijnansakuntalam and Meghaduta. Indian literature is the oldest in the world and includes a variety of works across its many languages.
This document provides an overview of Japanese literature from ancient to modern times. It discusses major periods such as the Nara Period, Heian Period, and Edo Period. Literary works that emerged in these eras include The Tale of Genji novel, Pillow Book essays, Haiku poetry of Matsuo Basho, and Chikamatsu Monzaemon's joruri theater works. The document also briefly outlines religious influences on literature and defines characteristics of Haiku poetry and other Japanese literary forms.
Japan is also known as the Land of the Rising Sun. Its capital city is Tokyo. The four main forms of Japanese poetry are kanshi, waka, tanka, and haiku. Haiku are 3-line verses with a 5-7-5 pattern. The periods of Japanese literature include the Nara, Heian, Cloistered Rule, Kamakura, Nanboku-cho, Sengoku, and Pre-Modern periods. The Nara period established the Great Buddha at Todai-ji temple in Nara by order of Emperor Shomu.
Japanese literature ( by group 2 , 12- Modeller in 21st century)angeloganitnit
This document provides a summary of the history of Japanese literature from early writings through modern times. It discusses how early Japanese texts were influenced by Chinese models and transitioned to a hybrid style. It highlights the Heian period as a golden age of art and literature dominated by aristocratic poetry. Subsequent periods saw the development of warrior tales, histories, drama, and the rise of popular forms. The document outlines significant authors and works through different historical periods and genres.
Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore wrote poetry and stories that modernized Bengali literature by introducing new forms and styles. He founded an ashram and school called Santiniketan that aimed to promote education. Tagore traveled widely in Asia, Europe, and North America, exposing the West to Indian culture and vice versa. He was a prominent figure in the Bengal Renaissance and advocated for Indian independence from British rule.
This presentation tackles about Asian Literature, more specifically, about Japan Literature. It discusses more about the literature that is made every period.
This document provides brief biographies and background information about 10 notable Indian authors and the works they are known for. It begins by asking multiple choice questions about authors such as Mulk Raj Anand, Munshi Premchand, Mahashweta Devi, Pandit Mange Ram Sangi, Vishnu Sharma, Sant Kavi Surdas, Tulsidas, Sudraka, Kalidasa, Shashi Deshpande, Nayantara Sahgal, and Aravind Adiga and their famous works like Untouchable, Shatranj Ke Khiladi, Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa, Panchatantra, Sur Sagar, Ramcharitmanas, M
The Noh play "Atsumori" by Zeami Motokiyo revisits the encounter between Naozone, now a monk named Rensho, and the ghost of Atsumori disguised as a grass cutter. It depicts Atsumori's ghost recalling the final night before his death through song, dance, and flute playing. The play emphasizes Buddhist values of pacifism and atonement through religious ritual, and explores the transformation of enemies into friends and the transience of life.
Japan has a rich cultural history reflected in its styles, literature, and ceremonies. Traditional Japanese clothing like kimonos and yukatas are now typically worn only for special occasions. Japanese literature is one of the major literatures of the world and includes classic works like The Tale of Genji from the 11th century. Traditional ceremonies in Japan mark important life events from birth to death as well as seasonal festivals celebrating harvests.
This document provides an overview of the literary history and periods of India. It discusses the Vedic period from 1500 BC to 500 BC, where sacred hymns like the Rigveda were composed and orally transmitted. The Epic and Buddhist age from 500 BC to AD saw the composition of major epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The Classical period from AD to 1000 AD was dominated by Sanskrit literature including plays like Sakuntala. The document also outlines the Medieval and Modern periods and provides examples of works from each era. In addition, it describes the major Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, their core beliefs, and important religious texts.
Early Japanese literature was heavily influenced by Chinese literature and Buddhism. Notable early works included the Kojiki and Nihongi chronicles from the 8th century CE. During the Heian period, the Tale of Genji was written and became a masterpiece. Later medieval literature included war tales and histories. The Edo period saw the development of many genres. The Meiji period brought Western influences as Japan modernized. Post-war literature explored defeat in World War II and its aftermath, while contemporary works cover diverse social and political issues.
This document discusses the history and development of Indian English literature. It begins by mentioning Salman Rushdie's quote about literature opening doors to imagination and understanding. It then discusses Sake Dean Mahomet, considered the first Indian to write a book in English in the 18th century. Indian English literature refers to works written in English by Indian authors, and also the Indian diaspora such as Salman Rushdie. Writers like Rabindranath Tagore inspired Indians and his translations helped popularize English. The document goes on to list many influential Indian English authors and their contributions to literature.
Modern Poetic Trends of Odisha versus the Neoteric Strives of Guruprasadijtsrd
"This paper tries to bring out the literary trends of Odia
literature from nineteenth century to the last part of
twentieth century. With reference to the long literary
passage of some 175 years attempts have be
to introduce Guruprasad Mohanty and churn out the
specialty by the by of his poetry. How the passage
runs, with what level of frequency and with what
newness- all these things are discussed here in this
article. What was the need of the modern lite
and why it is so- everything in this regard has been
discussed along with various proofs. The real and
underneath reasons of complexity of this post
independence literature or the attitude and nature of
this literature (especially poetry) are brough
Especially, here efforts have been taken to
differentiate between the pre-independence and post
independence literature. Again, in one of the sections,
there is a sketch of influences, inspirations and
impacts of T.S. Eliot, his life, literatur
style and personal doctrines. Further, how he has
influences Guruprasad Mohanty has also been
discussed with ample examples. Overall an
assessment has been made on the originality of
Guruprasad’s literature as well of the attempts of
some other contemporary poets of this period."
East Asian literature has a long history, with China having an unbroken literary tradition dating back to the 14th century BCE. Japan was influenced by Chinese language and literature but developed unique genres like haiku. Korean poetry was originally written in Classical Chinese but later included transliterations of Chinese works. Indian literature has roots in ancient Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. Contemporary Asian writers have continued strong literary traditions while also being influenced by Western ideas, with some facing challenges around censorship and political conflicts.
Nissim Ezekiel was an influential Indian Jewish poet who helped establish English poetry in post-independence India. He incorporated both romantic and modern elements into his poetry, addressing themes of urban life, Indian identity, skepticism, and social commentary. Ezekiel received numerous honors, including the Sahitya Akademi award in 1983 and Padma Shri in 1988, for his contributions to Indian English literature and establishing it as a medium beyond purely spiritual themes.
This document provides biographical information about several Indian writers:
1. R.K. Narayan was a leading figure of Indian literature in English. Some of his notable works include Swami and Friends and The Guide. He received several honors including the Padma Bhushan and Sahitya Akademi Award.
2. Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music. He was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Some of his notable works include Gitanjali and Gora.
3. Vikram Seth is an Indian novelist and poet. His notable works include A Suitable Boy and The Golden
Japanese literature has a long history dating back to the Yamato/Kofun period in the 3rd-8th centuries CE. Major developments include the introduction of Chinese writing, Buddhism, and Confucianism during this time. The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century, is considered the world's first novel and provides insights into aristocratic Heian period culture and society. Traditional Japanese genres that developed include haiku poetry, Noh drama, and Kabuki theater. Modern Japanese media like anime and films continue to be influenced by traditional literary and artistic forms.
Vietnamese literature has its origins in oral traditions but emerged in written form in the 10th century. It was written primarily in Classical Chinese, Chữ Nôm script, and since the early 20th century, Quốc Ngữ. Folk literature including myths, legends, and Cadao poems helped preserve Vietnamese language and culture over centuries of Chinese domination. In the early 20th century, a literary revolution occurred as poets adopted Western styles and broke from classical traditions, sparking debates between modernists and traditionalists.
Japanese literature spans almost two millennia and evolved significantly over time. It was initially influenced by Chinese literature but developed a distinct style. The earliest works were the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles in the 8th century, while the 11th century Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is considered a masterpiece. Medieval literature reflected Zen Buddhism and the rise of warriors. Popular genres like kabuki drama flourished in the Edo period alongside haiku and novels. The Meiji period saw Western influences and debate over the modernization of language in literature.
1. The modern Japanese writing system uses three scripts: kanji (Chinese characters), hiragana (for native words), and katakana (for foreign words).
2. Classical Japanese literature is traditionally divided into four periods: Jōdai (Antiquity), Chūko (Middle Antiquity), Chūsei (Middle Ages), and Kinsei (Recent Past).
3. The oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry is the Man'yōshū compiled in the 8th century, which contains poems reflecting both Confucian/Taoist and Buddhist themes and helped develop the kana writing system.
This document summarizes biographies of several Indian English poets, including Rabindranath Tagore, Arundhati Roy, Dilip Chitre, Salman Rushdie, Arun Kolatkar, Sarojini Naidu, Nissim Ezekiel, and Keki Daruwalla. The objectives of the study are to enhance students' ability to understand hidden meanings, learn poetic devices, and understand the lives of English poets from India. Brief biographies are provided for each poet mentioned, covering details like their place of birth, important works, and background.
Indian literature can be primarily classified by era into ancient, medieval, and contemporary periods. The ancient period includes Vedic literature from 1500 BC as well as epic Sanskrit literature. Classical Sanskrit literature from around the time of Kalidasa is also considered ancient. Kalidasa is often seen as the greatest Sanskrit playwright and poet, known for works like Abhijnansakuntalam and Meghaduta. Indian literature is the oldest in the world and includes a variety of works across its many languages.
This document provides an overview of Japanese literature from ancient to modern times. It discusses major periods such as the Nara Period, Heian Period, and Edo Period. Literary works that emerged in these eras include The Tale of Genji novel, Pillow Book essays, Haiku poetry of Matsuo Basho, and Chikamatsu Monzaemon's joruri theater works. The document also briefly outlines religious influences on literature and defines characteristics of Haiku poetry and other Japanese literary forms.
Japan is also known as the Land of the Rising Sun. Its capital city is Tokyo. The four main forms of Japanese poetry are kanshi, waka, tanka, and haiku. Haiku are 3-line verses with a 5-7-5 pattern. The periods of Japanese literature include the Nara, Heian, Cloistered Rule, Kamakura, Nanboku-cho, Sengoku, and Pre-Modern periods. The Nara period established the Great Buddha at Todai-ji temple in Nara by order of Emperor Shomu.
Japanese literature ( by group 2 , 12- Modeller in 21st century)angeloganitnit
This document provides a summary of the history of Japanese literature from early writings through modern times. It discusses how early Japanese texts were influenced by Chinese models and transitioned to a hybrid style. It highlights the Heian period as a golden age of art and literature dominated by aristocratic poetry. Subsequent periods saw the development of warrior tales, histories, drama, and the rise of popular forms. The document outlines significant authors and works through different historical periods and genres.
Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore wrote poetry and stories that modernized Bengali literature by introducing new forms and styles. He founded an ashram and school called Santiniketan that aimed to promote education. Tagore traveled widely in Asia, Europe, and North America, exposing the West to Indian culture and vice versa. He was a prominent figure in the Bengal Renaissance and advocated for Indian independence from British rule.
This presentation tackles about Asian Literature, more specifically, about Japan Literature. It discusses more about the literature that is made every period.
This document provides brief biographies and background information about 10 notable Indian authors and the works they are known for. It begins by asking multiple choice questions about authors such as Mulk Raj Anand, Munshi Premchand, Mahashweta Devi, Pandit Mange Ram Sangi, Vishnu Sharma, Sant Kavi Surdas, Tulsidas, Sudraka, Kalidasa, Shashi Deshpande, Nayantara Sahgal, and Aravind Adiga and their famous works like Untouchable, Shatranj Ke Khiladi, Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa, Panchatantra, Sur Sagar, Ramcharitmanas, M
The Noh play "Atsumori" by Zeami Motokiyo revisits the encounter between Naozone, now a monk named Rensho, and the ghost of Atsumori disguised as a grass cutter. It depicts Atsumori's ghost recalling the final night before his death through song, dance, and flute playing. The play emphasizes Buddhist values of pacifism and atonement through religious ritual, and explores the transformation of enemies into friends and the transience of life.
Japan has a rich cultural history reflected in its styles, literature, and ceremonies. Traditional Japanese clothing like kimonos and yukatas are now typically worn only for special occasions. Japanese literature is one of the major literatures of the world and includes classic works like The Tale of Genji from the 11th century. Traditional ceremonies in Japan mark important life events from birth to death as well as seasonal festivals celebrating harvests.
This document provides an overview of the literary history and periods of India. It discusses the Vedic period from 1500 BC to 500 BC, where sacred hymns like the Rigveda were composed and orally transmitted. The Epic and Buddhist age from 500 BC to AD saw the composition of major epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The Classical period from AD to 1000 AD was dominated by Sanskrit literature including plays like Sakuntala. The document also outlines the Medieval and Modern periods and provides examples of works from each era. In addition, it describes the major Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, their core beliefs, and important religious texts.
Early Japanese literature was heavily influenced by Chinese literature and Buddhism. Notable early works included the Kojiki and Nihongi chronicles from the 8th century CE. During the Heian period, the Tale of Genji was written and became a masterpiece. Later medieval literature included war tales and histories. The Edo period saw the development of many genres. The Meiji period brought Western influences as Japan modernized. Post-war literature explored defeat in World War II and its aftermath, while contemporary works cover diverse social and political issues.
This document discusses the history and development of Indian English literature. It begins by mentioning Salman Rushdie's quote about literature opening doors to imagination and understanding. It then discusses Sake Dean Mahomet, considered the first Indian to write a book in English in the 18th century. Indian English literature refers to works written in English by Indian authors, and also the Indian diaspora such as Salman Rushdie. Writers like Rabindranath Tagore inspired Indians and his translations helped popularize English. The document goes on to list many influential Indian English authors and their contributions to literature.
Modern Poetic Trends of Odisha versus the Neoteric Strives of Guruprasadijtsrd
"This paper tries to bring out the literary trends of Odia
literature from nineteenth century to the last part of
twentieth century. With reference to the long literary
passage of some 175 years attempts have be
to introduce Guruprasad Mohanty and churn out the
specialty by the by of his poetry. How the passage
runs, with what level of frequency and with what
newness- all these things are discussed here in this
article. What was the need of the modern lite
and why it is so- everything in this regard has been
discussed along with various proofs. The real and
underneath reasons of complexity of this post
independence literature or the attitude and nature of
this literature (especially poetry) are brough
Especially, here efforts have been taken to
differentiate between the pre-independence and post
independence literature. Again, in one of the sections,
there is a sketch of influences, inspirations and
impacts of T.S. Eliot, his life, literatur
style and personal doctrines. Further, how he has
influences Guruprasad Mohanty has also been
discussed with ample examples. Overall an
assessment has been made on the originality of
Guruprasad’s literature as well of the attempts of
some other contemporary poets of this period."
East Asian literature has a long history, with China having an unbroken literary tradition dating back to the 14th century BCE. Japan was influenced by Chinese language and literature but developed unique genres like haiku. Korean poetry was originally written in Classical Chinese but later included transliterations of Chinese works. Indian literature has roots in ancient Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. Contemporary Asian writers have continued strong literary traditions while also being influenced by Western ideas, with some facing challenges around censorship and political conflicts.
Chinese literature developed over a long period of time and includes volumes of poems, stories, and novels influenced by religious concepts. During the Tang Dynasty, the poets Li Po and Tu Fu became popular, with Tu Fu writing about war and Li Po about love. Ssuma Chien was China's great historian and first to write a comprehensive history of China. Lu Hsun introduced modern Chinese literature and criticized traditional works through pieces like "A Madman's Diary". Iranian writers like Ferdowsi and Omar Khayyam also produced influential works, with Ferdowsi writing the epic poem Shahnameh and Omar Khayyam writing the Rubaiyat.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Introduction to indian writing in english pre-independenceParmar Milan
This document provides an overview of Indian writing in English (IWE). It discusses how IWE began with colonial encounters between India and Britain. Early writers included Henry Derozio, Rabindranath Tagore, and Bankimchandra Chatterjee. IWE differs from other English literatures in its subjects, styles, cultural influences, and themes focused on Indian experiences. The document examines debates around terminology for IWE and provides brief biographies of major IWE poets, novelists, and dramatists like Sarojini Naidu, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao.
Rabindranath Tagore also written Rabindranatha Thakura was born 7 May 1861 Tagore (nicknamed " Rabi ") was born in the Jorasanko mansion in Kolkata to parents Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi, In 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, they had five children, two of whom died in childhood. sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
What is Literature?
Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment, and can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.
Literature Of Jammu & Kashmir
The literature of Kashmir dates back to many centuries and it revolves mainly around three languages, Sanskrit, Persian, and Kashmiri besides Urdu, Hindi, and other languages.
Jammu Kashmir has a very rich literary history as it has contributed a lot to the field of literature and produced eminent poets and writers. Works of Kashmiri writers have been accolade internationally.
The dawn of Kashmiri literature started 2500 years back when it started with Sanskrit and other languages. However, original literature in the Kashmiri language started 750 years ago.
The literature began with the work of
three main poets: –
Srikanth
Lalla Ded
Sheikh Noor-ud-Din
ShitiKanth’s prime work Mahayana Prakash is a graceful composition.
It was written in Twelfth-Century and consists of 94 lakhs each followed by translation and explanation in Sanskrit.
The greatest poet of the Kashmiri language so far is LalDed. She is the most abiding influence on Kashmiri literature.
She and her contemporary, Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani have become famous literary icons in Kashmir. People have engulfed them in a great moss of myth and legend.
Sheikh was a missionary who used poetry as a medium of individual and social reform. Another rhetorical poetess, who used to sing her own verse, was HabbaKhaatoon, the wife of Mughal Emperor Yousuf Shah Chak.
Kashmir has a rich legacy of literary writers who contributed a lot to the world of literature. The following list of poets who accolade globally and won many awards.
INTRODUCTION OF PAKISTANI LITERATURE GROUP 1.pptxzakrarana
This document discusses Pakistani literature written in English and the criticism surrounding third world literatures written in English more broadly. It notes that Pakistani literature in English was first termed by Dr. Alamgir Hashmi. It discusses how third world literatures are often judged based on their portrayal of nationalism, colonialism, and political conflicts rather than just artistic merit. The document also examines how language plays a role in discussions of third world literatures and how critics have debated whether English can accurately convey themes of national identity.
Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet, novelist, musician, and painter. He was born in 1861 in Kolkata and died in 1941. He is best known for his works Gitanjali and Gora, for which he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore founded an experimental school at Shantiniketan which emphasized connecting to nature and global unity. He was a spiritual humanist who believed in individual freedom within spiritual and social bonds between all people.
This document provides an overview of literature from the continent of Asia. It discusses the major literary traditions and histories from regions across Asia, including East Asia (China, Korea, Japan), the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, noting influential authors and works. For each region, important texts and representative authors are highlighted, such as Li Po, Du Fu, and Wang Wei from China, Ch'oe Nam-Seon and Yi Kwang-su from Korea, Ryunosuke Akutagawa, Yukio Mishima, and Haruki Murakami from Japan, Taha Hussein and Adonis from the Middle East, and Rabindranath Tagore from India. The document emphasizes that Asian literature
1. Assamese literature has its origins in the 7th century AD, though the earliest known works are the Charyyapadas Buddhist songs from the 8th-12th centuries.
2. In the 13th-14th centuries, works like the Ramayana translation and poems about characters from the Mahabharata were written under royal patronage, indicating Sanskrit works had influenced Assamese literature.
3. The golden age of Assamese literature began in the 15th century under Sankaradeva, a saint-poet who incorporated influences from Sanskrit works while using the Assamese language.
The earliest literary works in India were Sanskrit Vedic texts from 1500-1200 BCE, including hymns that were orally transmitted. Two important poetic works were the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics from 600 BCE-100 CE. Classical Sanskrit literature flourished from the 11th century BCE to the early 19th century CE and included works by authors like Kalidasa. Indian literature was then influenced by Buddhist, Jain, and regional languages as well as foreign invaders and British colonization. Modern Indian literature emerged in the 19th century and incorporated both Western influences and indigenous traditions.
- Print culture emerged in Europe after the advent of the printing press and involved all forms of printed text and visual communication.
- Two prominent scholars who studied print culture are Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted print culture with earlier scribal culture, and Walter Ong, who contrasted written culture to oral culture.
- The history of books follows technological innovations that improved text preservation, access to information, portability and production costs. This history is linked to political, economic, and religious developments.
East Asian Literature (China, Japan & Korea)Jovilyn Henson
The document discusses literature from East Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. It provides an overview of the history and major developments in each country. In China, it describes the origins of literature in ancient dynasties and philosophers like Confucius. It highlights prominent poets from the Tang Dynasty like Li Po and Wang Wei. In Japan, it outlines the earliest writings and influential forms of drama like Noh plays and poetry styles like Haiku. Korean literature evolved from oral traditions and was influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism, with major themes around loyalty and relationships.
This document provides an overview of 21st century literature from the Philippines and around the world. It discusses representative texts and authors from several regions in Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, and others. For each country or region, several influential authors are mentioned along with short summaries of some of their most notable works. The document aims to familiarize students with literary traditions and movements across Asia.
1. Print culture emerged in Europe after the advent of the printing press and involved all forms of printed text and visual communication. It contrasted with earlier scribal culture where manuscripts were handwritten.
2. The history of books followed technological innovations that improved text preservation, access to information, portability and production costs. This was linked to political, economic, and religious developments.
3. The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, revolutionized book production by allowing movable type and faster, more affordable printing of books. This spread ideas and knowledge more widely.
Indian English Poetry- A Presentation.pptxAnkurArya25
This document provides an overview of the presentation on Indian English Poetry. It discusses the evolution and beginnings of IEP, from the pre-independence era to post-independence. The major poets of each era are discussed, including Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Toru Dutt, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Sarojini Naidu, Nissim Ezekiel, Dom Moraes, A.K. Ramanujan, and Arun Kolatkar. The chief characteristics and themes of IEP are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Indian literature and languages. It discusses the major works and time periods of literature in Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Telugu and other Indian languages. Some key points:
- Sanskrit literature began with the Vedas dating back to 1500-1200 BCE. Epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata appeared later.
- Regional languages like Kannada, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Hindi began appearing between the 9th-10th centuries.
- Major figures and works discussed for each language include the plays of Kalidasa in Sanskrit, medieval Bhakti poets in Hindi/Marathi, Eknath for Marathi
Early 20th century Assamese writers attempted to highlight Assam's history but took a subjective, emotional approach rather than an objective, scientific one. Padmanath Gohain Barua and Lakshminath Bezbarua wrote plays, histories, and translations that portrayed heroic figures from Assam's past to inspire patriotism, though they were not fully detached analyses. Ananda Chandra Agarwala also glorified ancient Assam's history and heroes but accepted religious scriptures uncritically as fact. Benudhar Sarma emphasized biographies of national heroes and heroines to inspire people and bring neglected aspects of history to light through colorful prose. However, their works promoted nationalistic sentiments over objective scholarship.
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Mr. Brainwash ❤️ Beautiful Girl _ FRANK FLUEGEL GALERIE.pdfFrank Fluegel
Mr. Brainwash Beautiful Girl / Mixed Media / signed / Unique
Year: 2023
Format: 96,5 x 127 cm / 37.8 x 50 inch
Material: Fine Art Paper with hand-torn edges.
Method: Mixed Media, Stencil, Spray Paint.
Edition: Unique
Other: handsigned by Mr. Brainwash front and verso.
Beautiful Girl by Mr. Brainwash is a mixed media artwork on paper done in 2023. It is unique and of course signed by Mr. Brainwash. The picture is a tribute to his own most successful work of art, the Balloon Girl. In this new creation, however, the theme of the little girl is slightly modified.
In Mr. Brainwash’s mixed media artwork titled “Beautiful Girl,” we are presented with a captivating depiction of a little girl adorned in a summer dress, with two playful pigtails framing her face. The artwork exudes a sense of innocence and whimsy, as the girl is shown in a dreamy state, lifting one end of her skirt and looking down as if she were about to dance. Through the use of mixed media, Mr. Brainwash skillfully combines different artistic elements to create a visually striking composition. The vibrant colors and bold brushstrokes bring the artwork to life, evoking a sense of joy and happiness. The attention to detail in the girl’s expression and body language adds depth and character to the piece, allowing viewers to connect with the young protagonist on a personal and emotional level. “Beautiful Girl” is a testament to Mr. Brainwash’s unique artistic style, blending elements of street art, pop art, and contemporary art to create a visually captivating and emotionally resonant artwork.
The use of mixed media in “Beautiful Girl” adds an additional layer of complexity to the artwork. By combining different artistic techniques and materials, such as stencils, spray paint, and collage, Mr. Brainwash creates a dynamic and textured composition that grabs the viewer’s attention. The juxtaposition of different textures and patterns adds depth and visual interest to the piece, while also emphasizing the artist’s eclectic and experimental approach to art-making. The inclusion of collage elements, such as newspaper clippings and torn posters, further enhances the artwork’s urban and contemporary feel. Overall, “Beautiful Girl” is a visually captivating and thought-provoking artwork that showcases Mr. Brainwash’s talent for blending different artistic elements to create a truly unique and engaging piece.
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A Brief Introduction About Hanying Chen_Hanying Chen
Vancouver-based artist Hanying Chen boasts extensive skills in writing, directing, producing, and singing, reflecting her diverse talents in the performing arts. As she looks ahead, Hanying is driven to craft a fulfilling career path that harmonizes with her deep passion for artistic expression. In the coming years, she envisions cultivating a balanced life, blending her professional aspirations with her desire to foster meaningful connections in her vibrant urban community.
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1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 9 ǁ September. 2014 ǁ PP.45-47
www.ijhssi.org 45 | P a g e
Renaissance in Assamese Literature Dr. Chandana Goswami Associate Professor Dept. of History D.H.S.K. College Dibrugarh, Assam, India ABSTRACT : The paper entitled “Renaissance in Assamese Literature” attempts to highlight the growing sense of consciousness in the minds of the Assamese people. From 1813 to 1854, the year of Wood’s Despatch, this was the period when Assam was experiencing the beginning of a new phase of national life, being thrown into contact with the west. It was trade that had already brought the British salt merchants into Assam. When finally the British took over Assam it had been suffering for a long period from internal disturbances which were closely followed by the Burmese invasions. Education in the country in the early years of British rule was in a retrograde state. In 1837 when Bengali replaced the Assamese as the language of the court, the missionaries had just arrived in Assam. They took up cudgels against the imposition of the Bengali language. The near total darkness shrouding Assam from the outside world was gradually removed with the entry of the British who gradually broke Assam’s isolation by establishing new routes of communication. The educated elite of the time contributed largely towards the development of Assamese literature.
I. INTRODUCTION :
The term “renaissance” was first used in a specific European context, to describe the great era from about the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, when the entire socio-cultural atmosphere of Europe underwent a spectacular transformation. The original meaning of the term was associated with the literary movement in Italy in the fourteenth century, which aimed at the revival of Greek and Latin learning, especially of the original Greek and Latin grammars. Diverse views have been expressed by scholars on the significance of the term “renaissance” and different schools of scholars have attempted to put forward widely varied definitions of the term[1]. Through the word “renaissance” has definite European connotations, yet it happens to be the only word that comes nearest to expressing the complex socio economic and intellectual currents that swept through almost the whole of India during the second half of the nineteenth century. The impact of these new ideas was felt in Assam for the first time after this region came under British rule in 1826. A study of the major trends of the nineteenth century Assamese renaissance as a part of the general stream of new consciousness flourishing in Bengal in particular and in India in general would attempt to focus attention on some of the major characteristics of the Bengal renaissance that helped to shape the Assamese literacy consciousness in the nineteenth century[2]. The progressive winds from the west entered Assam through Bengal, thereby enabling the region to emerge from the physical and cultural isolation into which it had lapsed during the long period of Ahom rule. Growing contact with western ideas coming through Bengal and the aspirations of the emerging Assamese middle classes for a greater share of jobs under the British, led to the growth of a new sense of national awareness among the Assamese people. The efforts of the American Baptist missionaries in the spread of vernacular press cleared the way for the development of a revitalized Assamese literature which, despite its five hundred year old heritage, lay in a state of stupor during the days of the Burmese invasion and in the early years of British rule[3].
Impact of the Bengali Renaissance : It was noted with surprise in Samachar Darpan, dated 30 July, 1831, that within five years of coming under the British rule, some gentlemen in Assam had attained remarkable “success in their quest for knowledge”.[4] From the time of establishment of British rule Assam was beginning to keep pace with other provinces of India in education and literary activity. Calcutta was the place to which Assamese students would resort in good numbers, particularly from the fourth quarter of the nineteenth century when the university of Calcutta became the premier seat of western education in eastern India. Thus the process of modernizing Assam in thought and culture began. In course of time Guwahati and Jorhat and some other towns of the province also became centres of intellectual development. In 1889 a band of young Assamese youths studying in Calcutta (now Kolkata) sought to emulate their Bengali counterparts in their creative zeal in literature by bringing out the well known literary journal, the Jonaki (Moonlight) which marked an epoch in Assam. Already, on 25 August, 1888, the Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha (association for promotion of Assamese Language) was founded at 67 Mirzapur Street, Calcutta. The Sabha soon set up its branches in several places of Assam and in Kohima in Nagaland. English and Bengali and to some extent also Sanskrit literatures were their main sources of inspiration. Assam in this way was blessed with three of her greatest modern writers Chandrakumar Agrawala (1867-1938), Lakshminath Bezbaruah (1868-1938) and Hemchandra Goswami (1872-
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1928). These three writers established Assamese as a modern India language, a worthy sister of Bengali and Oriya, Urdu and Hindi and Gujarati and Marathi[5]. Chandrakumar Agrawala, Lakshminath Bezbaruah , and Hemchandra Goswami are called the Trimurti (Trinity) of literary renaissance of Assam. The romantic poets of the Jonaki and post Jonaki era were influenced to a great extant by their counterparts in Bengali viz. Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Biharilal Chakavarti and Nabin Chandra Sen who were in turn influenced by Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron, Keats and others, “in their approach and attitude, subject and content, and also style and diction.”[6] Chandrakumar Agarwala was born on the 28 november, 1867 in a place called Brahmajan in the Kalangpur mauza of Tezpur subdivision. He was he second son of Haribilash Agarwala (1842-1916). The florescence of the Assamese romanticism actually began with him the founder-editor of the Jonaki. Dimbeswar Neog writes: “The Orunodoi and the Jonaki were practically the organs of the two movments, the former against the usurpaion of by the Bengali(language) and the latter for the recoronation of the Assamese after her restoration[7]. Through the volumes of Jonaki, Chandrakumar proved his mastery over Assamese poetic writing. In his first few poems appearing in the first volume of Jonaki in 1889, namely BanKunwari (The Wood Nymph). Jal-Kunwari (the mermaid), Niyar (The Dew-Drops), his spiritualization and worship of nature is apparent. In his poem Prakriti (Nature) one finds the intellectualization of nature. Like Shelly, Chandrakumar was also a worshipper of beauty which is evidenced by such poems as Sundar (The beautiful), Saundarya (Beauty) where he frankly admits “Worship of the Beautiful is the play of life” He also showed the paganism of Keats in such exquisite poems as Madhuri (Sweetness) and Kisori (The Maiden). The humanitarian note in Chandrakumar becomes prominent, through his poem Manav Bandana (Man-Worship). His revolutionary sprit shows itself very clearly in his poems Bin-Bairagi and Pratima. He also wrote a large number of highly reflective poems on spiritual and philosophic subjects like Viswa Bhawariya (the player in the theatre of the Universe), Moi (The self), Pratima and his love for the poor and downtrodden is shown in Tezimala. Lakshminath Bezbaruah was the fifth son of Dinanath Bezbaruah an Extra Assistant Commissioner. With the first nothing less than his famous farce litikai (The Page) which reprinted in 1890 in book form. Kripabor Baruar Kakatar Topola, (The Assamese Pickwick Papers of Charless Dickens) which appeared in book from in 1904 brought immense fame to the writer. Padum Kunwari (The Lotus Queen), which appeared in the third volume of Jonaki, was also reprinted in bool form in 1905 and was his second work. His essays Kamat Krititwa Labhibar Sanket (How to win success in work), Dinanath Bezbaruah Jiboni (the life-sketch of Dinanath Bezbaruah), Bakhar (The Gem) appeared in booklet form in 1903, 1909 and 1914 respectively. Kripabor Baruwar Obhotoni, the second instalment of Asamese Pickwick Papers was published in 1909 and his comic works Nomal, Pacani and Shikarpati Nikarpati, all appeared in 1913. Bezbaruah who was called the father of short stories wrote Surabhi, Sadhu Kathar Kuki and jonbiri in 1909, 1992 and 1913 respectively. He published his beautiful poems, both comic and serious, Kadam kali in 1913 and his historical dramas Chakradhwaj Singha, Jaymati Kunwari and belimar (The Sunset) in 1915. His Bharotvarshar Buranji (History of India) and Bhagawat katha (Talk about Bhagawat) published in 1910 and 1950 respectively, were meant for instruction to children. His Jonaki, in prose and verse, Burhi Air Sadhu (Grand Mother‟s tales) and Kakadeuta Aru Natilora (Grandfather and Grandson) published in 1910, 1911 and 1912 respectively are Assamese folk- tales written in a very interesting style for young children. He also wrote Sankardev and Mahapurash Sri Sankardev Aru Sri Madhavdev in 1911 and 1914 respectively thereby rendering a great service to the causes of Assamese Vaishanvite literature. He reveals himself as a patriot in his poems and songs Mor Des, Assam Sangit, Bin Baragi and Amar Janambhumi.[8] Bezbaruah was one of the most versatile writers with an all embracing genuine and wide knowledge and for sympathy for men and their ways of life. He was a poet, an essayist, a novelist a dramatist, a critic, a satirist and what not. He was easily one of the most comprehensive spirits in modern Indian literature.[9] Hemchandra Goswami was a poet, critic and general essayist, whose voluminous Asamiya Sahityar Chaneki or „Typical selections from Assamese Litreature‟ published at the instance of Asutosh Mukherji from the University of Calcutta forms a landmark in the study of early Assamese literature, just as the Hem-kosa, an etymological dictionary of Assamese complied by Hemchandra Baruah was until recently the most authoritative dictionary in Assamese language.[10] Hemchandra Goswami was born on 8 January, 1872 in the Gouranga Satra at a place called, Dhekial in the Golaghat sub-division.[11] Hemchandra‟s services to literature was of a different nature. His Phulor chaki was a collection of poems called Biswas, Bahi, Mon Sangsarat Sukh Nai, Stuti, Bijuli, Prakriti and Prakriti Stuti which were all published in the Assam Bandhu between the years1885 and 1886.his poems Meghdoot, Dipawali and Eti Kataksha were published in the issues of the Assam Bandhu between the years 1886 and 1887. In 1889 he composed the first Assamese sonnet Priyatomar Chithi. Some of his other poems like kako Aru Hiya Nibilao, Anandaram Baruar Swarga Yatra, Pua, Kakuti, Epahi Padum, Haha Kanda and Dhora Pora were published in the various volumes of Jonaki.[12]
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Undoubtedly, the impact of Bengali on the life and culture of the Assamese people was published was substantial. The process which began since the closing years of the Ahom rule continued without any break till the close of the nineteenth century. In spite of their animosity against linguistic domination, the intelligentsia was not slow in adopting Bengali dress, customs, usages and even food habits.[13] The worship of the deities like Durga, Kali, Chandi, Annapurna etc. became common not only in public but also in private residences, “occasionally in the accompaniment of jatra or dance-drama parties from Bengal.”[14] Orthodoxy continued to be the order of the day, but its rigidity gradually relaxed. Conservative Maniram bewailed: “By the reduction of all castes to the same level, the people are labouring under the deepest grief and mortification”.[15] Gunabhiram Baruah wrote that while proceeding to Calcutta for higher studies Anandaram had his hair cut very short; he also took with him the salagram or the family deity and offered puja regularly. He also took with him a Brahmin cook named Sridhor to cook his food as it was a taboo in those days for a Brahmin to take food prepared by a non-Brahmin.[16] This practice was discarded on his second visit to the Presidency since his stay at the metropolis had already changed his outlook. Assamese pupils of orthodox families were seen studying side by side with the students of other communities which was at once time considered highly objectionable.[17] Learning of a foreign language and going abroad was unthinkable in the early British period.[18] Even a social reformer like Hemchandra Baruah had to study English without the knowledge of the members of his family.[19]
II. CONCLUSION :
Stress was laid initially on unfolding of the rich heritage of the past by the collection and publication of materials, literary or otherwise, lying scattered and uncared for in different parts of the province. The process begun by Nathan Brown was followed up by Chandrakumar Agarwala, Kaliram Baruah, Sibanath Bhattacharyya, Hemchandra Goswami, Kaliram Medhi and several others. Through the pages of Assam Bandhu, Jonaki, Bijuli, Bahi and Alochani, Gunabhiram Baruah, Ratneswar Mahanta, Sovaram Chowdhury and others threw light on the aspects of the history and culture of Assam. Hemchandra Goswami‟s collection of over two hundred manuscripts, both Sanskrit and Assamese and his publication of the Purani Asom Buranji, Darrang Raj Vamsavali and particularly A Descriptive Catalogue of the Assamese Manuscripts in several volumes laid the foundation of Assamese history on a firm basis.[20] The contributions of these and a few others, both Assamese and non-Assamese, backed by the untiring efforts of the benevolent Commissioners Jenkins and Henry Cotton prepared the ground and sowed the seeds which germinated and bore fruit early in the next century. [21]
REFERENCES
[1] Thorndike, L., „Renaissance‟, Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 19, pp. 122-129 [2] Misra, T., op. cit., p.6 [3] Ibid., pp. 2-3 [4] Guha, A., “Impact of the Bengal Renaissance”, in Medieval and Early Colonial Assam (Society, Polity, Economy), Calcutta, 1991, p. 207. [5] Chatterji, S.K., The Place of Assam in the History and Civilization of India, Guwahati, 1955, p. 79. [6] Tarachand, History of the Freedom Movement in India, Vol. II, New Delhi, 1967, p. 591. [7] Neog, D., New Light on the History of Asamiya Literature, Guwahati, 1962, p. 391. [8] Ibid., pp. 408-411. [9] Chatterji, S.K., op.cit., p. 80. [10] Ibid., p. 79. [11] Sharma, B., Asamiya Sahityar Paramacharyya Pundit Hemchandra Goswami, Jorhat, 1972, p. 5. [12] Sharma, B. (ed), Hemchandra Goswami Rachanavali, Guwahati, 1973, pp. 70-74. [13] This was one of the arguments put forward by Chandra Mohan Goswami, Member, Asiatic Society of Bengal, on his advocacy of retaining Bengali in schools and courts of Assam. ASR (Commissioner‟s Office). File No. 471, 19 April, 1873, see statement made by Chandra Mohan Goswami. [14] Barpujari, H.K., Assam : In the Days of the Company, Guwahati, 1963, pp. 299-300. [15] Mills, A.J.M., op.cit., Appendix „Kb‟, p. 605. [16] Baruah, G. Anandaram Dhekial Phukonor Jivan Charitra, Guwahati (Reprint), 1971 pp. 35 and 42. [17] Barpujari, H.K., op.cit., pp. 299-300 [18] Bhattacharjee, J.M. (ed), Assam Buranji by Phukan, H.D., Guwahati, 1962, (1st Edition, Calcutta, 1829), p. 100. [19] Baruah, G., op.cit., p. 42. [20] Barpujari, H.K. (ed), Political History of Assam, Vol. I, Guwahati, 1977, pp. 147-148. [21] Barpujari, H.K., op.cit., pp. 319-320.