The document discusses including external files in PHP scripts to separate HTML formatting from PHP code and make applications more consistent and manageable. It describes four PHP functions - include(), include_once(), require(), and require_once() - that are used to include external files. The document also provides examples of including style sheets to control page layouts consistently across a website.

1. Including Multiple Files
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Every PHP script can consist of a single file that contains all of the
required HTML and PHP code. But as you develop more complex Web
sites, you'll see that this methodology has many limitations. PHP can
readily make use of external files, a capability that allows you to divide your
scripts into their distinct parts. Frequently you will use external files to extract
your HTML from your PHP or to separate out commonly used processes.
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PHP has four functions for using external files: include(), include_once(),
require(), and require_once(). To use them, your PHP script would have
a line like:
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Both functions also have a *_once() version, which guarantees that the file
in question is included only once regardless of how many times a script
may (presumably inadvertently) attempt to include it.
In this first example, included files are used to separate HTML formatting
from PHP code. Then, the rest of the examples in this lesson will be able to have
the same appearance without the need to rewrite the HTML every time. The
concept results in a template system, an easy way to make large applications
consistent and manageable.
In our example, we've used a Cascading Style Sheet file to control the layout
of all pages. The style sheet code is referenced in each HTML file for consistent
styles and formatting throughout the Web site.
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Using PHP Redux
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In many instances, two separate scripts for handling HTML forms can be used:
one that displays the form and another that receives it. While there's certainly
nothing wrong with this method, you may find your scripts run more efficiently
when the entire process is in one script.
To have one page both display and handle a form, use a conditional.
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To determine if the form has been submitted, set a $_POST variable
(assuming that the form uses the POST method, of course). For example, you
can check $_POST['submitted'], assuming that's the name of a hidden input
type in the form.
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If you want a page to handle a form and then display it again (e.g., to add
a record to a database and then give an option to add another), use
Using the preceding code, a script will handle a form if it has been
submitted and display the form every time the page is loaded.
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Write the conditional for handling the form. As mentioned previously, if the
$_POST ['submitted'] variable is set, we know that the form has been
submitted and we can process it. This variable will be created by a hidden
input in the form that will act as a submission indicator.
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You can also have a form submit back to itself by having PHP print the
name of the current script — stored in $_SERVER['PHP_ SELF'] — as
the action attribute:
<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>"
method="post">
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12. Making Sticky Forms
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You've certainly come across sticky forms, even if you didn't know that's what
they were called. A sticky form is simply a standard HTML form that
remembers how you filled it out. This is a particularly nice feature for end
users, especially if you are requiring them to resubmit a form (for instance,
after filling it out incorrectly in the first place).
To preset what's entered in a text box, use its value attribute:
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To have PHP preset that value, print the appropriate variable:
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Creating Your Own
Functions
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PHP has a lot of built-in functions, addressing almost every need. More
importantly, though, it has the capability for you to define and use your own
functions for whatever purpose. The syntax for making your own function is
The name of your function can be any combination of letters, numbers, and
the underscore, but it must begin with either a letter or the underscore.
The main restriction is that you cannot use an existing function name for your
function (print, echo, isset, and so on).
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In PHP, function names are case-insensitive (unlike variable names), so
you could call that function in several different ways such as:
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Creating a Function
That Takes Arguments
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Just like PHP's built-in functions, those you write can take arguments (also
called parameters). For example, the print() function takes what you want sent
to the browser as an argument and strlen() takes a string whose character
length will be determined.
A function can take any number of arguments that you choose, but the order in
which you put them is critical. To allow for arguments, add variables to your
function's definition:
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You can then call the function as you would any other function in PHP,
sending literal values or variables to it:
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Setting Default
Argument Values
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Another variant on defining your own functions is to preset an argument's
value. To do so, assign the argument a value in the function's definition:
The end result of setting a default argument value is that that particular
argument becomes optional when calling the function. If a value is passed to
it, the passed value is used; otherwise, the default value is used.
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You can set default values for as many of the arguments as you want, as
long as those arguments come last in the function definition. In other words,
the required arguments should always be first. With the example function just
defined, any of these will work:
However, greet() will not work, and there's no way to pass $greeting a value
without passing one to $name as well.
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27. Returning Values from
a Function
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Some, but not all, functions return values. For example, print() will return
either a 1 or a 0 indicating its success, whereas echo() will not. As another
example, the strlen() function returns a number correlating to the number of
characters in a string.
To have your function return a value, use the return statement.
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The function can return a value (say a string or a number) or a variable whose
value has been created by the function. When calling this function, you can
assign the returned value to a variable:
$my_sign = find_sign ('October', 23);
or use it as a parameter to another function:
print find_sign ('October', 23);
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Variable Scope
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Variable scope is a tricky but important concept.
Every variable in PHP has a scope to it, which is
to say a realm in which the variable (and
therefore its value) can be accessed. For
starters, variables have the scope of the page in
which they reside. So if you define $var, the rest
of the page can access $var, but other pages
generally cannot (unless you use special
variables).
Since included files act as if they were part of
the original (including) script, variables defined
before the include() line are available to the
included file. Further, variables defined within
the included file are available to the parent
(including) script after the include() line.
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All of this becomes murkier when using your own defined functions. These
functions have their own scope, which means that variables used within a
function are not available outside of it, and variables defined outside of a
function are not available within it. For this reason, a variable inside of a
function can have the same name as one outside of it and still be an entirely
different variable with a different value. This is a confusing concept for most
beginning programmers.
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To alter the variable scope within a function, you can use the global statement.
In this example, $var inside of the function is now the same as $var outside
of it. This means that the function $var already has a value of 20, and if that
value changes inside of the function, the external $var's value will also
change.
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35. Date and Time
Functions
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PHP has several date- and time-related functions for use in your scripts. The
most important of these is the aptly named date() function, which returns a
string of text for a certain date and time according to a format you specify.
The timestamp is an optional argument representing the number of
seconds since the Unix Epoch (midnight on January 1, 1970) for the date
in question. It allows you to get information, like the day of the week, for a
particular date. If a timestamp is not specified, PHP will just use the current
time on the server.
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There are myriad formatting parameters available, and these can be used in
conjunction with literal text. For example,
Character Meaning Example
Y year as 4 digits 2005
y year as 2 digits 05
n month as 1 or 2 digits 2
m month as 2 digits 02
F month February
M month as 3 letters Feb
j day of the month as 1 or 2 digits 8
d day of the month as 2 digits 08
l (lowercase L) day of the week Monday
D day of the week as 3 letters Mon
g hour, 12-hour format as 1 or 2 digits 6
G hour, 24-hour format as 1 or 2 digits 18
h hour, 12-hour format as 2 digits 06
H hour, 24-hour format as 2 digits 18
i minutes 45
s seconds 18
a am or pm am
A AM or PM PM
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You can find the timestamp for a particular date using the mktime() function.
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Finally, the getdate() function can be used to return an array of values for a
date and time. For example,
This function also takes an optional timestamp argument. If that
argument is not used, getdate() returns information for the current
date and time.
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The getdate() function returns this associative array.
Key Value Example
year year 2005
mon month 12
month month name December
mday day of the month 25
weekday day of the week Sunday
hours hours 11
minutes minutes 56
seconds seconds 47
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Date – “time()”
To display current time and date
Syntax : time();
Example :
echo time();
Output = 23
// sample output: 1060751270
//this represent August 12th, 2003 at 10:07PM
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Date – “mktime”
To display date and time in timestamp
Syntax : mktime();
Example :
echo mktime();
or
$tarikh = $mktime(4,15,0,8,23,2003);
$tarikh = date(“d/m/Y”,mktime()+50);
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Others Syntax :
$tomorrow = mktime (0,0,0,date("m")
,date("d")+1,date("Y"));
$lastmonth = mktime (0,0,0,date("m")-1,date("d"),
date("Y"));
$nextyear = mktime (0,0,0,date("m"), date("d"),
date("Y")+1);
Sending Email
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Using PHP makes sending email very easy. On a properly configured server,
the process is as simple as using the mail() function.
The $to value should be an email address or a series of addresses,
separated by commas. The $subject value will create the email's subject
line, and $body is where you put the contents of the email. Use the
newline character (n) within double quotation marks when creating your
body to make the text go over multiple lines.
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The mail() function takes a fourth, optional parameter for additional
headers. This is where you could set the From, Reply-To, Cc, Bcc, and
similar settings. For example,
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To use multiple headers of different types in your email, separate each
with rn:
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48. End
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