This study assessed nursing students' skills in classifying pressure ulcers and compared the effectiveness of an e-learning program versus a standard lecture. Senior nursing students were randomly assigned to an intervention group that received e-learning education on pressure ulcer classification or a control group that received a standard lecture. Both groups completed pre- and post-tests on pressure ulcer classification. The results showed that students' classification skills improved after both types of training, but improved more for the group that received e-learning education. The e-learning program was more effective than the standard lecture at enhancing nursing students' skills in pressure ulcer classification.
Assessmentof Nursing Students’ Attitude toward Learning Communication Skills ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Opinions of Nursing Students towards Simulation Efficiency in Nursing Educationinventionjournals
The students who are studying in Necmettin Erbakan University Nursing Department at nursing education was conducted to determine their views on the effectiveness of simulation. The sample of the study, department nursing studying in second class, who agreed to participate in the study and Medical Nursing participating in the simulation application forms in the course of 48 students. 29.2% of the students in the courses of visual materials, %56,2% visual materials, %89,6% that gives you the opportunity to practice in the course of theuse of materials can increase the success stated. Of the students who participated in the study89.9% of the simulation suggested that it is useful for the nursing profession. Simulation for affairt hat is useful for the nursing professionis safed, controlled environment simulation with the opinions of the technical andintellectual skills to teach the mthe questions on the activity, a significant relation betweens tatistical aspects. (x 2 = 20.43, p < 0.05). Have a positiveopinion of themajority of the students towards the use of simulation in nursing education and at the same time visual, auditory, and gives you the opportunity to practice the permanence of learning because it is a material that is expectedto increase.
Mentoring, Nursing Students’ Opinions; a Pilot Studyinventionjournals
This study was conducted in order to receive the opinions of the nursing students that their clinical training carried out using one-to-one mentoring model. The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 43 first-grade students of the nursing department of a university. The opinions of the students about mentoring were asked by applying a form consisting of 37 questions developed by the researchers at the end of the spring semester of 2014. Age average of the students participating in the study was :19.2±1.1. When students were asked about their opinions on mentoring model, it was determined that the practice of mentoring positively changed the perspectives of the students concerning the profession of nursing after they started receiving education (90.7 %), they wanted mentor nurses and instructors to work together in the clinic (53.3 %) and they preferred one-to-one mentoring model (55.8 %). Opinions of the students were received on the problems they encounter in clinical practices, the sources of these problems and how to increase the efficiency of clinical training. Results of our study reveal that one-to-one mentoring model has a positive impact on learning experiences of the students. Increasing the efficiency of mentoring system will increase the success of the clinical training.
A Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge Regarding Airway Management Modaliti...ijtsrd
INTRODUCTION Airway management includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve airway obstruction. Due to obstruction in the airway the life of the individual is in danger so use of airway management modalities will help to save the individual’s life. These modalities ensures an open pathway which provide breath to the lungs through the atmospheric air and mechanical support to secure life. The study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge on airway management among Nursing student. The main objectives of study were to assess the knowledge on airway management modalities and to associate the level of knowledge with selected demographic variables. A Quantitative research approach with Descriptive research design was used to evaluate the knowledge regarding airway management modalities. A sample of 60nursing students were selected by convenient sampling technique. structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the sample . Data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics on the basis of objective of the study RESULT The result of the study shows that out of 60 samples 13 21.66 having good knowledge 45 75.3 having average knowledge and 2 3.33 having poor knowledge regarding airway management modalities. with regard to mean and standard deviation of knowledge shows 17.3 and 3.92 respectively. CONCLUSION The study concludes that, the knowledge level of students regarding airway management modalities associated airway management is average, the study suggest that proper teaching and adequate training on airway management will be helpful for the students to gain knowledge. Mr. Pradip Kumar Mishra | Mr. Raghavendran M "A Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge Regarding Airway Management Modalities among Nursing Student at Selected Nursing, College Kanpur" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45205.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45205/a-study-to-assess-the-level-of-knowledge-regarding-airway-management-modalities-among-nursing-student-at-selected-nursing-college-kanpur/mr-pradip-kumar-mishra
Nursing Students' Opinions Regarding the Nursing Processinventionjournals
The aim of this descriptive study is to identify nursing students' opinions regarding the nursing process. Data of the study conducted in January 2014 on 240 students studying in the first, second and third classes of a nursing department of a university were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions in total. The data obtained as a result of the study were analyzed using numeric and percentage distribution in computer environment. It was found that 50% of the students in the study identified the nursing process as providing appropriate nursing care specific to the patient, 73.3% had difficulties in the nursing process, and 36.2% pointed the lecturer to be the source of difficulty. On the other hand, students stated that the nursing process was beneficial to students by increasing knowledge (45.8%) and to patients by preventing lack of care (58.2%). The result of this study suggests that students who find the nursing process useful for both the patient and themselves and who have difficulty in all phases of the nursing process should apply the nursing process on more cases.
Abstract— Medical Council of India has laid down the norms and guidelines for integrated teaching to enhance the students approach for learning in a comprehensive manner. A comparative interventional study was carried out on II MBBS students of SMS medical College, Jaipur to compare the effect of traditional teaching and integrated teaching method. After taking pre-test students were divided into two groups, one group underwent traditional teaching and other group is given integrated teaching on Bronchial Asthma. Post-test was taken after finishing the topic. Mean change in score improved in both the group were compared by unpaiered “t’ Test. Perception of students and faculty about new method was also found out. It was found in this study that mean change of score of students from pre-test to post-test in the study group was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in control group (3.43±1.88 v/s 0.65±1.81). More than 90 % students liked and retained the subject better with the new teaching methodology only 9.3% felt it more time consuming. Majority of faculty had liked this method.
Assessmentof Nursing Students’ Attitude toward Learning Communication Skills ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Opinions of Nursing Students towards Simulation Efficiency in Nursing Educationinventionjournals
The students who are studying in Necmettin Erbakan University Nursing Department at nursing education was conducted to determine their views on the effectiveness of simulation. The sample of the study, department nursing studying in second class, who agreed to participate in the study and Medical Nursing participating in the simulation application forms in the course of 48 students. 29.2% of the students in the courses of visual materials, %56,2% visual materials, %89,6% that gives you the opportunity to practice in the course of theuse of materials can increase the success stated. Of the students who participated in the study89.9% of the simulation suggested that it is useful for the nursing profession. Simulation for affairt hat is useful for the nursing professionis safed, controlled environment simulation with the opinions of the technical andintellectual skills to teach the mthe questions on the activity, a significant relation betweens tatistical aspects. (x 2 = 20.43, p < 0.05). Have a positiveopinion of themajority of the students towards the use of simulation in nursing education and at the same time visual, auditory, and gives you the opportunity to practice the permanence of learning because it is a material that is expectedto increase.
Mentoring, Nursing Students’ Opinions; a Pilot Studyinventionjournals
This study was conducted in order to receive the opinions of the nursing students that their clinical training carried out using one-to-one mentoring model. The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 43 first-grade students of the nursing department of a university. The opinions of the students about mentoring were asked by applying a form consisting of 37 questions developed by the researchers at the end of the spring semester of 2014. Age average of the students participating in the study was :19.2±1.1. When students were asked about their opinions on mentoring model, it was determined that the practice of mentoring positively changed the perspectives of the students concerning the profession of nursing after they started receiving education (90.7 %), they wanted mentor nurses and instructors to work together in the clinic (53.3 %) and they preferred one-to-one mentoring model (55.8 %). Opinions of the students were received on the problems they encounter in clinical practices, the sources of these problems and how to increase the efficiency of clinical training. Results of our study reveal that one-to-one mentoring model has a positive impact on learning experiences of the students. Increasing the efficiency of mentoring system will increase the success of the clinical training.
A Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge Regarding Airway Management Modaliti...ijtsrd
INTRODUCTION Airway management includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve airway obstruction. Due to obstruction in the airway the life of the individual is in danger so use of airway management modalities will help to save the individual’s life. These modalities ensures an open pathway which provide breath to the lungs through the atmospheric air and mechanical support to secure life. The study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge on airway management among Nursing student. The main objectives of study were to assess the knowledge on airway management modalities and to associate the level of knowledge with selected demographic variables. A Quantitative research approach with Descriptive research design was used to evaluate the knowledge regarding airway management modalities. A sample of 60nursing students were selected by convenient sampling technique. structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the sample . Data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics on the basis of objective of the study RESULT The result of the study shows that out of 60 samples 13 21.66 having good knowledge 45 75.3 having average knowledge and 2 3.33 having poor knowledge regarding airway management modalities. with regard to mean and standard deviation of knowledge shows 17.3 and 3.92 respectively. CONCLUSION The study concludes that, the knowledge level of students regarding airway management modalities associated airway management is average, the study suggest that proper teaching and adequate training on airway management will be helpful for the students to gain knowledge. Mr. Pradip Kumar Mishra | Mr. Raghavendran M "A Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge Regarding Airway Management Modalities among Nursing Student at Selected Nursing, College Kanpur" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45205.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45205/a-study-to-assess-the-level-of-knowledge-regarding-airway-management-modalities-among-nursing-student-at-selected-nursing-college-kanpur/mr-pradip-kumar-mishra
Nursing Students' Opinions Regarding the Nursing Processinventionjournals
The aim of this descriptive study is to identify nursing students' opinions regarding the nursing process. Data of the study conducted in January 2014 on 240 students studying in the first, second and third classes of a nursing department of a university were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions in total. The data obtained as a result of the study were analyzed using numeric and percentage distribution in computer environment. It was found that 50% of the students in the study identified the nursing process as providing appropriate nursing care specific to the patient, 73.3% had difficulties in the nursing process, and 36.2% pointed the lecturer to be the source of difficulty. On the other hand, students stated that the nursing process was beneficial to students by increasing knowledge (45.8%) and to patients by preventing lack of care (58.2%). The result of this study suggests that students who find the nursing process useful for both the patient and themselves and who have difficulty in all phases of the nursing process should apply the nursing process on more cases.
Abstract— Medical Council of India has laid down the norms and guidelines for integrated teaching to enhance the students approach for learning in a comprehensive manner. A comparative interventional study was carried out on II MBBS students of SMS medical College, Jaipur to compare the effect of traditional teaching and integrated teaching method. After taking pre-test students were divided into two groups, one group underwent traditional teaching and other group is given integrated teaching on Bronchial Asthma. Post-test was taken after finishing the topic. Mean change in score improved in both the group were compared by unpaiered “t’ Test. Perception of students and faculty about new method was also found out. It was found in this study that mean change of score of students from pre-test to post-test in the study group was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in control group (3.43±1.88 v/s 0.65±1.81). More than 90 % students liked and retained the subject better with the new teaching methodology only 9.3% felt it more time consuming. Majority of faculty had liked this method.
Effectiveness of Lecture Cum Demonstration Method on Knowledge and Skill Rega...Vivek Jamnik
The study aims to find the effectiveness of lecture cum demonstration method on knowledge and skill
regarding cranial nerve assessment among under graduate nursing student in selected nursing college.
Efficacy of Demonstration on Covid 19 Training on Knowledge Among Final Year ...YogeshIJTSRD
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of demonstration on knowledge regarding covid 19 training among final year nursing students of dr. achal singh yadav institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, lucknow. a quanatitave research approach with quasi experimental research design was used to select 37 final year nursing students. self structured knowledge questionnaire was used for assessing the knowledge regarding covid 19 training among the subjects. spss version 25 was used for analyzing the data. result revealed that in pretest no sample had adequate knowledge as compare to post test 32 students had adequate knowledge regarding covid 19 training. the paired t test shows that obtained p value was 0.008 which is less than p value 0.05 reveal that demonstration was effective to bring changes in knowledge regarding covid 19 training among the participants and chisqaure test reveal that there is no significant association with pretest knowledge on covid 19 training and demographic variables of participant except course of study. Jubin Varghese | Bhoopendra Singh Yadav | Saniya Susan Issac "Efficacy of Demonstration on Covid-19 Training on Knowledge Among Final Year Nursing Students of Dr. Achal Singh Yadav Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41257.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41257/efficacy-of-demonstration-on-covid19-training-on-knowledge-among-final-year-nursing-students-of-dr-achal-singh-yadav-institute-of-nursing-and-paramedical-sciences-lucknow/jubin-varghese
Effectiveness of need based training on knowledge regarding oxygen therapy fo...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Motivational Intervention on Anxiety...iosrjce
The objective of the study was to assess the mental To assess and compare the level anxiety of
unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students in university examination before and after the administration of motivational
intervention and to determine the association of level of anxiety with the selected personal variables.31
unsuccessful B.Sc(N)student were selected through purposive sampling technique. In view of the nature of the
problem and to accomplish the objectives of the study, structured Beck Anxiety Inventory was used to assess the
Anxiety level of the students. Validity was ensured in the field of Nursing and medical departments. Reliability of
the tools was tested by Cranach’s alpha, which was 0.92 Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used.
The findings of this study indicated that Motivational Intervention is effective in reducing Anxiety (t
value=3.027, p value = <0.05) among unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students. There was no significant association of
Anxiety with the selected sample characteristics after motivational intervention but before motivational
intervention it was significantly associated with age in year, passed higher secondary in how many attempts and
hobbies. The finding suggests that motivational intervention was effective in reducing level of Anxiety of
unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students.
DESIGN OF RLE SCORER WEB FORMS AND NURSING STUDENTS EFFICACY IN PARENTERAL DR...hiij
Related Learning Experience or RLE is acourse offered in Tobruk University College of Nursing for 1st
year and 2nd year students to prepare them for actual scenario in the hospital by practising skills related to
Nursing and Health care. Team teaching is used to perform this activity and evaluated by Return
Demonstration in the laboratory class and once more in the Final Return Demonstration or final exam.
Tabulating all procedures and steps is a tedious matter doing it manually. In this study the proponents
designed an RLE Scorer web forms based on Google survey forms to collect students performance and to
computer for their equivalent marks. The focus of the study is in RLE 3 or parenteral drug administration.
The collected data was saved in the Google drive and downloaded later; the results were treated
statistically to find the mean score in all 5 procedures of RLE 3, and to find the difference between male
and female respondents and the difference of variance based on rating. It was shown that the students
performed generally well reaching the passing mark. The male students fared better in all procedures
compared to femalebut there was no significant difference established. The purpose of the study is to
encourage technological adaptation in collecting performances of nursing students, promoting team
teaching in training of nursing skills in RLE thus supporting quality nursing education and nursing
informatics.
Recent advances and changing face of anatomyMathew Joseph
Background A sound knowledge of human anatomy is a major requirement for
being a good physician or a practicing surgeon. Despite digitalization and modernization of education sector, traditional cadaveric dissection still occupies the leadership
of anatomy education. It is becoming an untold truth that no modern technologies
such as virtual dissection or 3D model printing could replace cadaveric dissection in its
way of teaching students.
Methods Recent research studies on modern anatomical teaching methods for
medical and non-medical students and their influences are reviewed.
Results Despite new technologies, traditional cadaveric dissection helps students to
acquire more practical knowledge and still occupies prior position on its way
Effectiveness of Lecture Cum Demonstration Method on Knowledge and Skill Rega...Vivek Jamnik
The study aims to find the effectiveness of lecture cum demonstration method on knowledge and skill
regarding cranial nerve assessment among under graduate nursing student in selected nursing college.
Efficacy of Demonstration on Covid 19 Training on Knowledge Among Final Year ...YogeshIJTSRD
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of demonstration on knowledge regarding covid 19 training among final year nursing students of dr. achal singh yadav institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, lucknow. a quanatitave research approach with quasi experimental research design was used to select 37 final year nursing students. self structured knowledge questionnaire was used for assessing the knowledge regarding covid 19 training among the subjects. spss version 25 was used for analyzing the data. result revealed that in pretest no sample had adequate knowledge as compare to post test 32 students had adequate knowledge regarding covid 19 training. the paired t test shows that obtained p value was 0.008 which is less than p value 0.05 reveal that demonstration was effective to bring changes in knowledge regarding covid 19 training among the participants and chisqaure test reveal that there is no significant association with pretest knowledge on covid 19 training and demographic variables of participant except course of study. Jubin Varghese | Bhoopendra Singh Yadav | Saniya Susan Issac "Efficacy of Demonstration on Covid-19 Training on Knowledge Among Final Year Nursing Students of Dr. Achal Singh Yadav Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41257.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41257/efficacy-of-demonstration-on-covid19-training-on-knowledge-among-final-year-nursing-students-of-dr-achal-singh-yadav-institute-of-nursing-and-paramedical-sciences-lucknow/jubin-varghese
Effectiveness of need based training on knowledge regarding oxygen therapy fo...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Motivational Intervention on Anxiety...iosrjce
The objective of the study was to assess the mental To assess and compare the level anxiety of
unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students in university examination before and after the administration of motivational
intervention and to determine the association of level of anxiety with the selected personal variables.31
unsuccessful B.Sc(N)student were selected through purposive sampling technique. In view of the nature of the
problem and to accomplish the objectives of the study, structured Beck Anxiety Inventory was used to assess the
Anxiety level of the students. Validity was ensured in the field of Nursing and medical departments. Reliability of
the tools was tested by Cranach’s alpha, which was 0.92 Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used.
The findings of this study indicated that Motivational Intervention is effective in reducing Anxiety (t
value=3.027, p value = <0.05) among unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students. There was no significant association of
Anxiety with the selected sample characteristics after motivational intervention but before motivational
intervention it was significantly associated with age in year, passed higher secondary in how many attempts and
hobbies. The finding suggests that motivational intervention was effective in reducing level of Anxiety of
unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students.
DESIGN OF RLE SCORER WEB FORMS AND NURSING STUDENTS EFFICACY IN PARENTERAL DR...hiij
Related Learning Experience or RLE is acourse offered in Tobruk University College of Nursing for 1st
year and 2nd year students to prepare them for actual scenario in the hospital by practising skills related to
Nursing and Health care. Team teaching is used to perform this activity and evaluated by Return
Demonstration in the laboratory class and once more in the Final Return Demonstration or final exam.
Tabulating all procedures and steps is a tedious matter doing it manually. In this study the proponents
designed an RLE Scorer web forms based on Google survey forms to collect students performance and to
computer for their equivalent marks. The focus of the study is in RLE 3 or parenteral drug administration.
The collected data was saved in the Google drive and downloaded later; the results were treated
statistically to find the mean score in all 5 procedures of RLE 3, and to find the difference between male
and female respondents and the difference of variance based on rating. It was shown that the students
performed generally well reaching the passing mark. The male students fared better in all procedures
compared to femalebut there was no significant difference established. The purpose of the study is to
encourage technological adaptation in collecting performances of nursing students, promoting team
teaching in training of nursing skills in RLE thus supporting quality nursing education and nursing
informatics.
Recent advances and changing face of anatomyMathew Joseph
Background A sound knowledge of human anatomy is a major requirement for
being a good physician or a practicing surgeon. Despite digitalization and modernization of education sector, traditional cadaveric dissection still occupies the leadership
of anatomy education. It is becoming an untold truth that no modern technologies
such as virtual dissection or 3D model printing could replace cadaveric dissection in its
way of teaching students.
Methods Recent research studies on modern anatomical teaching methods for
medical and non-medical students and their influences are reviewed.
Results Despite new technologies, traditional cadaveric dissection helps students to
acquire more practical knowledge and still occupies prior position on its way
Last year by end of the lecture Dr Medinna gave cases to solve for Fluid and electrolytes....
He had a seperate slide for the cases..
Lecture slides are taken from Schwartz Textbook of surgery....
OSCE Tool for Improving B. Sc. Nursing Students' Antenatal , Examinationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice.The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
SELF LEARNING VERSUS TRADITIONAL LEARNING FOR NURSING STUDENTS REGARDING SAFE...indexPub
Self-directed learning necessary for effective lifelong learning and many skills of students are expected to improve. Traditional learning methods are ineffective and passive instructional method. Students' nurses need to be educated and periodically reinforce their knowledge through seminars and
workshops to ensure high understanding of how to prevent communicable diseases transmission.. Aim of study: evaluate the self-learning versus traditional learning regarding safety measures in emergency unit. Research Design: A quasi-experimental design was utilized. Setting: The study will be conducted in nursing schools at Abbasiya district (Dar El Shifa School and psychiatric health school). Study sample: A purposive sample was collected; it consisted of 120 students nurses, first class, both genders, Tools: three tool was used pre/post in this study: 1- Structured Interviewing Questionnaire to assess characteristic and knowledge of studied students 2- Observation checklists to assess students, performance post implementation of two learning methods. 3- Students, opinion sheet to assess student's satisfaction regarding self-learning and traditional learning method assess the environment
of the school lab. Results: there was a highly statistically significant differences in relation to knowledge about safety in the emergency unit items between pre and post program in self-learning group (P= < 0.001).while, no statistically significant differences in traditional learning group Moreover, there was a positive highly statistically significant correlation between total knowledge and total practices among studied students in self-learning and traditional-learning groups in the post program. Conclusion: In conclusion Implementation of nursing student intervention had positive effect on knowledge, and practices for two groups (self-learning& traditional learning) regarding safety measure in emergency unit. Recommendation: developing educational programs for enhancing students' awareness about safety measures in emergency unit should be a priority in nursing schools to ensure early protective from infection. Raise nursing student's awareness regarding safety measures by using self-learning.
An Exploration of the Information Literacy and Academic Writing Skills of Fin...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nursing students need information literacy and academic writing skills to conduct research. The
aim of this study was to explore the information literacy and academic writing skills of final year undergraduate
nursing students in Buea, identify the various challenges faced during academic writing and to outline their
perceived opinions on the effective assistance of educators during academic writing. A cross-sectional study
design was used. The study duration was for five months. A sample of 200 final year nursing students was
purposively selected to take part in the study from four nursing institutions in Buea, Cameroon and distributed
by probability proportionate to size. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed
descriptively using SPSS 23.0. qualitative data generated from the open-ended questions were analyzed using
thematic content analysis, grounding and transcriptions. The Chi-square test was used to measure association
between categorical variables. Majorityof the respondents reported to have moderate information literacy skills
102(51.0%) and moderate academic writing skills92(46.0%). Also, they faced challenges during academic
writing such as: poor supervision 128(64.0%), ineffective feedback from supervisors 120(60.0%), poor
knowledge on search engines 114(57.0%), incompetency making conclusions on work read 112(56.0%),
ineffective teaching of academic writing 106(53.0%) and poor usage of search engines 102(51.0%). The
respondents suggested that effective and efficient teaching of academic writing 130(65.0%), effective feedback
80(40.0%), close supervision 60(30.0%), effective teaching of information literacy 25(12.5%) and search
engines 23(11.5%), and seminars 7(3.5%) could enhance their academic writing.
KEYWORDS: Academic Writing, Buea, Challenges, Information literacy, Nursing Students, Skills,
Undergraduate
HRSA Comprehensive Geriatric Education Grant Posternomadicnurse
This grant funds a Clinical Nurse Specialist position to work with current Gerontological CNS in providing education, mentoring / support, developing / measuring outcomes for knowledge, practice change and patient outcomes by:
Expanding NICHE training at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta beyond Acute Care nurses to include Emergency Department nurses;
2) Introducing NICHE training at Piedmont Fayette, Piedmont Newnan and Piedmont Mountainside for Acute Care and Emergency Department nurses;
3) Introducing NICHE training for nursing staff at two of our Long-Term Care facility partners; and
4) Disseminating program materials and information to other healthcare entities throughout Georgia and the U.S. through local workshops and presentations at national healthcare conferences.
Effect of Blended Learning Environment Model on High School Studen.docxSALU18
Effect of Blended Learning Environment Model on High School Students' Academic Achievement
Author(s):
Kazu, Ibrahim Yasar; Demirkol, Mehmet
Source:
Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology - TOJET, v13 n1 p78-87 Jan 2014. 10 pp.
Peer Reviewed:
Yes
ISSN:
1303-6521
Descriptors:
Blended Learning, High School Students, Academic Achievement, Comparative Analysis, Conventional Instruction, Gender Differences, Foreign Countries, Science Instruction, Secondary School Science, Genetics, Biology, Experimental Groups, Control Groups, Educational Technology, Computer Uses in Education, Online Courses, Science Achievement, Pretests Posttests, High Schools, Grade 10, Grade 11
Identifiers:
Turkey
Abstract:
This study analyzes the students' academic performance by comparing the blended learning environment and traditional learning environment. It has been observed whether there is a significant difference between the academic achievement grade dispersions and the male-female students' grades. The study has been carried out in Diyarbakir Anatolian High School in 2010-2011 academic year first semester biology courses. For the study, two quantitative courses sections have been selected among the classes formed by secondary school senior students. Cluster analysis has been conducted to provide the objectivity when forming the experiment and control groups. The study has been conducted with 54 participants, 19 males and 8 females for the experiment group and 18 males and 9 females for the control group. The experiment group continued its education in blended learning environment and the control group continued its education in traditional learning environment. The created learning environments have focused the genetics topic of the biology course and lasted for 6 weeks. During the study, pre-test and final-test have been used for the academic achievement analysis. According to the results acquired at the end of the study, a significant difference hasn't been found between the two groups at the end of the pre-test applied to experiment and control groups. Besides, in accordance with the averages of the final test grades, the experiment group has been found more successful than the control group. In both of the learning environments, female students have turned out to be more successful than the male students.
Abstractor:
As Provided
Number of References:
33
Number of Pages:
10
Publication Type:
Reports - Research; Journal Articles
Availability:
Full Text from ERIC Available online: http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ1018177
Sakarya University. Esentepe Campus, Adapazari 54000, Turkey. Tel: +90-505-2431868; Fax: +90-264-6141034; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.tojet.net
Journal Code:
JAN2017
Entry Date:
2014
Accession Number:
EJ1018177
Database:
ERIC
lable at ScienceDirect
Nurse Education in Practice 14 (2014) 468e472
Contents lists avai
Nurse Education in Practice
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/ne ...
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion...Kailash Nagar
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion on Respiratory Assessment in Terms of Knowledge and Critical Thinking Abilities Among Nursing Students
Transfer of Learning using Simulation Based Education among Students of Teach...ijtsrd
Nursing is a scientific profession, based on theory and art of care. However, the theory practice gap has become the biggest challenge of this profession and decreases the quality of service both in teaching and practice. The simulation method allows students to repeatedly practice their clinical skills until they develop a sense of proficiency to learn at their own pace and to freely make mistakes. A simulation is an educational process that can replicate clinical practices in a safe environment. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore and describe how the fourth year and clinical intern nursing students perceived simulation based learning in contributing their ability to transfer their learning from theory into practice. Objectives To explore the conceptualization of Simulation based learning amongst final year and intern nursing students, and to explore their challenges and perception in implementing it, during their clinical practice. Methods The study used descriptive mixed method and data was collected using focus groups and pre validated semi structured questionnaire. All focus group discussions were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and narratives were compared with the recordings to establish accuracy, credibility and reliability of data. Qualitative narratives were translated to English and analysed through an inductive thematic content analysis. Results Two major themes were identified Self confidence and satisfaction subcategorized in terms of enhancing collaboration, improve personal and interpersonal skills, and patient outcomes. Sahar Mohammed Aly | Pushpamala Ramaiah | Sushmitha Ramaiah | Tasnim Atef Elgazzar "Transfer of Learning using Simulation Based Education among Students of Teaching Institutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29707.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/29707/transfer-of-learning-using-simulation-based-education-among-students-of-teaching-institutions/sahar-mohammed-aly
E learning vs standard lecture-which is the best approach to improve senior nursing students’ skills in pressure ulcer classification
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E-learning vs Standard Lecture: Which is the Best Approach to
Improve Senior Nursing Students’ Skills in Pressure Ulcer
Classification?
Ahmad Tubaishat
Al al-Bayt University/ Faculty of Nursing, P.O.Box: 130040, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
* E-mail of the corresponding author: atubaishat@aabu.edu.jo
Abstract
The ability to classify pressure ulcers correctly is an important skill that every bedside nurse and nursing student
should have, in order to institute appropriate intervention for each patient suffering from pressure ulcers.
Misclassification of pressure ulcer is a common among healthcare providers. Education and training about this
topic is essential to expand nurses’ and nursing students’ skills and knowledge. Currently, the training is based
mainly on traditional lecture teaching, while the uses of e-learning education for pressure ulcer care still in its
infancy. The purpose of this study was to assess nursing students’ skills to classify pressure ulcers correctly, and
to evaluate the effect of an e-learning program on improving students’ pressure ulcer classification skills. Using
a quasi-experimental that involved pre-test-post-test control group design.Senior nursing students in one public
university in Jordan were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=47), and a control group (n=48). The
intervention group received an e-learning educational program about pressure ulcer classification, and the
control group received a traditional, standard lecture about the same topic. Both groups were asked to complete a
pre-test and, after the training sessions, they completed a post-test of the same contents. The participants’ skills
in classifying pressure ulcers were inadequate at the pre-test. Furthermore, the inter-rater reliability of pressure
ulcer classification was poor. The skills were improved markedly after both types of training were received, with
better results displayed by the e-learning program (intervention group M=14.9, SD=2.68; control group M=9.5,
SD=2.58; p=0.03). The inter-rater reliability, including both the Cohen Kappa and the percentage of agreement,
was also improved after the education programs were administered, again with the intervention group being
superior (intervention group k=0.62, % of agreement= 68.1%; Control Group k=0.38, % of agreement=48.2%).
To summarize, participants’ skills in pressure ulcer classification were limited. The E-learning program was
superior to the conventional lecture in improving participants’ skills of PU classification. Adoption of this type
of training is recommended in nursing education.
Keywords: E-learning, Standard lecture, Pressure ulcer, Classification.
1. Introduction
Pressure ulcer (PU) classification tools are scales used to determine the level of PU damage (Bell 2005). The
severity of PU cases ranges from erythema of intact skin to the destruction of skin, subcutaneous fat, muscle and
bone (Nixon et al. 2005). In current clinical practice, numerous PU classification scales are employed to identify
and classify the severity of tissue damage. The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) scale is one of
the most commonly employed scales that is widely used in Europe (EPUAP 1998). It classifies PUs into four
categories based on the severity of injury, ranging from Non-Blanchable erythyma of intact skin to extensive
destruction to muscles and bone.
The accurate assessment and classification of PU grade is a very important step in planning the
prevention and treatment of PUs, otherwise resources will be wasted (Briggs 2006). Some reasons are given in
the literature for classifying PU patients with an accurate grade (Briggs 2006). Firstly, it will affect patients’
outcomes, as the provision of suitable prevention and management to PU patients depends on the accuracy of the
data, and the cost of the resources allocated to PU patients will depend on their ulcer grade. Secondly, the
classification of ulcers is central to PU audits, so a high level of confidence in its accuracy is required. Taken
into account that PU is a common problem in different healthcare settings, its prevalence ranged in the USA
from 14% to 17% (Whittington and Briones 2004), in Canada: 25% (Woodbury and Houghton 2004), in the UK:
17.5% (Srinivasaiah et al. 2007), and in Jordan; where the current work conducted was 12% (Tubaishat,
Anthony, and Saleh 2011).
Therefore, nurses and nursing students should have enough knowledge and skills to assess PU
accurately, enabling them to provide timely and appropriate intervention to prevent the progression of ulceration.
This knowledge and skills can be gained through teaching and learning, whether this is provided electronically or
in standard format.
There is an increased use of technological applications in higher education for teaching purposes across
different faculties and universities (Muirhead 2007). Nursing education is no exception, where information and
communication technology (ICT) has been rapidly developed and integrated into the field (Ajayi and Ajayi
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2006). E-learning is one of these applications and is defined as a type of instruction delivered electronically to a
remote learner via the Internet, intranets, or multimedia platforms such as CD-ROMs or DVDs (Smart and
Cappel 2006).
There are general benefits of e-learning. It can deliver educational programs which are of high quality
and cost effective, for a large number of learners in different geographical locations at the same time (Farrell
2006). It offers a self-paced learning style that suits individual learning speeds (Kruse 2002). Moreover, it is
“learner centered”, as the learners control their education based on their own needs (Favretto, Caramia, and
Guardini 2005). In addition, it is an interactive approach that actively engages the students in the learning
process (Moore et al. 2012).
The effectiveness of e-learning as a teaching method for improving nurses’ knowledge and skills in PU
classification has scarcely been studied. One study has been located which evaluates the effectiveness of e-
learning programs in improving PU classification (Beeckman et al. 2008). In this, 212 registered nurses (RNs)
and 214 nursing students were randomly assigned to an intervention group who participated in an e-learning
program, and a control group who attended a standard lecture, where both teaching methods contained the same
learning content on the topic of PU classification. The results showed that the PU classification skills of the
nursing students who had participated in the e-learning program improved significantly, while among the RNs
no difference between the learning methods was demonstrated. The authors’ explanation was that the students
had had more previous experience with computer applications.
However, some studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of traditional teaching on improving
PU classification skills. Briggs (2006) conducted a study to assess the degree of accuracy in classification PU
among nurses in one acute National Health Services (NHS) Trust in the UK. A sample of 52 nurses were asked
to grade 20 PU photographs before and after receiving a traditional educational program about the practice of PU
classification. The level of accuracy of the RNs in classifying PU was poor in the pre-test. Although there was
marked improvement at the post test (the frequency of distribution of correct responses increased from 15.3% in
the pre-test to 55.7% in the post-test), the overall performance remained less than satisfactory (between 80-100%
correct answers), and this may have been due to lack of knowledge and experience in PU classification.
Kelly and Isted (2011) offered a training program in PU classification for nurses, using the magazine of
the Trust, class-room based information and ward-based information, and noted that nurses correctly classified
PUs 56% of the time before receiving the instructions, and this increased to 62% of the time after the learning
materials were consulted. .
No study was found that has explored this area of interest in Jordan. Thus, the idea for the current work
emerged. There were two main aims for the current study. The first was to assess the level of accuracy of senior
nursing students in classifying PUs, and the second was to evaluate the effect of an e-learning program as a
teaching method for improving students' skills in PU classification. In fact, from this study, the light was shed on
our second study which was conducted by the same author on the registered nurse, to explore the effect of e-
learning on different samples.
2. Methodology
2.1 Design
A quasi experimental, that involve pre-test-post-test control group.
2.2 Setting
The present study was conducted in the Faculty of Nursing of one public university located in the North of
Jordan. This faculty grants the degree of Bachelor in Nursing after four years of study. The total number of
students from the first year to the fourth, based on the latest record of the registry (2012/2013), was 653, with
between 140 and 170 students at each academic level.
2.3 Sample
All senior nursing students in the last semester of their fourth academic year were invited to take part in the
current study. This gave a total of 143 students. Based on the Bachelor program plan in Jordan, senior students in
their final semester should follow the intensive clinical training module. In this module, the students receive a
two-week orientation course before starting the actual clinical training in hospitals. During this period the entire
accessible population was approached for the purpose of the present study.
This group of students was selected because they are just a step away from becoming RNs and they are
expected to provide direct nursing care to different types of patients including PU patients. Furthermore, it was
expected that these students would be used to providing direct care to PU patients during their study period since
this was their third clinical year, as in Jordan students start to train in clinical settings from the second year
onwards.
Thus, the inclusion criteria specify that a participant must be a senior student in their final semester
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before graduation, who has agreed to take part in the study and completed all the phases. Students who were not
in their final year and did not agree to participate were excluded from the study.
The sample size was calculated using G* power software (Faul et al. 2007). A medium effect size of
0.50 was required for the purpose of this study. The power level was set at 0.80, and the conventional ά =0.05
two tailed criterion of the significance was specified. Based on that, the required sample size to address the
study’s aims was 70 students. All the senior students (n=143) in the faculty were approached for a dual purpose:
so that the findings could be generalized for final year students across all universities in Jordan, and to overcome
the problem of participants' attrition. Of the 143 students, 95 participated and completed the study phases.
Simple randomization using a computer generated-list was used to assign the students to an intervention group
(n=47) and a control group (n=48).
2.4 Data collection procedures
Once the groups were obtained, the same pre-test on PU classification was administered for both groups as a
baseline measurement. After completing the pre-test, the intervention group took themselves independently
through an e-learning program on machines provided in one of the computer laboratories in the Faculty. These
laboratories are equipped with up-to-date desktops that contain most of the necessary software and applications
needed for educational purposes. The control group attended a lecture on the same topic; PU classification. After
completing the sessions, both groups were presented with a post-test in order to explore the effect of both
educational methods on improving nursing students’ skills in classifying PUs. The pre-test, the learning sessions,
and the post-test were performed at the same time and followed one after another.
The web-based learning program that was followed by the intervention group was developed by the PU
classification workgroup of the EPUAP, and is available to the public online. This e-learning tool provides
information about how to classify PUs, along with clear definitions, high quality images of ulcers and videos.
Quizzes are also available on the website to sharpen the user’s skills. Despite the fact that the webpage is
available to the public without any authentication, permission to use the content of the website was granted from
the authors before the study was commenced. The link to the program given to the students just before the study
started.
The control group received a standard lecture in a traditional classroom which was the usual site of the
Faculty’s lectures. One of the faculty members who had adequate teaching experience delivered the lecture. The
lecture utilized a PowerPoint presentation with adequate discussion. Both types of teaching contained the same
material, including texts, photographs and exercises, and took about one hour to complete.
2.5 Instruments
The data collection sheet consisted of three parts. The first was a section about participants’ demographical data,
including age, gender, and Grade point average (GPA). The second part was a pre-test scoring sheet, where the
students were presented with 20 different PU photographs depicting normal skin, blanchable erythema, PU
grades 1-4, and moisture lesions. The photographs had been validated previously by twelve experts from the PU
classification workgroup, whose classification is considered a gold standard. The participants were asked to
indicate their assessment of the photographs on the scoring sheet.
After receiving the training in both groups, the third part was given. Here, the same 20 photos were
presented to the students, but in a different order, to reduce the possibility of recognition. Participants again
indicated their assessment on the post-test scoring sheet. At the end of post-test, the students submitted all the
sheets to one of the research assistants available in the classrooms. A score of 0 was given when the student's
rating did not agree with the EPUAP expert's rating (wrong answer), and a score of 1 was given when there was
agreement (correct answer). Thus, the total possible scores would range from 0-20. The higher scores would
indicate a high level of skill in PU classification.
2.6 Ethical considerations
Permission to conduct the study in this particular institution was granted from the university’s research and
ethics committee. Students were given a clear written explanation of the study’s objectives and procedures.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The subjects were informed that their replies would
be treated as confidential at all times and that they could withdraw from the study at any time they decided
without penalty. No course credit was given for their participation.
2.7 Data analysis
The SPSS version 17 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample’s
characteristics. The PU classification skills were computed by adding up the number of correct answers given by
each participant. A low score indicated a low level of skills in PU classification, and a high score a high degree
of skills. To assess the homogeneity of the sample, the independent t-test was used. This test examine whether
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there were any significant differences between the intervention and the control group’s mean levels of PU
classification skills at the pre-test stage. Again at the post-test, the same test was used to verify whether or not
there were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control group in the mean scores for
PU classification skills. The paired t-test was employed to assess whether or not there were statistically
significant differences between the mean pre-test and post-test PU classification skills scores for students in the
intervention and control groups.
Inter-rater reliability is a measure of whether two or more independent raters will assign the same
grades to the same PU patient (Kottner, Dassen, and Tannen 2009). Two measures of inter-rater reliability are
commonly employed. The first is the percentage of agreement, which measures the percentage of cases for
which different raters agree on the same grade for the same patient (Ayello and Braden 2002). The second is
Cohen’s Kappa, which is also a measure of agreement between two raters, but considers the probability of
obtaining agreement at random, where a k-value of 0.00 indicates the level of agreement that will occur as a
result of chance, while k = 1.00 when there is complete agreement (Anthony 1999). Generally, the interpretation
of kappa will be: 0-0.20 ‘slight’, 0.21-0.40 ‘fair’, 0.41-0.60 ‘moderate’, 0.61-0.80 ‘substantial’, 0.81-1.00
‘almost perfect’ (Landis and Koch 1977). In this study, inter-reliability was calculated by means of the median
Cohen’s kappa (k) and the median percentage (%) of agreement. The differences in these reliability measures
between the intervention and control groups were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U-test.
3. Results
3.1 Demographics
A total of 95 students participated in the study. The mean age of the sample was 21.6 (SD=1.29). Due to the
admission procedures of nursing faculties in Jordan, the majority of the participants were female students (75.8%,
n=72). The mean GPA for the whole sample was 71.9 (SD= 5.65, Range 0-100). No significant differences
between the control and intervention group in relation to baseline characteristics were found, indicating that both
groups were homogenous (Table 1).
Table 1: Demographic of the sample
P valueTotal Group (n=95)
Experimental group n(%) Control group n(%)
Characteristics
48 (50.5%)
48 (50.5%)
47 (49.5%)
47 (49.5%)
Number of participants
Pretest
Posttest
0.2721.76 (1.42)21.46 (1.15)Age (years) M (SD)
0.11
15 (15.8%)
33 (34.7%)
8 (8.4%)
39 (41.1%)
Gender
Male
Female
0.4072.43 (6.23)71.33 (5.02)Grade point average M (SD)
3.2 PU classification skills
The pre-test results indicated that students’ skills in classifying PUs correctly were very poor (Table 2). The
Independent t-test showed that there was no statistically significant difference t(93)= -1.40, p=0.17 between the
mean scores of intervention (M=6.3, SD=2.43) and the control group (M=5.7, SD=2.10) in terms of the students’
ability to classify PU correctly (Table 2). Moreover, there was no significant difference found between the inter-
rater reliability in the intervention (k=0.20, IQR=0.17) and control group (k=0.17, IQR=0.26) (p=0.69) (Table 3),
and the percentage of agreement was not significant either (Intervention group=29.1%; Control group= 25.9%,
p=0.73) (Table 3).
In the post-test, the results of the Independent t-test revealed a significant difference t(93)= -0.77,
p=0.02, with the intervention group showing a higher mean score for PU classification skills (M=14.9, SD=2.68)
compared to the control group (M=9.5, SD=2.58) (Table 2). The inter-rater reliability increased significantly in
the intervention group (k=0.62, IQR=0.16) compared to the control group (k=0.38, IQR=0.11) (p=0.04) (Table
3). Furthermore, the percentage of agreement was also significantly different between the two groups
(Intervention group=68.1%; Control group= 48.2%, p=0.03) (Table 3).
The results of the paired t test indicated that the mean PU classification skills scores at the post-test
were significantly higher than that at the pre-test for the intervention group (t(46)=-6.827, p<0.001) and the
control group (t(47)=-9.342, p<0.001). This revealed that students’ knowledge was markedly improved after the
application of either the traditional lecture in the control group or the e-learning program in the intervention
group. However, as shown in Table 2, the independent t-test demonstrated that e-learning is significantly more
effective than the traditional lecture in improving the skills of PU classification. However, these results coincide
the findings of our study on registered nurse that will be presented elsewhere.
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Table 2: Skills of PU classification in the experimental and control group
P
value
t(93)Total Group (n=95)
Experimental group n=47 Control group n=48
M (SD) M (SD)
Characteristics
0.17-1.405.7 (2.10)6.3 (2.43)Pretest for PU classification
0.02*
-0.779.5 (2.58)14.9 (2.68)Posttest for PU classification
Table 3: Inter-rater reliability in the experimental and control group
P
value
UTotal Group (n=95)
Experimental group n=47 Control group n=48
Characteristics
0.69
0.73
-0.71
-1.09
0.166 (0.26)
25.9 (21.1)
0.196 (0.17)
29.1 (18.3)
Pretest
k (IQR)
% of agreement (IQR)
0.04*
0.03*
-1.69
-0.87
0.38 (0.11)
48.2 (17.1)
0.62 (0.16)
68.1 (15.3)
Posttest
k (IQR)
% of agreement (IQR)
K: Cohen kappa. * P is significant at <0.05
4. Discussion
The results of this study indicated that the skills of all subjects in classifying PU correctly were poor
(intervention group M=6.3; control group M=5.7). However, the classification skills of the participants improved
after training was administered, whether by means of a lecture or the e-learning program. Moreover, the
intervention group (e-learning program) showed a more significant difference than the control group (standard
lecture) at the post-test. These findings are in harmony with Beeckman et al (2008), who found that the skills of
RNs and nursing students improved after both types of education were received, with the nursing students
achieving better results through the e-learning program. However, the participants in that study and as well as the
present one were chosen conveniently and this may constitute a threat to external validity.
Inter-rater reliability regarding PU classification in the pre-test was also limited (intervention group
k=0.20; control group k=0.17). Several studies have been conducted about the EPUAP classification scale’s
inter-rater reliability, with high variation being reported. Some studies reported a low kappa ranging from 0.31 to
0.37 (Pedley 2004, Defloor et al. 2006, Beeckman et al. 2007) and other communicate a high kappa of 0.8
(Defloor and Schoonhoven 2004). The weak reliability of the current study might be because of the participants’
knowledge and skills of classification. More training and experience in classifying PUs is needed in practice if
reliable results are sought. Jordanian nursing students never have the opportunity to train on any PU
classification scheme. This could be due to a problem in the Jordanian nursing curriculum where PU elements
are lacking.
However, the result showed that the inter-ratter reliability was improved following both types of
teaching (intervention group k=0.62; control group k=0.38), with a better result displayed by the intervention
group. This coincides with the results of Beeckman et al (2008), who found that the Cohen’s kappa improved
significantly as a result of the e-learning program on PU classification (from k=0.24 to k=0.65, p=0.003). The
percentage of agreement followed the same pattern as, for the e-learning users in the current study it increased
from 29.1% to 68.1%.
As has been noted, the level of accuracy in classifying PU and the reliability of classifying improved
after the e-learning program was attended. It has been proposed that nowadays efficient learning will be
unfeasible without e-learning skills (Farrell 2006). In US and UK universities, the use of e-learning to support
nurses’ education has expanded (Farrell 2006). The revolutions of the internet and computer technology might
have facilitated this shift, as the electronic delivery of educational materials is becoming more common than the
traditional lecture (Stephenson, Brown, and Griffin 2008). In fact, it has been recommended internationally that
every health educational program should have one e-learning element as a minimum (Farrell 2006).
Abdelaziz et al (2011) conducted a study to evaluate the impact of using an e-learning program versus
the standard lecture at one large state nursing faculty. Data was collected about knowledge gained, attitude,
practice, and opinion towards these teaching methods. The results demonstrated that students using the e-
learning program were more satisfied than their counterparts, that they extended their understanding of the
subjects covered, and that they found e-learning to be a more effective method. Moreover, they indicated that
their computer skills had been sharpened after completing the e-learning program.
Moore et al (2012) carried out a study to evaluate an online educational program developed to improve
the knowledge and skills of healthcare professionals working with patients affected by mesthelioma. The results
suggest that the developed program was rewarding and improved the nurses’ confidence, skills level, knowledge
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and ability to support patients suffering from the disease.
As suggested by the current work, and other similar studies, the adoption of e-learning programs may
be more beneficial than standard methods of teaching. Thus, the implication of this study is that these e-learning
programs should be incorporated into nursing education curriculums and programs. However, students need to
possess the required skills for dealing with computers and technology to be able to use the e-learning programs
effectively, not only during their study time, but throughout their future careers. Therefore, and as a
recommendation of the current work, the challenges and difficulties of using e-learning programs in nursing
education should be explored from the students’, tutors’, and administrators’ perspectives. In addition to this,
iteration of the current study on a larger scale is recommended to investigate whether or not the significant
findings can be sustained among a larger, heterogeneous sample. The use of a longitudinal design to investigate
the effect of e-learning on PU classification over time could be promising.
However, the findings of the present study should be generalized with special caution and after certain
limitations are taken into account. This study was conducted in only one research site in Jordan. Despite the fact
that tutors, students, and clinical experience most likely are not the same across Jordan , the educational policies
in all Jordanian universities are similar to some extent, in terms of study plans, curriculums, and course content.
Students were selected using the convenience sampling technique and this could limit the generalizability of the
findings. The use of photographs of PUs could be misleading sometimes. Unlike with real PUs, the photos give a
static, two dimensional image of the wound. Thus, the assessment would be difficult to perform and therefore it
would be hard to give an accurate grade.
5. Conclusion
Taken into account the mentioned limitations of the current work, Jordanian nursing students’ skills in
classifying PU are poor. This could be caused by a lack of knowledge and experience in classifying PUs, which
means that education about PU classification is necessary. After both educational formats were delivered, the
participants’ skills in classifying PUs correctly and the inter-rater reliability improved significantly, with the e-
learning program being superior to the standard lecture. Thus, the current work adds to the body of knowledge
showing that the use of the e-learning method of teaching could be promising. The e-learning programs provide
a more flexible, organized and interactive approach which concentrates on learner “teaching” rather than on tutor
“education”.
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