This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes boundary layer flow of an incompressible fluid past a moving vertical plate in a porous medium. The analysis considers variable permeability, thermal conductivity, and viscous dissipation effects. Governing equations are non-dimensionalized and solved numerically. Results show that the permeability parameter and Grashof number significantly impact velocity and temperature profiles. Increasing the Eckert number decreases velocity and temperature. Accounting for variable thermal conductivity and permeability produces new patterns in velocity and temperature variation.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
Homotopy Analysis to Soret and Dufour Effects on Heat and Mass Transfer of a ...iosrjce
The objective of this paper is to study the Soret and Dufour effects on the free convection boundary
layer flow of an incompressible, viscous and chemically reacting fluid over a vertical plate in the presence of
viscous dissipation. The governing partial differential equations are converted to a set of ordinary differential
equations using suitable similarity transformations. The resulting equations are solved analytically using
homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of obtained analytical solutions is explicitly discussed. The
effects of various parameters on dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are discussed
with the help of graphs. The numerical values of skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for
different parameters are presented in tabular form. Our results are compared with the previously published
results and are found to be in good agreement.
MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH PST AND PHF HEATING CONDITIONS D...IAEME Publication
In the present paper two-dimensional flow of non-Newtonian MHD flow of Casson fluid heat transfer with PST & PHF is considered. Using Nevier Stoke’s Equations of Motion the momentum and energy equations of Casson fluid are derived. These governing equations of motion and temperature are non-linear partial differential equations which are tedious to solve as they are, hence these partial differential equations are converted into Ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. These ODE’s are then solved numerically by the efficient Runge Kutta Fehlberg method. Effects of various governing parameters on the flow and heat transfer profiles are analyzed. Further the numerical Values of Wall temperature and Wall temperature Profiles are calculated and discussed in detail through graphs in both the cases of PST and PHF.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
Homotopy Analysis to Soret and Dufour Effects on Heat and Mass Transfer of a ...iosrjce
The objective of this paper is to study the Soret and Dufour effects on the free convection boundary
layer flow of an incompressible, viscous and chemically reacting fluid over a vertical plate in the presence of
viscous dissipation. The governing partial differential equations are converted to a set of ordinary differential
equations using suitable similarity transformations. The resulting equations are solved analytically using
homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of obtained analytical solutions is explicitly discussed. The
effects of various parameters on dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are discussed
with the help of graphs. The numerical values of skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for
different parameters are presented in tabular form. Our results are compared with the previously published
results and are found to be in good agreement.
MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH PST AND PHF HEATING CONDITIONS D...IAEME Publication
In the present paper two-dimensional flow of non-Newtonian MHD flow of Casson fluid heat transfer with PST & PHF is considered. Using Nevier Stoke’s Equations of Motion the momentum and energy equations of Casson fluid are derived. These governing equations of motion and temperature are non-linear partial differential equations which are tedious to solve as they are, hence these partial differential equations are converted into Ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. These ODE’s are then solved numerically by the efficient Runge Kutta Fehlberg method. Effects of various governing parameters on the flow and heat transfer profiles are analyzed. Further the numerical Values of Wall temperature and Wall temperature Profiles are calculated and discussed in detail through graphs in both the cases of PST and PHF.
Convective Heat And Mass Transfer Flow Of A Micropolar Fluid In A Rectangular...IJERA Editor
In this chapter we make an investigation of the convective heat transfer through a porous medium in a Rectangular enclosure with Darcy model. The transport equations of liner momentum, angular momentum and energy are solved by employing Galerkine finite element analysis with linear triangular elements. The computation is carried out for different values of Rayleigh number – Ra micropolar parameter – R, spin gradient parameter, Eckert number Ec and heat source parameter. The rate of heat transfer and couple stress on the side wall is evaluated for different variation of the governing parameters.
Analytical and numerical analysis of thermally developing forced convection i...IJRES Journal
Thermal developing heat transfer porous medium has a large utility in our daily life, in this
article the method of variable separation is applied on the circular ring tube that outer wall temperature keep
constant while the inner wall is thermal isolation state. We consider the local thermal non-equilibrium effect in
the circular ring tube and the fluid term (or gas) flow through the annular channel model of porous media and
the fluid term had come to steady state, in order to analyze the real state of fluid term in porous media annular
tube, we consider the temperature change along the axis direction, after we get the analytical result about the
solid term and fluid term, the CFD software are used to verifies the analytical solution of the analysis, and the
results in numerical form perfectly match the outcome get by analytical solution, finally we analyze the
temperature change in different position in the porous media annular tube, and make the conclusion that when
we confine the coordinate of radial position, the temperature of fluid term and solid term is drop as the axial
direction coordinate increase.
Melting Heat Transfer in MHD Boundary Layer Stagnation-Point Flow towards a S...iosrjce
An analysis is carried out to study the MHD steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow and heat transfer from
a warm, laminar liquid flow to a melting stretching sheet. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into
ordinary differential equations by similarity transformation, before being solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg
method. Results for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity profiles as well as temperature profiles are
presented for different values of the governing parameters. Effects of the Magnetic parameter, melting parameter, stretching
parameter and prandtl number on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are thoroughly examined.
Effects Of Heat Source And Thermal Diffusion On An Unsteady Free Convection F...IOSR Journals
The present analysis is made to investigate the effects of heat source and thermal diffusion on an unsteady free convection flow along a porous vertical plate in a rotating system. The plate is subjected to constant heat and mass flux also. The problem is solved analytically and expressions for velocity. Energy and temperature profiles, skin friction and Nusselt number are obtained. The effects of different parameter entered in the problem are discussed on the primary and secondary velocities, temperature and concentration distributions, primary and secondary skin frictions and Nusselt number with the help of tables and graphs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Boundry Layer Flow and Heat Transfer along an Infinite Porous Hot Horizontal ...IJERA Editor
An analysis is made for the two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous, incompressible
fluid,along an infinite porous hot horizontal continuous moving plate. The governing system of partial
differential equations was transformed into ordinary differential equations before being solve by Natural
transformation. The effects of various physical parameters, such as Eckert number Ec , Prandtlnumber Pr ,
plate velocity α and heat source/sink parameter Sare presented and discussed. It is found that the plate velocity
significantly effects the flow and heat transfer.
ASPHALTIC MATERIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF GENERALIZED POROTHERMOELASTICITYijsc
In this work, a mathematical model of generalized porothermoelasticity with one relaxation time for
poroelastic half-space saturated with fluid will be constructed in the context of Youssef model (2007). We
will obtain the general solution in the Laplace transform domain and apply it in a certain asphalt material
which is thermally shocked on its bounding plane. The inversion of the Laplace transform will be obtained
numerically and the numerical values of the temperature, stresses, strains and displacements will be
illustrated graphically for the solid and the liquid.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR HYDROTHERMAL CONVECTION AROUND A RADIOACTIVE WASTE DEP...Jean Belline
A mathematical model of thermally induced water movement in the vicinity of a hard rock
depository for radioactive waste is presented and discussed. For the low permeability rocks envisaged for
geological disposal the equations describing heat and mass transfer become uncoupled and linear.
Analytic solutions to these linearized equations are derived for an idealized spherical model of a
depository in a uniformly permeable rock mass. As the hydrogeological conditions to be expected at a
disposal site are uncertain, examples of flow paths are presented for a range of different permeabilities,
porosities, boundary conditions and regional cross-flows.
Solution of MHD Effect on Transient Free Convection Flow past a Vertical Plat...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Convective Heat And Mass Transfer Flow Of A Micropolar Fluid In A Rectangular...IJERA Editor
In this chapter we make an investigation of the convective heat transfer through a porous medium in a Rectangular enclosure with Darcy model. The transport equations of liner momentum, angular momentum and energy are solved by employing Galerkine finite element analysis with linear triangular elements. The computation is carried out for different values of Rayleigh number – Ra micropolar parameter – R, spin gradient parameter, Eckert number Ec and heat source parameter. The rate of heat transfer and couple stress on the side wall is evaluated for different variation of the governing parameters.
Analytical and numerical analysis of thermally developing forced convection i...IJRES Journal
Thermal developing heat transfer porous medium has a large utility in our daily life, in this
article the method of variable separation is applied on the circular ring tube that outer wall temperature keep
constant while the inner wall is thermal isolation state. We consider the local thermal non-equilibrium effect in
the circular ring tube and the fluid term (or gas) flow through the annular channel model of porous media and
the fluid term had come to steady state, in order to analyze the real state of fluid term in porous media annular
tube, we consider the temperature change along the axis direction, after we get the analytical result about the
solid term and fluid term, the CFD software are used to verifies the analytical solution of the analysis, and the
results in numerical form perfectly match the outcome get by analytical solution, finally we analyze the
temperature change in different position in the porous media annular tube, and make the conclusion that when
we confine the coordinate of radial position, the temperature of fluid term and solid term is drop as the axial
direction coordinate increase.
Melting Heat Transfer in MHD Boundary Layer Stagnation-Point Flow towards a S...iosrjce
An analysis is carried out to study the MHD steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow and heat transfer from
a warm, laminar liquid flow to a melting stretching sheet. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into
ordinary differential equations by similarity transformation, before being solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg
method. Results for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity profiles as well as temperature profiles are
presented for different values of the governing parameters. Effects of the Magnetic parameter, melting parameter, stretching
parameter and prandtl number on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are thoroughly examined.
Effects Of Heat Source And Thermal Diffusion On An Unsteady Free Convection F...IOSR Journals
The present analysis is made to investigate the effects of heat source and thermal diffusion on an unsteady free convection flow along a porous vertical plate in a rotating system. The plate is subjected to constant heat and mass flux also. The problem is solved analytically and expressions for velocity. Energy and temperature profiles, skin friction and Nusselt number are obtained. The effects of different parameter entered in the problem are discussed on the primary and secondary velocities, temperature and concentration distributions, primary and secondary skin frictions and Nusselt number with the help of tables and graphs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Boundry Layer Flow and Heat Transfer along an Infinite Porous Hot Horizontal ...IJERA Editor
An analysis is made for the two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous, incompressible
fluid,along an infinite porous hot horizontal continuous moving plate. The governing system of partial
differential equations was transformed into ordinary differential equations before being solve by Natural
transformation. The effects of various physical parameters, such as Eckert number Ec , Prandtlnumber Pr ,
plate velocity α and heat source/sink parameter Sare presented and discussed. It is found that the plate velocity
significantly effects the flow and heat transfer.
ASPHALTIC MATERIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF GENERALIZED POROTHERMOELASTICITYijsc
In this work, a mathematical model of generalized porothermoelasticity with one relaxation time for
poroelastic half-space saturated with fluid will be constructed in the context of Youssef model (2007). We
will obtain the general solution in the Laplace transform domain and apply it in a certain asphalt material
which is thermally shocked on its bounding plane. The inversion of the Laplace transform will be obtained
numerically and the numerical values of the temperature, stresses, strains and displacements will be
illustrated graphically for the solid and the liquid.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR HYDROTHERMAL CONVECTION AROUND A RADIOACTIVE WASTE DEP...Jean Belline
A mathematical model of thermally induced water movement in the vicinity of a hard rock
depository for radioactive waste is presented and discussed. For the low permeability rocks envisaged for
geological disposal the equations describing heat and mass transfer become uncoupled and linear.
Analytic solutions to these linearized equations are derived for an idealized spherical model of a
depository in a uniformly permeable rock mass. As the hydrogeological conditions to be expected at a
disposal site are uncertain, examples of flow paths are presented for a range of different permeabilities,
porosities, boundary conditions and regional cross-flows.
Solution of MHD Effect on Transient Free Convection Flow past a Vertical Plat...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Thermal Effects in Stokes’ Second Problem for Unsteady Second Grade Fluid Flo...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we investigated the effects of magnetic field and thermal in Stokes’ second problem for unsteady second grade fluid flow through a porous medium. The expressions for the velocity field and the temperature field are obtained analytically. The effects of various pertinent parameters on the velocity field and temperature field are studied through graphs in detail.
Effects of Variable Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity on MHD free Convection...theijes
A steady two-dimensional MHD free convection and mass transfer flow past an inclined vertical surface in the presence of heat generation and a porous medium have been studied numerically when the fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity are assumed to be vary as inverse linear function of temperature. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations by introducing similarity transformations. The non-linear similarity equations are solved numerically by applying the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order with shooting technique. The numerical results are presented graphically to illustrate influence of different values of the parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also completed and presented in tabular form.
Nanofluid Flow past an Unsteady Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Heat Source or...IJERA Editor
The consideration of nanofluids has been paid a good attention on the forced convection; the analysis focusing
nanofluids in porous media are limited in literature. Thus, the use of nanofluids in porous media would be very
much helpful in heat and mass transfer enhancement. In this paper, the influence of variable suction, Newtonian
heating and heat source or sink heat and mass transfer over a permeable shrinking sheet embedded in a porous
medium filled with a nanofluid is discussed in detail. The solutions of the nonlinear equations governing the
velocɨty, temperature and concentration profiles are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Gill procedure
together with shooting method and graphical results for the resulting parameters are displayed and discussed.
The influence of the physical parameters on skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood
number are shown in a tabulated form.
Nanofluid Flow past an Unsteady Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Heat Source or...IJERA Editor
The consideration of nanofluids has been paid a good attention on the forced convection; the analysis focusing
nanofluids in porous media are limited in literature. Thus, the use of nanofluids in porous media would be very
much helpful in heat and mass transfer enhancement. In this paper, the influence of variable suction, Newtonian
heating and heat source or sink heat and mass transfer over a permeable shrinking sheet embedded in a porous
medium filled with a nanofluid is discussed in detail. The solutions of the nonlinear equations governing the
velocɨty, temperature and concentration profiles are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Gill procedure
together with shooting method and graphical results for the resulting parameters are displayed and discussed.
The influence of the physical parameters on skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood
number are shown in a tabulated form.
Nanofluid Flow past an Unsteady Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Heat Source or...IJERA Editor
The consideration of nanofluids has been paid a good attention on the forced convection; the analysis focusing
nanofluids in porous media are limited in literature. Thus, the use of nanofluids in porous media would be very
much helpful in heat and mass transfer enhancement. In this paper, the influence of variable suction, Newtonian
heating and heat source or sink heat and mass transfer over a permeable shrinking sheet embedded in a porous
medium filled with a nanofluid is discussed in detail. The solutions of the nonlinear equations governing the
velocɨty, temperature and concentration profiles are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Gill procedure
together with shooting method and graphical results for the resulting parameters are displayed and discussed.
The influence of the physical parameters on skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood
number are shown in a tabulated form.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Study on Steady Flow over a Rotating Disk in Porous Medium with Heat Transferiosrjce
The steady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid above an infinite rotating disk in a porous
medium is studied with heat transfer. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear governing equations which govern
the hydrodynamics and energy transfer are obtained and solved using Crank Nicolson method. The effect of
the porosity of the medium on the velocity and temperature distributions is considered
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Chemical Reaction on Heat and Mass TransferFlow through an Infinite Inclined ...iosrjce
The numerical studies are performed to examine the mass transfer flow with thermal diffusion and
diffusion thermo effect past an infinite, inclined vertical plate in a porous medium in the presence of chemical
reaction. First of all, the governing equations are transformed to a system of dimensionless coupled partial
equations. Explicit finite difference method has been used to solve these dimensionless equations for momentum,
concentration and energy equations. During the course of discussion, it is found that various parameters related
to the problem influence the calculated result. Finally, the profiles of velocity, concentration and temperature
are analyzed and illustrated with graphs.
Non-Newtonian Visco-elastic Heat Transfer Flow Past a Stretching Sheet with C...IJERA Editor
In this paper two dimensional flow of a viscoelastic fluid due to stretching surface is considered. Flow analysis is carried out by using closed form solution of fourth order differential equation of motion of viscoelastic fluid. Further (Walters’ liquid B’ model) heat transfer analysis is carried out using convective surface condition. The governing equations of flow and heat transfer are non-linear partial differential equations which are unable to solve analytically hence are solved using Runge-Kutta Numerical Method with efficient shooting technique. The flow and heat transfer characteristics are studied through plots drawn. Numerical values of Wall temperature are calculated and presented in the table and compared with earlier published results which are in good agreement
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
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improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
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Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
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Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
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estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
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instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
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miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
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Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
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Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
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and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
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Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
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visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
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development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
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Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
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reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
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by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
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limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
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Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and Sales
www.ijerd.com
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 8 (June 2012), PP.22-26
www.ijerd.com
Boundary Layer Flow in Porous Medium Past a Moving Vertical
Plate with Variable Thermal Conductivity and Permeability
P. K. Singh
Department of Mathematics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad- 211002, India.
Abstract––The present paper is an effort to deal with the problem of a steady two dimensional boundary layer flow of an
incompressible viscous fluid past a moving vertical plate with variable permeability, thermal conductivity and suction. In
our analysis, we have taken into account the effects of viscous dissipation also. The equations of continuity, motion and
energy are transformed into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations in the non-dimensional form which are
solved numerically. The effects of various parameters such as, Eckert number, Grashof number and permeability parameter
on the velocity and temperature fields are discussed with the help of graphs.
Keywords––permeability, thermal conductivity, viscous dissipation, suction velocity, heat transfer,
I. INTRODUCTION
The problems of convection boundary layer flows and heat transfer of a viscous and incompressible fluid in porous
media are encountered quite frequently in geophysics, astrophysics and various engineering and industrial processes. The
thermal boundary layer flow induced by a moving surface in a fluid saturated porous medium finds important applications in
manufacturing of fiber (optical) materials, chemical engineering and electronics, cooling of nuclear reactors, meteorology
and metallurgy etc. Sakiadis [1] and Erickson et al.[2] were the ones who initiated the study of boundary layer flow on a
continuous moving surface. In these studies, viscosity and other fluid parameters have been assumed to have constant values
hroughout the course of flow. The effect of buoyancy induced pressure gradient on the laminar boundary layer flow about a
moving surface with uniform velocity and temperature was studied by Chen and Strobel[3]. It has been reported by
Schlichting [4] that the physical properties of the fluids, mainly viscosity, may change significantly with temperature. The
fluid flows with temperature- dependent properties are further complicated by the fact that different fluids behave differently
with temperature. Different relations between the physical properties of fluids and temperature are given by Kays and
Crawferd [5]. Taking into account the variable properties of fluid, Choi[6] studied the laminar boundary layer flow of an
isothermal moving flat sheet and moving cylinder by finite difference method. Incorporating a step change in the plate
temperature, Jeng et al.[7] studied the heat and momentum transfer about two dimensional plate moving with arbitrary
velocity. Benanati and Brosilow[8] have shown that porosity of the medium may not be uniform and a variation ion porosity
causes a variation in the medium permeability. Chandrasekhar and Numboodiri [9] carried out an analysis for mixed
convection about inclined surfaces in a saturated porous medium incorporating the variation of permeability and thermal
conductivity due to packing of particles. Elbashbeshy [10] analyzed the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid along a
heated vertical plate taking the variation of the viscosity and thermal diffusivity with temperature in the presence of the
magnetic field.. A numerical study on a vertical plate with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity has been treated by
Palani and Kim[11]. It is observed that the effects of viscous dissipation are generally ignored in the motion through porous
media. However, this effect is quite significant in highly viscous fluids. Anjali Devi and Ganga [11],[12] have considered the
viscous dissipation effects on MHD flows past stretching porous surfaces in porous media. Aydin and Kaya [13] considered
the laminar boundary flow over a flat plat embedded in a fluid saturated porous medium in the presence of viscous
dissipation, inertia effects and suction/injection.
From the preceding investigations, it is clear that inclusion of the variation of medium permeability, thermal
conductivity and viscous dissipation in mathematical formulation and analysis may give valuable insight regarding
convective fluid flows about moving flat surfaces. Hence, we have considered here a steady two dimensional boundary layer
dissipative fluid flow past a moving vertical plate with suction taking into account the variation in the medium permeability
and thermal conductivity .
II. NOMENCLATURE
u Velocity in x-direction
v Velocity in y-direction
g- Acceleration due to gravity
c p - Specific heat at constant presure
22
2. Boundary Layer Flow in Porous Medium Past a Moving Vertical Plate with …
Pr- Prandtl number
Gr- Thermal Grashof number
uw - Plate velocity
T - Temperature of the fluid away from the plate
Coefficient of volume expansion
- Ambient fluid density
- Thermal conductivity
k- Medium permeability
qw - Rate of heat transfer
- Fluid viscosity
- Kinematic coefficient of viscosity
III. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
Consider a steady laminar boundary layer flow of an incompressible viscous fluid on an infinite plate, moving
vertically with uniform velocity. The x- axis is taken along the plate in the upward direction and y- axis is normal to it. The
fluid flow is caused by the motion of the plate with uniform velocity u uw as well as by the buoyancy force due to the
thermal diffusion across the boundary layer.
All the intrinsic fluid properties are assumed to be uniform except the density in the body force term. Assuming
that Darcy law and Boussinesq approximations are valid, the equations governing the present two dimensional, steady and
laminar boundary layer flow can be written as:
v
0 (1)
y
u 2u u
v 2 g T T (2)
y y k
2
T T u
v ( y) u2 (3)
y y y C p y k C p
Where, ( y ) is the variable thermal conductivity and on the right hand side of the equation (3) the second term
Cp
is due to viscous dissipation and third term is the modification in the viscous dissipation modeling as suggested by Nield and
Bejan(1992)(hereafter written as N-B modification).
From equation (1), we find
v v0 , a constant.
Also, v0 0 , as a constant suction is applied at the plate.
The relevant boundary conditions with prescribed heat and mass flux then are:
23
3. Boundary Layer Flow in Porous Medium Past a Moving Vertical Plate with …
T
u uw , v v0 , qw , at y =0 (5)
y
u 0, T T , as y (6)
The first condition on the velocity at the plate follows from the no slip condition and the condition for temperature at the
plate is that of uniform heat flux.
Introducing following non-dimensional variables-
v0 u v
y , f ( ) , ( ) T T 0 , (7)
0 uw qw
where, is the similarity variable, f ( ) is dimensionless form of velocity and is non-dimensional temperature.
Following Chandrasekhara et al. as stated above, the variations in the permeability and thermal conductivity have been taken
in the following forms-
k ( ) k0 (1 d * e )
(8)
( ) 0 [ 0 (1 de ) b{1 0 (1 de )}]
where d * and d are constants, 0 , k0 and 0 are the values of the diffusivity, permeability and porosity respectively at
the edge of the boundary layer, b being the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the solid to that of the fluid.
Thus, with these assumptions on the physical parameters, the equations (2), (3) and (4) with the help of equation (7), reduce
to the following ordinary differential equations:
f f Gr f 0 (9)
2
1
[ 0 (1 de ) b{1 0 (1 de )}] 0 d (b 1)e Ec f 2 ( (1 df *e ) 0 (10)
Pr
where,
qw 2 g 2
Gr , , (11)
v0 uw
3
kv0 2
uw 2 v0
Pr , Ec , .
C p qw
The transformed boundary conditions are:
f 1 , 1 , at 0 (12)
f 0 , 0, as 13)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The equations (9) and (10) form a system of coupled non linear ordinary differential equations which are to be
solved subject to the boundary conditions (12) and (13). They have been solved numerically using boundary value problem
solver code. The results have been presented graphically. There are six graphs in all and they have been numbered as
figures 1-3. Each figure contains two graphs , one each for velocity f and the temperature showing the effects of various
parameters on them.
In figure 1, the effects of permeability parameter on the flow and temperature fields are shown. Due to
exponential variation of permeability, we find quite new features in the velocity and temperature profiles.Velocity and
24
4. Boundary Layer Flow in Porous Medium Past a Moving Vertical Plate with …
temperature both steadily attain the ambient fluid conditions . Initially both show a decreasing trend with a decrease in
permeability parameter and then velocity and temperature both increase.
Figure 2 shows the effects of Grashof number on the velocity and temperature profiles. Velocity, in the vicinity of
the plate, first increases and attains a maximum and then starts decreasing and uniformly mixes with the ambient fluid. Due
to exponential variation of permeability and thermal conductivity, we find here new patterns of variation in the velocity field.
For Gr=4 and 6, we observe that there is a kind of oscillatory character in the velocity profile.
Temperature profile also shows the similar behaviour.
Figure 3 shows the effect of Eckert number Ec on the flow field. We find that an increase in the Eckert number has
the decreasing effect on the velocity field. We have also considered the effect on the velocity and temperature when there is
no N-B modification incorporated and the result is shown by dotted lines in the graphs.. It has the effects of decreasing the
velocity and temperature profiles. Also, we have considered the case when there is no variation in the thermal conductivity
and this result is shown by dashed lines .
Figure 1
Figure-2
25
5. Boundary Layer Flow in Porous Medium Past a Moving Vertical Plate with …
Figure-3
V. CONCLUSION
We observe that the permeability parameter and Grashof number both have quite significant effects on the
velocity and temperature profiles. The effects of exponential variation of thermal conductivity and permeability are
prominently visible in the graphs. Also, an increase in the Eckert number has the effect of decreasing the velocity and
temperature both.
REFERENCES
[1]. Sakiadis B.C.(1961): Boundary layer behaviors on continuous solid surfaces:II, Boundary layer on a continuous
flat surface. A.I.Ch.E. Journal, 7, 221-225.
[2]. Erickson L.E. ,L.T.Fan and Fox, V.G.: (1966).Heat and Mass Transfer on a moving continuous plate with suction
and injection, Ind.Eng.Chem.Fundamental 5: 19-25.
[3]. Chen,T.S. and Strobel, F.A.(1980) : Bouyancy effects in boundary layer adjacent to a continuous, moving
horizontal flat plate. Journal of Heat Transfer, 102, 170-172.
[4]. Schlichting H.(1979): Boundary layer Theory, Mc Graw Hill, NewYork.
[5]. Kays W.M. and Crawferd M.E.(1980): Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw Hill, NewYork.
[6]. Choi, I.G.(1982): The effect of variable properties of air on the boundary layer for a moving continuous cylinder.
Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, 25, 597-602.
[7]. Jeng, D.R., Chan, T.A. and DeWitt, K.J.(1986): Momentum and heat transfer on a continuous moving surface,
Journal of Heat Transfer, 36, 532-539.
[8]. Benenati,R.F. and Brosilow, C.B.(1958): Void fraction distribution in beds of sphere, A.I.Ch.E.J ,8, 359-361.
[9]. Chandrasekhar, B.C. and Namboodiri, P.M.S.(1985), Influence of variable permeability and combined free and
forced convection about inclined surfaces in porous media., Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 28(1), 199-206.
[10]. Elbashbeshy E.M.A. (2000). Free convection flow with variable viscosity and thermal diffusivity along a vertical
plate in the presences of the magnetic field, Int.J.Eng.Sci. 38: 207-213
[10]. Palani G.and.Kim K.Y (2010). Numerical study on a vertical plate with variable viscosity and thermal
conductivity, Arch Appl. Mech. 80711-725.
[11]. Anjali Devi S.P. and Ganga B.(2009). Viscous dissipation effects on non linear MHD flow in a prous medium over
a stretching porous surface, Int. J. of Math and Mech., 5(7): 45-59.
[12]. Anjali Devi S.P. and Ganga B.(2009).Effects of viscous dissipation and Joules dissipation on MHD flows, heat and
mass transfer past a stretching porous surface embedded in a porous medium.Nonlinear Analysis:Modelling and
control, 14(3) 303-314.
[13]. Ayadin, O. and Kaya, A.(2008): Non Darcian forced convection flow of viscous dissipating fluid over a flat plate
embedded in a porous medium. Transp Porous Med, 73, 173-186.
[14]. Nield,D.A. and BejanA. (1992). Convection in Porous Media, Springer-Verlog,Newyork.
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